Preparation modification strategies for clinical treatment drugs of Parkinson's disease / 药学学报

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. At present, levodopa and other drugs are mainly used for dopamine supplementation therapy. However, the absorption of levodopa in the gastrointestinal tract is unstable and its half-life is short, and long-term use of levodopa will lead to the end-of-dose deterioration, dyskinesia, the "ON-OFF" phenomenon and other symptoms. Therefore, new preparations need to be developed to improve drug efficacy, reduce side effects or improve compliance of patients. Based on the above clinical needs, this review briefly introduced the preparation modification strategies for the treatment of PD through case analysis, in order to provide references for the research and development of related preparations.

Advances in taste masking technology based on preparation technology / 药学学报

Good medicine tastes bitter, but it is often difficult to swallow because the drug is bitter and astringent, so that the compliance of patients with medication is poor. However, the use of taste masking technology can better improve this situation. Appropriate and effective taste masking technology can improve the drug compliance of patients, especially children, it can also improve the curative effect and the clinical value of drugs. Herein, we summarize the latest research progress of taste masking technology, and summarize the traditional taste masking technology from the aspects of action mechanisms and application scopes. Finally, the novel and efficient taste masking technologies were presented.

Taste masking pharmaceutical excipients and their applications / 药学学报

The taste of drugs has an important impact on the compliance of patients, but most of the active drug ingredients have an uncomfortable taste, especially traditional Chinese medicine. Through a variety of pharmaceutical excipients with taste masking properties combined with corresponding technologies can improve the taste of drugs and the characteristics of other dosage forms, so as to improve patient compliance. Here, we mainly summarize the auxiliary materials used for taste masking, explain the mechanism of taste masking from the point of view of excipients and introduces related uses, so as to provide reference for further research on taste masking of pediatric preparations.

Study on the cross-linking degree of PVPP by NMR technology and its powder compressibility / 药学学报

In this paper, the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) echo method was used to determine the cross-linking degree and cross-linking density of crospovidone (PVPP) from different manufacturers. Based on the seven physical properties of PVPP, a fingerprint spectrum (radar chart) of twenty secondary quality indicators were obtained, and three compressibility evaluation indicators, index of the parameter (IP), index of parametric profile (IPP), index of good compression (IGC) were calculated by the fingerprint spectrum. It was found that the cross-linking degree and compressibility index IP of PVPP showed a strong correlation (r = 0.816) by the correlation analysis, indicating that the cross-linking degree is one of the key quality attributes for evaluating the compressibility of PVPP.

Research progress of histidine-based tumor-targeting drug delivery systems / 药学学报

As a basic amino acid, histidine has a pKa close to the acidity of the tumor microenvironment, thus the charge and solubility of histidine are able to vary as the pH changes. Under a neutral environment, histidine is not charged and exhibits hydrophobic properties, while it can be protonated and becomes hydrophilic when exposed to mildly acidic pH, such as tumor microenvironment. Therefore, histidine is widely used in the design of drug delivery systems to target the mildly acidic pH of tumor microenvironment. This article reviews the recent progresses of histidine-based tumor-targeting drug delivery systems, and summarizes the principles on promoting internalization and tuning drug release by taking advantage of histidine. Finally, we point out the common issues on histidine application and illustrate its future prospects.

Determination of the K-value of different types of povidone by microfluidic rheometry and the relationship between K-value and weight-average molecular weight / 药学学报

italic>K-values of 56 batches of 7 types of povidone were measured by microfluidic rheometry and with a Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. The K-values of the two methods were tested by SPSS software and the results showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods (P > 0.05). Taking K-values measured with the Ubbelohde capillary viscometer (Ku) as the abscissa and K-values measured by microfluidic rheometry (Km) as the ordinate a linear equation was calculated: Km = 0.893 9Ku + 4.617 6, R2 = 0.986 2, with good linearity, indicating that the microfluidic rheometer method can replace the Ubbelohde capillary viscometer in determining K-values of povidone. The microfluidic rheometer method has the benefits of less sample consumption, faster determination, and is more accurate, and it can be used with high-throughput automatic acquisition, which provides a more convenient method for the determination of K-values of different types of povidone. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of each type of povidone were measured by gel permeation chromatography-multi angle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS), and the relationship between Mw and Km was lgMw = -0.000 4 Km2 + 0.072 7 Km + 2.791, R2 = 0.990 1. The fitting relationship was good, and Mw could be calculated by Km by the equation.

