ABSTRACT
4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide is the main raw material for the manufacture of polysulfone, polyether sulfone and other engineering plastics. It is also an intermediate for medicines, dyes and pesticides, which has been widely utilized in engineering plastics, fine chemicals and other fields. The alkylation of chlorobenzene with thionyl chloride can give 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide as a product using Lewis acidic ionic liquids. In this work, metal-based methylimidazolium ionic liquids were synthesized, which were found to be efficient catalysts for alkylation reactions. The molar ratio of different metal chlorides to 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole chloride and the influence of different metal chlorine additives on the catalytic Lewis acid center were investigated. The fissionable species of AlCl3 in ionic liquids will enhance the acidity of ionic liquids and, thus, promote the catalytic performance of ionic liquids. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the conversion rate of excess chlorobenzene was 45.3% and the selectivity of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide was 31.9%.
ABSTRACT
We studied the material and photovoltaic properties of Sb2Se3 thin films fabricated by a magnetron-sputtering method at different substrate temperatures. The films had good crystallinity at substrate temperatures over 300°C. The band-gap energies between 1.1 and 1.5 eV of the films, which were obtained by transmittance measurements, initially decreased and then increased slowly with increasing temperature. Solar cells based on the films with structures of ITO/CdS/Sb2Se3/Au were fabricated, and the substrate temperature had significant effects on the device performance. Low crystal quality at low temperature resulted in a low short-circuit current (Jsc), while high temperature caused Se deficiency due to evaporation, which decreased the open-circuit voltage (Voc). The best solar cell performance achieved an efficiency of 0.84% with a Voc of 0.27 V and Jsc of 9.47 mA/cm2 when the substrate temperature was 325°C.
