ABSTRACT
Saline and alkaline stress is one of the major abiotic stresses facing agricultural production, which severely inhibits the growth and yield of plant. The application of plant growth regulators can effectively prevent crop yield reduction caused by saline and alkaline stress. Exogenous melatonin (MT) can act as a signaling molecule involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes in plants, has been found to play a key role in enhancing the improvement of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, the effects of exogenous MT on saline and alkaline tolerance of table grape seedlings and its mechanism have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of exogenous MT on morphological and physiological growth of table grape seedlings (Vitis vinifera L.) under saline and alkaline stress. The results showed that saline and alkaline stress resulted in yellowing and wilting of grape leaves and a decrease in chlorophyll content, whereas the application of exogenous MT alleviated the degradation of chlorophyll in grape seedling leaves caused by saline and alkaline stress and promoted the accumulation of soluble sugars and proline content. In addition, exogenous MT increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which resulted in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by saline and alkaline stress. In conclusion, exogenous MT was involved in the tolerance of grape seedlings to saline and alkaline stress, and enhanced the saline and alkaline resistance of grape seedlings to promote the growth and development of the grape industry in saline and alkaline areas.
Subject(s)
Melatonin , Plant Leaves , Seedlings , Stress, Physiological , Vitis , Vitis/drug effects , Vitis/metabolism , Vitis/physiology , Melatonin/pharmacology , Melatonin/metabolism , Seedlings/drug effects , Seedlings/metabolism , Seedlings/growth & development , Plant Leaves/drug effects , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Plant Senescence/drug effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Chlorophyll/metabolism , Alkalies , Antioxidants/metabolism , Proline/metabolismABSTRACT
Chromobox homolog 2 (CBX2), a key member of the polycomb group (PcG) family, is essential for gonadal development in mammals. A functional deficiency or genetic mutation in cbx2 can lead to sex reversal in mice and humans. However, little is known about the function of cbx2 in gonadal development in fish. In this study, the cbx2 gene was identified in medaka, which is a model species for the study of gonadal development in fish. Transcription of cbx2 was abundant in the gonads, with testicular levels relatively higher than ovarian levels. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed that cbx2 mRNA was predominately localized in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and was also observed in oocytes at stages I, II, and III. Furthermore, cbx2 and vasa (a marker gene) were co-localized in germ cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). After cbx2 knockdown in the gonads by RNA interference (RNAi), the sex-related genes, including sox9 and foxl2, were influenced. These results suggest that cbx2 not only plays a positive role in spermatogenesis and oogenesis but is also involved in gonadal differentiation through regulating the expression levels of sex-related genes in fish.
Subject(s)
Fish Proteins/genetics , Gonads/metabolism , Oryzias/genetics , Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Female , Fish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Fish Proteins/classification , Fish Proteins/metabolism , Forkhead Box Protein L2/antagonists & inhibitors , Forkhead Box Protein L2/genetics , Forkhead Box Protein L2/metabolism , Gonads/growth & development , Male , Oryzias/growth & development , Phylogeny , Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/classification , Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/metabolism , RNA Interference , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , SOX9 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics , SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Spermatocytes/metabolism , Spermatogonia/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Whether adding percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) to background medical treatment is effective for decreasing the incidence of stroke or death in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) is still controversial. We perform a randomised controlled trial to examine the effectiveness and safety of an improved PTAS procedure for patients with ICAS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A randomised controlled trial will be conducted in three hospitals in China. Eligible patients with ICAS will be randomly assigned to receive medication treatment (MT) plus PTAS or MT alone. The MT will be initiated immediately after randomisation, while the PTAS will be performed when patients report relief of alarm symptoms defined as sudden weakness or numbness. All patients will be followed up at 30â days, 3 and 12â months after randomisation. The primary end point will be the incidence of stroke or death at 30â days after randomisation. Secondary outcomes will be the incidence of ischaemic stroke in the territory of stenosis arteries, the incidence of in-stent restenosis, the Chinese version of the modiï¬ed Rankin Scale and the Chinese version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life (CSQoL). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol is approved by institutional review boards in participating hospitals (reference number FZ20160003, 180PLA20160101 and 476PLA2016007). The results of this study will be disseminated to patients, physicians and policymakers through publication in a peer-reviewed journal or presentations in conferences. It is anticipated that the results of this study will improve the quality of the current PTAS procedure and guide clinical decision-making for patients with ICAS. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02689037.
