ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of heat stroke cases in Minhang District of Shanghai in 2013-2018 and to explore potential risk factors， so as to provide the evidence for making the preventive and control measures. Methods:Meteorological parameters and heat stroke cases during May-September were included for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 101 heat stroke cases were studied， in which the majority occurred during June-August. Male cases were more than female cases and 51.5% （52/101） of the cases were severe cases. The incidence of severe heat stroke in people aged 40-59， and 60 and over was significantly higher than that in people under 40 years old. The number of people with severe heat stroke was positively correlated with daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature， whereas the number of mild heat stroke was only positively correlated with daily maximum temperature. More than half of total cases （86 cases） were documented in 15 heat wave periods， two of which had significantly increased risk. Conclusion:High temperature in summer is dangerous in Minhang District of Shanghai. Men and older people are susceptible to heat stroke， which occurs mainly in the period of high temperature in July and August. The period of daily highest temperature ≥35 ℃， especially during continual high temperature， is the key stage for heat stroke prevention. In addition to focusing on the effect of daily maximum temperature on heat stroke， the effect of daily minimum temperature on severe heat stroke should be considered.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the hygienic condition and maintenance management of air conditioners in observation hotels， and give suggestions on reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission from the daily use. Methods:This study selected 11 observation hotels chosen by government and 3 observation hotels chosen by large companies in Minhang District. The types and sanitary conditions of the air conditioning system were revealed through the daily supervision. Hotel staffs’ knowledge of air conditioning system and their mastery of how to use and maintain air conditioning system were surveyed through questionnaire. Results:Survey of air conditioning types showed that in 14 hotels， 12 were distributed air conditioning systems and 2 were semi-centralized air conditioning systems （including fresh air systems）. The investigation found that there was dust accumulation in the fresh air ducts in one hotel guest room， dust accumulation in the filter screen of fresh air intake in one hotel， and the sanitary problem of condensate water （without centralized discharge） in two hotels. All of 14 hotels had daily cleaning and disinfection records， but they were not perfect. The hotel health management personnel’ awareness rate of air conditioning was low， although they had a positive attitude towards the cleaning and disinfection of the air conditioning system. They could do the active entrusted testing， cleaning and disinfection of the air conditioning systems. Conclusion:The air conditioning systems of some hotels have hygiene problems， and hotel health management personnel are lack of knowledge of standard operation and maintenance of air conditioning systems. The air conditioning systems of observation hotel should be cleaned and disinfected before use. At the same time， it is necessary to strengthen the training of hotel health management personnel on the use and maintenance of air conditioning systems. So the transmission of the COVID-19 through air conditioning systems can be effectively prevented.
ABSTRACT
Particulate matters are primary pollutants and ubiquitous in most urban areas of China and prove to be an acknowledged risk to human health, whose degree of harm is realated to the particle size.Ultrafine particles (UFPs) with its diameter less than 0.1 μm may have greater adverse health effects compared with larger ones as fine particulate matters(PM10)and (PM2.5).However, there have been fewer studies and insuffient evidence in this regard.In this review, we analyze recent population-based studies on UFPs exposure and its health impacts and elucidate associations of UFPs exposure with subclinical endpoints changes so as to promote the awreness of UFPs and provide reference for its further research.