Ferroptosis was involved in the oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in mice / 生理学报

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ferroptosis in acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model induced by oleic acid (OA). ALI was induced in the mice via the lateral tail vein injection of pure OA. The histopathological score of lung, lung wet-dry weight ratio and the protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were used as the evaluation indexes of ALI. Iron concentration, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the lung tissues were measured using corresponding assay kits. The ultrastructure of pulmonary cells was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the expression level of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) mRNA was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). Protein expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in lung tissues were determined by Western blot. The results showed that histopathological scores of lung tissues, lung wet-dry weight ratio and protein in BALF in the OA group were higher than those of the control group. In the OA group, the mitochondria of pulmonary cells were shrunken, and the mitochondrial membrane was ruptured. The expression level of PTGS2 mRNA in the OA group was seven folds over that in the control group. Iron overload, GSH depletion and accumulation of MDA were observed in the OA group. Compared with the control group, the protein expression levels of GPX4 and ferritin in lung tissue were down-regulated in the OA group. These results suggest that ferroptosis plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of ALI in our mouse model, which may provide new insights for development of new drugs for ALI.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of artemisinin loaded long-circulating liposomes / 药学学报

The therapeutic application of artemisinin (ART) is restricted in application due to its poor water solubility and stability. In this study, the long-circulating liposomes (L-Lip) were constructed to improve the solubility and stability of ART. The preparation method, physicochemical properties, serum stability, in vitro release profile and cytotoxicity of the ART loaded long-circulating liposomes were investigated. Using the particle size and entrapment efficiency (EE) as the evaluation index, the preparation procedure was optimized by the Box-Behnken response surface design based on the single factor screening method. The ART loaded long-circulating liposomes were prepared by filming rehydration method, and evaluated with particle size and entrapment efficiency. The optimal formulation was as follows:lipid-cholesterol=5.22:1 (mass ratio), drug-lipid=1:23.15 (mass ratio), lipid concentration=14.35 mg·mL-1, and molar percentage of mPEG=2%. The morphology of L-Lip was uniformly spherical shape according to optimal formulation. The mean size and polydispersity index (PDI) were about (113.3 ±4.7) nm and 0.227 ±0.022 respectively, the zeta potential was (-12.9 ±2.6) mV, and the entrapment efficiency (EE) of ART was (95.88 ±4.8)%. The L-Lip had good stability at 4℃ for 15 days and the particle sizes did not exhibit significant variations in 50% rat plasma over 24 h at 37℃. The in vitro release study of formulation showed a sustained release. Moreover, the cytotoxicity exhibited that blank liposomes were of great safety. Compared with the free ART, the liposome formulation achieved lower cytotoxicity at the high concentration. The L-Lip successfully prepared by a simple filming-rehydration method exhibited ideal physicochemical properties and were enhanced safety, which may sever as a promising nanoplatform for clinical application.

Optimization and characterization of deoxypodophyllotoxin loaded mPEG-PDLLA micelles by central composite design with response surface methodology / 中国天然药物

The therapeutic application of deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) is limited due to its poor water solubility and stability. In the present study, the micelles assembled by the amphiphilic block copolymers (mPEG-PDLLA) were constructed to improve the solubility and safety of DPT for their in vitro and in vivo application. The central composite design was utilized to develop the optimal formulation composed of 1221.41 mg mPEG-PDLLA, the weight ratio of 1 : 4 (mPEG-PDLLA : DPT), 30 mL hydration volume and the hydration temperature at 40 °C. The results showed that the micelles exhibited uniformly spherical shape with the diameter of 20 nm. The drug-loading and entrapment efficiency of deoxypodophyllotoxin-polymeric micelles (DPT-PM) were about (20 ± 2.84)% and (98 ± 0.79)%, respectively, indicating that the mathematical models predicted well for the results. Compared to the free DPT, the cytotoxicity showed that blank micelles possessed great safety for Hela cells. In addition, the DPT loaded micelle formulation achieved stronger cytotoxicity at the concentration of 1 × 10 mol·L, which showed significant difference from free DPT (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the micelles were highly promising nano-carriers for the anti-tumor therapy with DPT.

