Excretion characteristics of main compounds of Yigong San in urine, feces, and bile of rats.

Yigong San (YGS) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for pediatric anorexia, chronic atrophic gastritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. In this study, the excretion of eight main compounds, including liquiritin; isoliquiritin; hesperidin; ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1; and atractylenolides I and II, in rat urine, feces, and bile, was investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the cumulative excretion rates of the compounds in rat urine, feces, and bile were 0.018-1.15%, 0.024-19.89%, and 0.0025-0.72%, respectively. Among the eight compounds detected, liquiritin was the richest in urine, and ginsenosides Re and Rg1 and atractylenolide I were mainly found in feces and bile. In summary, the main components of YGS are excreted via multiple approaches. Liquiritin is mainly through urine, whereas isoliquiritin; hesperidin; ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1; and atractylenolides I and II are mainly through feces. The excretion of these compounds in bile is usually positively correlated with that in feces. This study lays a foundation for further pharmacological research and application of YGS.

Silencing information regulator 1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats via the upregulation of caveolin-1.

BACKGROUND: Acute lung injury (ALI) is an intractable medical problem linked with to high morbidity and mortality all over the worldglobally. The prognosis of advanced acute lung injury remains persistently poor due to its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Despite advancements in medical research, the its prognosis of advanced ALI remains persistently poor due to unclear underlying mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of silencing information regulator 1 (SIRT1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injuryALI and to reveal its underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS: Male Sprague--Dawley rats were divided grouped into 4 groupsfour: normal saline group (group NS), lipopolysaccharide group (group L), SIRT1 activator SRT1720-pretreated group (group S), and SIRT1 inhibitor EX527- pretreated group (group E). Rats They were intranasally dripped with LPS to establish the model of ALI modelsacute lung injury respectively. We investigated the effect of SIRT1 on acute lung injury by analysing We analyzed the CT images of the rat lungs and used, HE staining, lung wet-to-dry ratio, inflammatory factor expression, lung injury marker expression, immunohistochemistry, and related mRNA expression to determine the effect of SIRT1 on ALI. RESULTS: Our results show that LPS induction produced resulted in acute lung injury, ALI and disrupting disrupted normal SIRT1 expression, which led to the overexpression of STAT3, TLR4, TNF-ɑ, and IL-6 and suppression of Cav-1 expression. Upregulation The upregulation of Cav-1 protein and mRNA following the administration of an SIRT1 agonist resulted in reduced lung injury. SRT1720 pretreatment was closely associated with reduced expressions of STAT3,TLR4, TNF-ɑ, and IL-6. ALI lung injury was more severeworsened after administration of SIRT1 inhibitors, and the changes in the above indicators were reversed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that SIRT1 may protect against LPS-induced acute lung injuryALI via by counteracting inflammatory remissionion, and this protective effect might may be mediated by suppressing STAT3 to activate the expression ofinduce Cav-1 expression.

Bach1 modulates AKT3 transcription to participate in hyperglycaemia-mediated EndMT in vascular endothelial cells.

Hyperglycaemia-mediated endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is involved in the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients. Previous studies reported that AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 (AKT3) and Bric-a-brac/Tramtrack/Broad (BTB) and cap'n'collar (CNC) homology 1 (bach1) participates in endothelial injury and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In the present study, we proposed that bach1 regulates AKT3 transcription, thus involved in hyperglycaemia-mediated EndMT in vascular endothelium. Our results indicated that hyperglycaemia/high glucose increased AKT3 expression and induced EndMT in aorta of diabetic rats and hyperglycaemic human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, inhibition of AKT3 expression reversed high glucose-mediated EndMT in HUVECs. Further, hyperglycaemia/high glucose augmented bach1 expression in aorta of diabetic rats and hyperglycaemic HUVECs. Furthermore, si-bach1 countered high glucose-induced AKT3 expression and EndMT in HUVECs. In addition, the effect of bach1 overexpression is similar to that of high glucose treatment, which was reversed by si-AKT3. ChIP assays found bach1 enriched in the promoter region of AKT3. Bach1 overexpression augmented AKT3 promoter activity, which lost after specific binding site mutation. Bach1 was involved in hyperglycaemia-induced EndMT via modulation of AKT3 transcription.

Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs on Visual Acuity of Patients with Tracheal Intubation under General Anesthesia.

Background: General anesthesia (GA) is the core means of surgical intervention, mainly used for analgesia and anxiety relief. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the laboratory and clinical research results during induction of GA. Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHCD) combined with atropine sulfate (Atr) has the potential to induce GA. However, the role of PHCD combined with Atr during tracheal intubation under GA remains unclear. Objective: The research is aimed at exploring the effects of preoperative PHCD or Atr on adverse reactions (ARs) in patients during tracheal intubation under general anesthesia (GA). Methods: This study retrospectively enrolled 473 patients who underwent surgery under GA induction and divided them into a research group (n = 234) and a control group (n = 239) according to preoperative use of PHCD (with or without). Both groups of patients were given Atr postoperatively and nursing intervention. Anesthesia-related indexes, ARs, and hemodynamics were observed and compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in anesthesia-related indexes and hemodynamics between the research group and the control group. The incidence of blurred vision and diplopia in the research group was higher than that in the control group. Conclusion: Preoperative PHCD combined with postoperative Atr should be avoided in clinical practice, or Atr rather than PHCD should be used preoperatively, so as to reduce the occurrence of blurred vision, diplopia, and other ARs.

