Overall survival indirect treatment comparison between brigatinib and alectinib for the treatment of front-line anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer using data from ALEX and final results from ALTA-1L.

BACKGROUND: Second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) alectinib and brigatinib have shown efficacy as front-line treatments for ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). No head-to-head data are currently available for brigatinib vs alectinib in the ALK-TKI-naive population. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relative overall survival (OS) for brigatinib vs alectinib with indirect treatment comparisons (ITCs) using ALEX and ALTA-1L clinical trial data. METHODS: The latest aggregate data from the ALEX trial and final patient-level data from ALTA-1L were used. ITCs were conducted with/without treatment crossover adjustments to estimate relative OS. Bucher methods, anchored matching-adjusted indirect comparisons (MAICs) and unanchored MAICs were employed in ITCs without treatment crossover adjustments. An inverse probability of censoring weight Cox model, a marginal structure model and rank-preserving structural failure time models (with/without re-censoring) within an anchored MAIC were used in ITCs with treatment crossover adjustments. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS: HRs for brigatinib vs alectinib for relative OS generated from ITCs without treatment crossover adjustments ranged from 0.90 (95% CI: 0.59-1.38) in the unanchored MAIC to 1.20 (95% CI: 0.69-2.11) using the Bucher method. Methods employing treatment switching adjustments estimated HRs for relative OS ranging from 0.74 (95% CI: 0.38-1.45) to 1.11 (95% CI: 0.63-1.94). Results from all ITCs did not indicate statistically different survival profiles. CONCLUSION: Regardless of ITC methodology, OS is comparable for brigatinib vs alectinib in patients with ALK+ NSCLC previously untreated with an ALK inhibitor.

ALTA-2: Phase II study of brigatinib in patients with ALK-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer who progressed on alectinib or ceritinib.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have improved outcomes in ALK-rearranged (ALK+) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, almost all patients eventually develop progressive disease on first-line ALK TKIs (e.g., crizotinib, alectinib and ceritinib). Brigatinib, a second-generation ALK TKI, may show efficacy in alectinib- and ceritinib-refractory ALK+ NSCLC. We describe the rationale and design of ALTA-2, a Phase II study of brigatinib in patients with locally advanced/metastatic ALK+ NSCLC and documented progressive disease on alectinib or ceritinib. The primary end point is confirmed objective response rate per independent review committee using response evaluation criteria in solid tumors version 1.1. Secondary end points include duration of response, progression-free survival, overall survival, safety and health-related quality of life.