Optimization and characterization of deoxypodophyllotoxin loaded mPEG-PDLLA micelles by central composite design with response surface methodology / 中国天然药物

The therapeutic application of deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) is limited due to its poor water solubility and stability. In the present study, the micelles assembled by the amphiphilic block copolymers (mPEG-PDLLA) were constructed to improve the solubility and safety of DPT for their in vitro and in vivo application. The central composite design was utilized to develop the optimal formulation composed of 1221.41 mg mPEG-PDLLA, the weight ratio of 1 : 4 (mPEG-PDLLA : DPT), 30 mL hydration volume and the hydration temperature at 40 °C. The results showed that the micelles exhibited uniformly spherical shape with the diameter of 20 nm. The drug-loading and entrapment efficiency of deoxypodophyllotoxin-polymeric micelles (DPT-PM) were about (20 ± 2.84)% and (98 ± 0.79)%, respectively, indicating that the mathematical models predicted well for the results. Compared to the free DPT, the cytotoxicity showed that blank micelles possessed great safety for Hela cells. In addition, the DPT loaded micelle formulation achieved stronger cytotoxicity at the concentration of 1 × 10 mol·L, which showed significant difference from free DPT (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the micelles were highly promising nano-carriers for the anti-tumor therapy with DPT.

Extent of Lung Involvement and Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Test in Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Adult Patients with Pulmonary Cryptococcosis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>Serum cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) test is the most used noninvasive method to detect cryptococcal infection. However, false-negative CrAg test is not uncommon in clinical practice. Then, the aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with false-negative CrAg test among non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adult patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis and its clinical features.</p><p><b>Methods</b>One hundred and fourteen non-HIV adult patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis, proven by biopsy, were retrospectively reviewed. Finally, 85 patients were enrolled; 56 were CrAg positive (CrAg+ group) and 29 were negative (CrAg- group). It was a cross-sectional study. Then, baseline characteristics, underlying diseases, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and chest radiological findings were reviewed and analyzed. Chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variable. Odds ratio (OR) was used to measure correlation. Student's t- test was obtained to analyze continuous variable.</p><p><b>Results</b>No difference in baseline characteristics, underlying diseases, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings were found between two groups (P > 0.05 in all). Nevertheless, diffuse extent lesion was 82.1% in CrAg+ group and 10.3% in CrAg- group (χ = 40.34, P < 0.001; OR = 39.87).</p><p><b>Conclusions</b>Among patients with limited pulmonary involvement, a negative serum CrAg does not preclude the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis. However, among patients with extensive pulmonary involvement, serum CrAg is a useful diagnostic tool for pulmonary cryptococcosis. Furthermore, we also noticed that the untypical and mild presentations with extensive pulmonary lesion might be the features of pulmonary cryptococcosis, which needs further investigation.</p>

Status and suggestions for adjuvant standard for Chinese materia medica processing in China / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, the status of adjuvant standard for Chinese materia medica processing in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the National Specification of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, and the 29 provincial specification of Chinese materia medica was summarized, and the the status including general requirements, specific requirements, and quality standard in the three grade official specifications was collected and analyzed according to the "medicine-adjuvant homology" and "food-adjuvant homology" features of adjuvants. This paper also introduced the research situation of adjuvant standard for Chinese materia medica processing in China; In addition, analyzed and discussed the problems existing in the standard system of adjuvant for Chinese materia medica processing, such as lack of general requirements, low level of standard, inconsistent standard references, and lack of research on the standard, and provided suggestions for the further establishment of the national standards system of adjuvant for Chinese materia medica processing.

Activation of necroptosis in a rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by oleic acid / 生理学报

The present study was aimed to investigate the role of necroptosis in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The rat model of ARDS was induced by intravenous injection of oleic acid (OA), and observed for 4 h. The lung injury was evaluated by arterial blood gas, lung wet-dry weight ratio (W/D) and histological analyses. Simultaneously, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for total and differential cell analysis and total protein determination. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level in BALF was determined with a rat TNF-α ELISA kit. Expressions of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) in lung tissue were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. The interaction between RIPK1 and RIPK3 was explored by immunoprecipitation. The results showed that, compared with those in control group, total white blood cells count (WBC), polymorphonuclear percentage (PMN%), total protein concentration, TNF-α level in BALF, W/D, and the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (P(A-a)O) in OA group were significantly increased at 4 h after OA injection. Western blot and immunostaining further showed remarkably increased expressions of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL in lung tissue from OA group. Additionally, immunoprecipitation results indicated an enforced interaction between RIPK1 and RIPK3 in OA group. Collectively, the TNF-α level in BALF and the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL signaling pathway in lung tissue were found to be upregulated and activated with the process of ARDS. These findings implicate that RIPK1/RIPK3-mediated necroptosis plays a possible role in the pathogenesis of ARDS, which may provide a new idea to develop novel drugs for the therapy of ARDS.