Dexmedetomidine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in rats by inhibiting caveolin-1 downstream signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to investigate the anti-injury and anti-inflammatory effects of dexmedetomidine (Dex) in acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Sprague-Dawley rats and its possible mechanism. METHODS: The acute liver injury model of male rats was established by injecting LPS into tail vein. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) of rats was recorded at 0-7 h, and lactic acid was detected at different time points. Wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) was calculated. Pathological changes of rat liver were observed by HE staining. ALT and AST levels in serum were detected. The activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue homogenate and the levels of IL-1ß and IL-18 in serum were detected by ELISA. Protein levels of Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), TLR-4 and NLRP3 in liver tissue were tested by immunohistochemistry method. The expression of Cav-1, TLR-4 and NLRP3 mRNA in liver tissue was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to explore its related mechanism. RESULTS: Compared with NS group, serum lactic acid, W/D of liver tissue, MPO, SOD, IL-1ß and IL-18 were significantly increased and MAP decreased significantly in LPS group and D+L group. However, compared with NS group, D group showed no significant difference in various indicators. Compared with LPS group, MPO, SOD, IL-1ß and IL-18 were significantly decreased and MAP was significantly increased in D+L group. D+L group could significantly increase the level of Cav-1 protein and decrease the level of TLR-4 and NLRP3 protein in liver tissue caused by sepsis. The expression of Cav-1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated and the expression of TLR-4 and NLRP3 mRNA was inhibited in D+L group. CONCLUSION: Dex pretreatment protects against LPS-induced actue liver injury via inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway by up-regulating the expression of Cav-1 by sepsis.

Hydrocarbon Generation Potential and Depositional Setting of Eocene Oil-Prone Coaly Source Rocks in the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin.

The Xihu Sag in the East China Sea Shelf Basin is a focus for hydrocarbon exploration and development. Hydrocarbons in the Xihu Sag are believed to have mainly originated from coals in the Paleogene Pinghu Formation (shortened as Pinghu coal). In this study, the hydrocarbon generation potential, origin of organic matter, and depositional setting of the Pinghu coal were analyzed by means of optical microscopic analysis, bulk organic geochemistry, and molecular geochemistry analysis. The results reveal that the maceral compositions of the Pinghu coal are characterized by a predominance of vitrinite (73.91-96.13%) with relatively high contents of liptinite (1.47-23.02%) and only minor amounts of inertinite (0-5.18%). Type II-III kerogen and high values of TOC (total organic carbon) (8.24-56.77%), EOM (extractable organic matter) (14 601-112 259 ppm), and HI (hydrogen index) (178.76-291.18 mg·HC/g·TOC) indicate that the Pinghu coal is both gas- and oil-prone and could not only generate but also expel hydrocarbons. The results of vitrinite reflectance (0.54-0.90%), Tmax (421-453 °C), and biomarker-related parameters, including CPI (carbon preference index) (1.10-1.61), OEP (odd-to-even predominance) (1.09-1.49), 22S/(22S + 22R) for C31 homohopane (0.59-0.62), and 22S/(22S + 22R) for C32 homohopane (0.57-0.60), suggest that these coaly source rocks have entered the hydrocarbon generation threshold, most of which have entered the expulsion threshold. Biomarker-related parameters of ∑n-C21-/∑n-C22+ (0.38-3.62), Pr/Ph (3.33-9.23), Pr/n-C17 (1.91-14.88), Ph/n-C18 (0.35-1.83), 22S/(22S+22R) of C31 homohopane (0.59-0.62), 22S/(22S + 22R) of C32 homohopane (0.57-0.60), 1,2,7-TMN/1,3,7-TMN (0.74-14.39), and 1,2,5-TMN/1,3,6-TMN (2.22-21.07) suggest that organic matter in the Pinghu coal was deposited under relatively oxic peatland conditions characterized by a predominance of terrestrial higher plant input, especially the resin-rich Pinaceae and Taxodiaceae. The absence of combustion-derived PAHs indicates that neither vegetation fire nor peat fire occurred very frequently during the formation of peat. Areas in the Xihu sag with considerable thicknesses of coal should be paid particular attention for future hydrocarbon exploration. From a global perspective, Cenozoic coaly source rocks, which are characterized by a relatively high content of aliphatic components, should be paid special attention for their oil-prone properties related to the advent of conifer plants.

C1-C2 alkyl aminiums in urban aerosols: Insights from ambient and fuel combustion emission measurements in the Yangtze River Delta region of China.

We measured low molar-mass alkyl aminiums (methylaminium, dimethylaminium, ethylaminium and diethylaminium) in urban aerosols in the Yangtze River Delta region of eastern China in August 2014 and from November 2015 to May 2016. After examining artifact formation on sample filters, methylaminium, dimethylaminium and ethylaminium concentrations were quantified. The three C1-C2 aminiums exhibited a unimodal size distribution that maximized between 0.56 and 1.0 µm. Their concentrations in PM2.5 were 5.7 ± 3.2 ng m-3, 7.9 ± 5.4 ng m-3 and 20.3 ± 16.6 ng m-3, respectively, with higher concentrations during the daytime and in warm seasons. On new particle growth days, amine uptake to particles larger than 56 nm was barely enhanced. The molar ratios of individual aminium/NH4+ in PM2.5 were on the order of 10-4 and 10-3. Aminiums were thus far less to out-compete ammonium (NH4+) in neutralizing acidic species in particle sizes down to 56 nm. Abundant nitrate (NO3-/SO42- molar ratio = âˆ¼3) and its correlation to methylaminium and ethylaminium implied that nitrate might be more important aminium salt than sulfate in urban aerosols of this area. Direct measurement of particle-phase amine emission from coal and biomass burning showed that coal burning is an important atmospheric amine source, considering coal burning is top-ranked particulate matter source in China.