Atrioventricular Synchrony Restoration Aided by a Temporary Permanent Pacemaker in Right Ventricular Infarction and Complete Heart Block.

Pacemakers are effective treatments for a variety of bradyarrhythmias. Cardiac pacemakers generally consist of a pulse generator and one or more leads. The conventional temporary transvenous ventricular cardiac pacemaker utilizing a passive fixation lead is commonly associated with multiple complications such as increased infection rate, lead dislodgement, venous thrombosis, longer duration of hospital stay, and atrioventricular (AV) dyssynchrony. On the other hand, temporary permanent pacemakers (TPPM) utilize active fixation leads; hence, they provide lower capture thresholds, reliable pacing, lower rates of displacement, and fewer pacemaker-related infections. Here, we present a case of TPPM aiding AV synchrony restoration in complete heart block accompanying right ventricular (RV) infarction with refractory cardiogenic shock. Pacemakers are effective treatments for a variety of bradyarrhythmias. Cardiac pacemakers generally consist of a pulse generator and one or more leads. We present a case of TPPM aiding AV synchrony restoration in complete heart block accompanying RV infarction with refractory cardiogenic shock. TPPM pacing is a safe and effective technique for temporary bridge pacing to prevent AV dyssynchrony in hemodynamically unstable patients with cardiogenic shock from RV infarction and complete heart block. It also hastens recovery compared to a traditional single-chamber temporary pacemaker.

Systemic sclerosis is associated with increased in-patient mortality in patients hospitalized for heart failure.

AIMS: We aimed to analyse the characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) with co-morbid systemic sclerosis (SSc) and compare them to those without SSc, using data from the National Inpatient Sample from years 2016 to 2019. METHODS AND RESULTS: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes were used to identify hospitalized patients with a primary diagnosis of HF and secondary diagnoses of SSc from the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2019. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and without a secondary diagnosis of SSc. Baseline characteristics including demographics and co-morbidities, outcomes of mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs were compared between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounders and assess the impact of SSc on in-hospital mortality, cost, and LOS. A total of 4 709 724 hospitalizations for HF were identified, with 8150 (0.17%) having a secondary diagnosis of SSc. These patients were predominantly female (82.3% vs. 47.8%; P = 0.01), younger (mean age of 67.4 vs. 71.4; P < 0.01), and had significantly lower rates of traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as coronary artery disease (35.8% vs. 50.6%; P < 0.01), hyperlipidaemia (39.1% vs. 52.9%; P < 0.01), diabetes (22.5% vs. 49.1%; P < 0.01), obesity (13.2% vs. 25.0%; P < 0.01), and hypertension (20.2% vs. 23.8%; P < 0.01). Higher rates of co-morbid pulmonary disease in the form of interstitial lung disease (23.1% vs. 2.0%; P < 0.01) and pulmonary hypertension (36.6% vs. 12.7%; P < 0.01) were noted in the SSc cohort. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the HF with SSc group [5.1% vs. 2.6%; odds ratio: 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60-2.48; P < 0.001]. Unadjusted mortality was also higher among female (86.7% vs. 47.0%; P < 0.01), Black (15.7% vs. 13.0%; P < 0.01), and Hispanic (13.3% vs. 6.9%; P < 0.01) patients in the SSc cohort. After adjusting for potential confounders, SSc remained independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.44-2.28; P < 0.001). Patients with HF and SSc also had longer LOS (6.4 vs. 5.4; adjusted mean difference [AMD]: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.05-0.68; P = 0.02) and higher hospitalization costs ($67 363 vs. $57 128; AMD: 198.9; 95% CI: -4780 to 5178; P = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: In patients hospitalized for HF, those with SSc were noted to have higher odds of in-hospital mortality than those without SSc. Patients with HF and SSc were more likely to be younger, female, and have higher rates of co-morbid interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension at baseline with fewer traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Re-evaluating the Incidence and Prevalence of Clinical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: An Epidemiological Study of Olmsted County, Minnesota.

OBJECTIVE: To contemporaneously reappraise the incidence-rate, prevalence, and natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1984 to 2015. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A validated medical-record linkage system collecting information for residents of Olmsted County was used to identify all cases of HCM between January 1, 1984, and December 31, 2015. After adjudication of records from Mayo Clinic and Olmsted Medical Center, data relating to diagnoses and outcomes were abstracted. The calculated incidence rate and prevalence were standardized to the US 1980 White population (age- and sex-adjusted) and compared with a prior study examining the years 1975-1984. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy subjects with HCM were identified. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 6.6 per 100,000 person-years, and the point prevalence of HCM on January 1, 2016, was 89 per 100,000 population. The incidence rate and point prevalence of HCM on January 1, 2016, standardized to the US 1980 White population (age- and sex-adjusted), were 6.7 (95% CI, 7.1 to 8.8) per 100,000 person-years and 81.5 per 100,000 population, respectively. The incidence rate of HCM increased each decade since the index study. Individuals with HCM had a higher overall standardized mortality rate than the general population with an observed to expected HR of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.71; P<.001) which improved by each decade. CONCLUSION: The incidence and prevalence of HCM are higher than rates reported from a prior study in the same community examining the years 1975-1984, but lower than other study cohorts. The risk of mortality in HCM remains higher than expected, albeit with improvement in rates of mortality observed each decade during the study period.