Clinical Analysis of Intraperitoneal Lymphangioma / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Intraperitoneal lymphangioma (IL) used to be thought of as a benign lymphatic malformation with a low rate of preoperative diagnosis. This retrospective study aimed to explore the connection between the cysts and clinical manifestation and imaging characteristics, and to study diagnostic confusion, therapeutic principles and potential recurrent reasons, to further enhance the comprehension of this rare disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Here, we retrospectively reviewed 21 patients diagnosed with IL. Age, sex, complaints, physical findings, and imaging features of each patient were documented. The therapies, postoperative complications and treatments were discussed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Symptomatology included eight patients (38%) with intermittent dull pain in the abdomen, and three patients (14%) complained of abdominal persistent pain. The physical examination revealed an abdominal mass in 16 patients (76%), and eight (38%) were reported no discomfort. IL was correctly established preoperatively in 19 patients (90%). Patients were treated using laparotomy, except one who was treated with laparoscopy. Two recurrences were noted during follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>IL should be suspected in any patient with a mobile abdominal mass and surgery is required immediately after discovery of the tumor.</p>

CyPA-CD147-ERK1/2-cyclin D2 signaling pathway is upregulated during rat left ventricular hypertrophy / 生理学报

The changes of serum cyclophilin A (CyPA), its receptor CD147 and the downstream signaling pathway during the process of cardiac hypertrophy remain unknown. The present study aims to investigate the relationships between CyPA-CD147-ERK1/2-cyclin D2 signaling pathway and the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy was prepared by 2-kidney, 2-clip in Sprague-Dawley rats and observed for 1 week, 4 and 8 weeks. Left ventricular hypertrophy was evaluated by ratio of left ventricular heart weight to body weight (LVW/BW) and cardiomyocyte cross sectional area (CSA). CyPA levels in serum were determined with a rat CyPA ELISA kit. Expressions of CyPA, CD147, phospho-ERK1/2 and cyclin D2 in left ventricular myocytes were determined by Western blot and immunostaining. Compared with sham groups, systolic blood pressure reached hypertensive levels at 4 weeks in 2K2C groups. LVW/BW and CSA in 2K2C groups were significantly increased at 4 and 8 weeks after clipping. ELISA results indicated a prominent increase in serum CyPA level associated with the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy. Western blot revealed that the expressions of CyPA, CD147, phospho-ERK1/2 and cyclin D2 in left ventricular tissues were also remarkably increased as the cardiac hypertrophy developed. The results of the present study demonstrates that serum CyPA and CyPA-CD147-ERK1/2-cyclin D2 signaling pathway in ventricular tissues are time-dependently upregulated and activated with the process of left ventricular hypertrophy. These data suggest that CyPA-CD147 signaling cascade might play a role in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy, and CyPA might be a prognosticator of the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Angiogenesis effect of Astragalus polysaccharide combined with endothelial progenitor cells therapy in diabetic male rat following experimental hind limb ischemia / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease accompanied with a high incidence of hind limb ischemia (HLI). In recent years, numerous studies demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in angiogenesis and maintenance of vascular integrity following HLI. On the other side, it has been proved that Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) could promote angiogenesis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of APS and EPCs on enhancing angiogenesis after experimental HLI caused by femoral artery ligation in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats (n = 110) were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham group, ischemia group, APS group, EPCs group and APS+EPCs group. APS, EPCs or an equal volume of vehicle was administered intramuscularly after HLI induction, and 6 rats were assessed by angiography at 28 days after induction of HLI, 6 rats were sacrificed at the same time point to take histological studies, biochemical tests were also performed at that point in the rest rats.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>APS or EPCs treatment induced an increase, respectively, in the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (36.61%, 61.59%), VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) (35.50%, 57.33%), VEGFR-2 (31.75%, 41.89%), Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) (37.57%, 64.66%) and Tie-2 (42.55%, 76.94%) (P < 0.05), after HLI injury. And combined therapy of APS and EPCs enhanced the effort of angiogenesis after HLI induction in diabetic rats, through elevating protein expression of VEGF (99.67%), VEGFR-1 (105.33%), VEGFR2 (72.05%), Ang-1 (114.30%) and Tie-2 (111.87%) (P < 0.05). Similarly, mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR2, Ang-1, Tie-2 also show similar trends as well as protein expression (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>APS or EPCs could enhance angiogenesis, and the combined treatment leads to better effort, at least, partially via VEGF/VEGFR and Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathway.</p>

Rapid determination of monoester alkaloids in extraction and concentration process of Aconiti Radix Cocta by near infrared spectroscopy / 中草药