Lay abstract Tyrosine kinase inhibitor medications (like crizotinib, alectinib or ceritinib) may work as the first treatment for people with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has spread to other parts of the body and has the ALK+ mutation (ALK+ NSCLC) in tumor testing. However, after a while, many people stop responding to treatment with one of these medicines. Brigatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor medicine that may be effective in people with ALK+ NSCLC who have stopped responding to alectinib or ceritinib treatment. We describe the need for and design of a study of brigatinib in people with ALK+ NSCLC whose disease got worse on alectinib or ceritinib. Clinical trial registration: NCT03535740 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Addition of radium-223 to abiraterone acetate and prednisone or prednisolone in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases (ERA 223): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone or prednisolone improves progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Radium-223 improves overall survival and delays the onset of symptomatic skeletal events in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases. We assessed concurrent treatment with abiraterone acetate plus prednisone or prednisolone and radium-223 in such patients. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial at 165 oncology and urology centres in 19 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, and had histologically confirmed, progressive, chemotherapy-naive, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, life expectancy of at least 6 months, and adequate haematological, renal, and liver function. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) according to a permuted block design (block size 4) via interactive response technology to receive up to six intravenous injections of radium-223 (55 kBq/kg) or matching placebo once every 4 weeks. All patients were also scheduled to receive oral abiraterone acetate 1000 mg once daily plus oral prednisone or prednisolone 5 mg twice daily during and after radium-223 or placebo treatment. The primary endpoint was symptomatic skeletal event-free survival, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety analyses were done in all patients who received at least one dose of any study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02043678. Enrolment has been completed, and follow-up is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between March 30, 2014, and Aug 12, 2016, 806 patients were randomly assigned to receive radium-223 (n=401) or placebo (n=405) in addition to abiraterone acetate plus prednisone or prednisolone. The study was unblinded prematurely, on Nov 17, 2017, after more fractures and deaths were noted in the radium-223 group than in the placebo group (in an unplanned ad-hoc analysis), but all patients had completed radium-223 or placebo before this date. At the primary analysis (data cutoff Feb 15, 2018), 196 (49%) of 401 patients in radium-223 group had had at least one symptomatic skeletal event or died, compared with 190 (47%) of 405 patients in the placebo group (median follow-up 21·2 months [IQR 17·0-25·8]). Median symptomatic skeletal event-free survival was 22·3 months (95% CI 20·4-24·8) in the radium-223 group and 26·0 months (21·8-28·3) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 1·122 [95% CI 0·917-1·374]; p=0·2636). Fractures (any grade) occurred in 112 (29%) of 392 patients in the radium-223 group and 45 (11%) of 394 patients in the placebo group. The most common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events were hypertension (43 [11%] patients in the radium-223 group vs 52 [13%] patients in the placebo group), fractures (36 [9%] vs 12 [3%]) and increased alanine aminotransferase concentrations (34 [9%] vs 28 [7%]). Serious treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 160 (41%) patients in the radium-223 group and 155 (39%) in the placebo group. Treatment-related deaths occurred in two (1%) patients in the radium-223 group (acute myocardial infarction and interstitial lung disease) and one (<1%) in the placebo group (arrhythmia). INTERPRETATION: The addition of radium-223 to abiraterone acetate plus prednisone or prednisolone did not improve symptomatic skeletal event-free survival in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases, and was associated with an increased frequency of bone fractures compared with placebo. Thus, we do not recommend use of this combination. FUNDING: Bayer.

Effects of deferasirox-deferoxamine on myocardial and liver iron in patients with severe transfusional iron overload.

Deferasirox (DFX) monotherapy is effective for reducing myocardial and liver iron concentrations (LIC), although some patients may require intensive chelation for a limited duration. HYPERION, an open-label single-arm prospective phase 2 study, evaluated combination DFX-deferoxamine (DFO) in patients with severe transfusional myocardial siderosis (myocardial [m] T2* 5-<10 ms; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≥56%) followed by optional switch to DFX monotherapy when achieving mT2* >10 ms. Mean dose was 30.5 mg/kg per day DFX and 36.3 mg/kg per day DFO on a 5-day regimen. Geometric mean mT2* ratios (Gmeanmonth12/24/Gmeanbaseline) were 1.09 and 1.30, respectively, increasing from 7.2 ms at baseline (n = 60) to 7.7 ms at 12 (n = 52) and 9.5 ms at 24 months (n = 36). Patients (17 of 60; 28.3%) achieved mT2* ≥10 ms and ≥10% increase from baseline at month 24; 15 switched to monotherapy during the study based on favorable mT2*. LIC decreased substantially from a baseline of 33.4 to 12.8 mg Fe/g dry weight at month 24 (-52%). LVEF remained stable with no new arrhythmias/cardiac failure. Five patients discontinued with mT2* <5 ms and 1 died (suspected central nervous system infection). Safety was consistent with established monotherapies. Results show clinically meaningful improvements in mT2* in about one-third of patients remaining on treatment at month 24, alongside rapid decreases in LIC in this heavily iron-overloaded, difficult-to-treat population. Combination therapy may be useful when rapid LIC reduction is required, regardless of myocardial iron overload. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01254227.

Sustained improvements in myocardial T2* over 2 years in severely iron-overloaded patients with beta thalassemia major treated with deferasirox or deferoxamine.