Objective: To rapidly and quantitatively analyze the monoester alkaloids (MAs) in the extracting and concentrating process of Aconiti Radix Cocta (ARC) by near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Methods: Using NIR to collect the data of 103 ARC samples and using partial least squares (PLS) regression method to establish the quantitative analysis model of MAs between the information of NIR and MAs. Results: The spectral range of MAs model of ARC was 9 264.35-7 274.11 cm-1. The root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) was 1.171 and correlation coefficient (r) of the calibration model was 0.999 4.Through the external validation, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 1.321 and r of the validation model was 0.992 1. According to the results of statistical analysis, r of the predicted value and the reference value of MAs was 0.999 0. The value of P is less than 0.001. This revealed that the NIR and HPLC methods had a good correlation in determining MAs and could accurately predict the amount of MAs in the covered range. Conclusion: This method is convenient, rapid, accurate, and environment protective, and could be used for the on-line determination of MAs in the extracting and concentrating process of ARC and for the determination of the extraction and concentration endpoint of ARC.

Solidified mPEG-PDLLA micelles as a novel oral delivery system of indomethacin / 药学学报

In this study, indomethacin (IND) loaded solidified-polymeric micelles (IND-SPM) were prepared. Their in vitro characteristics were investigated. Methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) poly(D, L-lactide) copolymer (mPEG-PDLLA) was used as IND carrier. The preparation of IND-SPM was conducted by solution-absorption method and evaporation by rotary evaporator. Polyplasdone XL-10 was used as adsorbent. The solution-absorption method was conducted by the following procedure; IND and mPEG-PDLLA were dissolved in acetone, followed by addition of polyplasdone XL-10 and stirred to obtain a suspension. The powder of IND-SPM was simply obtained after the organic solvent was completely evaporated. More than 90% (w/w) of IND (20 mg) in the powder was dissolved in 250 mL PBS within 30 min. DSC, 1H NMR and SEM results proved that IND was encapsulated within mPEG-PDLLA. The solubility of IND in the system increased 4.6 times with the highest amount of copolymer. The solidified particles were found to be suitable for the formulation of tablets or capsules.

Preparation and in vitro and in vivo study on tinidazole in situ forming sustained-release injection / 药学学报

This study is to prepare the in situ forming sustained-release injection which can perform sustained release behavior at the periodontal site for 7 days and to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo properties. After preparation of in situ forming sustained-release injection the in situ time was studied. And the surface of the solid injection was characterized by SEM. The rheological curve at 0 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C was determined and the impact of the temperature on the viscosity was examined. The in vitro release behavior was investigated. At last, rabbit periodontitis model was established to study its pharmacokinetics. The injection was stable, hard to stratify and decompose. The in situ forming time was about 6 seconds. It can easily adhere into periodontal pockets. There were lots of holes on the surface of the solid injection for the drug to diffuse. The drug releasing curves could be fit by Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. The drug smoothly released for 7 days at pH 7.4 PBS buffer with a very slight burst release and maintained a certain concentration. In vivo pharmacokinetics results indicated that after administration with the in situ forming injection, achievement of tinidazole (TNZ) concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was more comparable and long-lasting than usual solution of TNZ management and relatively constant TNZ levels were attained until 168 h. All these results supported the prospect of tinidazole in situ forming sustained-release injection in clinical applications.

Electrophoresis and fluorospectrophotometry methods to determine the content and entrapment efficiency of siRNA in cationic liposomes / 药学学报

To develop different methods for determining siRNA content and the entrapment efficiency of siRNA loaded liposomes, SYBR Gold electrophoresis method and Ribogreen fluorospectrophotometry method were used respectively. SYBR Gold electrophoresis method has a good linear relation in a range at 0.2-2.0 micromol x L(-1) (R = 0.9930), and the recovery at the high, middle and low concentrations were 96.35%, 96.92%, and 100.74%, respectively (n = 3). The intra-day and inter-day RSD were far below 5% (n = 5). Ribogreen fluorospectrophotometry method has a good linear relation in a range at 10-50 nmol x L(-1) (R = 0.9971), and the recovery at the high, middle and low concentrations were 98.22%, 99.88% and 99.64%, respectively (n = 3). The intra-day and inter-day RSD were far below 5% (n = 5). The content and the entrapment efficiency of three batches of siRNA cationic liposomes were 98.52%, 97.85% and 99.20%, 96.45%, respectively, with these two methods. And there is no significant difference by ANOVA. Both of the two methods are accurate, sensitive, convenient method for determination of the siRNA content and the entrapment efficiency of siRNA loaded cationic liposomes.