Long-term controlled studies are needed to inform on the clinical benefit of chelation therapy for myocardial iron removal in transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia patients. In a 1-year nonrandomized extension to the CORDELIA study, data collected from patients with myocardial siderosis provided additional information on deferasirox or deferoxamine (DFO) efficacy and safety. Myocardial (m)T2* increased from baseline 11.6 to 15.9 ms in patients receiving deferasirox for 24 months (n = 74; geometric mean [Gmean ] ratio of month 24/baseline 1.38 [95% confidence interval 1.28, 1.49]) and from 10.8 to 14.2 ms in those receiving DFO (n = 29; Gmean ratio 1.33 [1.13, 1.55]; P = 0.93 between groups). Improved mT2* with deferasirox was evident across all subgroups evaluated irrespective of baseline myocardial (mT2* < 10 vs. ≥ 10 ms) or liver (LIC <15 vs. ≥15 mg Fe/g dw) iron burden. Mean LVEF was stable and remained within normal limits with deferasirox or DFO. Liver iron concentration decreased from high baseline values of 30.6 ± 18.0 to 14.4 ± 16.6 mg Fe/g dw at month 24 in deferasirox patients and from 36.8 ± 15.6 to 11.0 ± 12.1 mg Fe/g dw in DFO patients. The long-term safety profile of deferasirox or DFO was consistent with previous reports; serious drug-related AEs were reported in 6.8% of deferasirox and 6.9% of DFO patients. Continued treatment of severely iron-overloaded beta thalassemia patients with deferasirox or DFO led to sustained improvements in myocardial iron irrespective of high or low baseline myocardial or liver iron burden, in parallel with substantial improvements in liver iron (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00600938).

Mapping and characterization of vicriviroc resistance mutations from HIV-1 isolated from treatment-experienced subjects enrolled in a phase II study (VICTOR-E1).

OBJECTIVES: In the phase 2 VICTOR-E1 study, treatment-experienced subjects receiving 20 mg or 30 mg of the CCR5 antagonist vicriviroc (VCV), with a boosted protease containing optimized background regimen, experienced significantly greater reductions in HIV-1 viral load compared with control subjects. Among the 79 VCV-treated subjects, 15 experienced virologic failure, and of these 5 had VCV-resistant virus. This study investigated the molecular basis for the changes in susceptibility to VCV in these subjects. METHODS: Sequence analysis and phenotypic susceptibility testing was performed on envelope clones from VCV-resistant virus. For select clones, an exchange of mutations in the V3 loop was performed between phenotypically resistant clones and the corresponding susceptible clones. RESULTS: Phenotypic resistance was manifest by reductions in the maximum percent inhibition. Clonal analysis of envelopes from the 5 subjects identified multiple amino acid changes in gp160 that were exclusive to the resistant clones, however, none of the changes were conserved between subjects. Introduction of V3 loop substitutions from the resistant clones into the matched susceptible clones was not sufficient to reproduce the resistant phenotype. Likewise, changing the substitutions in the V3 loops from resistant clones to match susceptible clones only restored susceptibility in 1 clone. CONCLUSIONS: There were no clearly conserved patterns of mutations in gp160 associated with phenotypic resistance to VCV and mutations both within and outside of the V3 loop contributed to the resistance phenotype. These data suggest that genotypic tests for VCV susceptibility may require larger training sets and additional information beyond V3 sequences.

Higher nicotine levels in schizophrenia compared with controls after smoking a single cigarette.

INTRODUCTION: The increase in blood nicotine after smoking a single cigarette is nicotine boost. We hypothesized that smokers with schizophrenia (SCZ) have a greater nicotine boost than controls without this disorder. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects (11 SCZ and 10 controls, CON) had repeated venous blood sampling before, during, and after smoking a single cigarette after 12-hr abstinence to measure nicotine concentrations. Blood samples were drawn at baseline (before smoking) and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the first puff. Groups were similar in baseline characteristics, including gender and level of dependence, and all smoked 20-30 cigarettes/day. Area under the serum nicotine concentration-time curve (AUC(20)) was calculated for time up to 20 min after the start of smoking. RESULTS: The mean difference in AUC(20) was significantly greater for SCZ versus CON (135.4 ng-min/ml; 95% CI = 0.45-283.80). The shape of the nicotine concentration-time curve for SCZ was significantly different compared with controls (p < .01). Nicotine boost in the first 4 min of smoking was higher in SCZ versus CON (25.2 vs. 11.1 ng/ml, p < .01) with no difference in the total time spent smoking. DISCUSSION: This technique improves on methods, which draw only two blood specimens to assess nicotine intake. Understanding how nicotine boost differs in SCZ from CON may explain high levels of addiction and low success in cessation in smokers with SCZ.