Systemic thrombolysis with newer thrombolytics vs anticoagulation in acute intermediate risk pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing systemic thrombolysis to anticoagulation in intermediate risk pulmonary embolism (PE) have yielded mixed results. A prior meta-analysis on this topic had included studies that used lower than standard dose of thrombolytics and included thrombolytic agents that are no longer available. Hence, interpreting the findings of that paper is not valid in contemporary practice. OBJECTIVES: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of systemic thrombolysis with newer thrombolytic agents vs anticoagulation in intermediate risk PE. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: Nine randomized controlled trials were included in the study. We did not find any difference in in-hospital mortality (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.42-1.50; I2: 0) or risk of major bleeding (RR:2.08;95% CI: 0.98-4.42; I2: 23.9%) between systemic thrombolysis and anticoagulation. Systemic thrombolysis was associated with lower risks for vasopressor use (RR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.11-0.64, I2: 0) and secondary/rescue thrombolysis (RR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.14-0.45; I2: 0). But systemic thrombolysis was found to have an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage (RR: 4.55; 95% CI: 1.30-15.91; I2:0). There was no difference in mechanical ventilation between the two groups (RR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.31-1.19, I2:0). CONCLUSION: In our meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of systemic thrombolysis vs anticoagulation in intermediate risk PE, we did not find any difference in in-hospital mortality or overall risk of major bleeding. With systemic thrombolysis, we found lower risks for vasopressor use and need for secondary/ rescue thrombolysis and an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage.

Impact of sleep apnoea on 30 day hospital readmission rate and cost in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: In this study, we estimated the 30 day all-cause and heart failure-specific readmission rates, predictors, mortality, and hospitalization costs in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a retrospective cohort study using the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality's National Readmission Database for the year 2019. The primary outcome was the 30 day all-cause hospital readmission rate. The secondary outcomes were (i) in-hospital mortality rate for index admissions; (ii) 30 day mortality rate for index hospitalizations; (iii) the five most common principal diagnosis for readmission; (iv) readmission in-hospital mortality rate; (v) length of hospital stay; (vi) independent risk factors for readmission; and (vii) hospitalization costs. We identified 6908 hospitalizations that met our study definition. The mean patient age was 62.8 years, and women comprised only 27.6% of patients. The 30 day all-cause readmission rate was 23.4%. 48.9% of readmissions were due to decompensated heart failure. The in-hospital mortality rate during readmissions was significantly higher than that of the index admission (5.6% vs. 2.4%; P < 0.05). The mean length of stay for patients during index admissions was 6.5 days (6.06-7.02), while during readmissions, it was 8.5 days (7.4-9.6; P < 0.05). The mean total hospitalization charges at index admissions were $78 438 (68 053-88 824), while during readmissions, they were higher at $124 282 (90 906-157 659; P < 0.05). The mean total cost of hospitalization during index admissions was $20 535 (18 311-22 758), while at readmissions, it was higher at $29 954 (24 041-35 867; P < 0.05). The total hospital charges for all 30 day readmissions were $195 million, and total hospital costs was $46.9 million. The variables found to be associated with increased rate of readmissions were patients with Medicaid insurance, higher Charlson co-morbidity Index, and longer length of stay. The variables associated with lower rate of readmissions were prior percutaneous coronary intervention and patients with private insurance. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with obstructive sleep apnoea admitted with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, we found a substantial all-cause readmission rate of 23.4% with heart failure readmission constituting about 48.9% of readmissions. Readmissions were associated with higher mortality and resource use.

Outcomes of Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction-Propensity Matched Regression Analysis.

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is indicated in complex interventions. There is a paucity of evidence for outcomes with large studies on using IVUS during PCI in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Our objective was to compare the in-hospital outcome of IVUS-guided with that of nonguided PCI among NSTEMI hospitalizations. The National Inpatient Sample (2016 to 2019) was queried to identify all hospitalizations with a principal diagnosis of NSTEMI. In our study, we compared outcomes of PCI with and without IVUS guidance using a multivariate logistic regression model after propensity score matching, with the primary outcome being in-hospital mortality. A total of 671,280 NSTEMI-related hospitalizations were identified, of whom 48,285 (7.2%) underwent IVUS-guided PCI compared with 622,995 (92.8%) who underwent non-IVUS PCI. After adjusted analysis on matched pairs, we found that IVUS-guided PCI had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality than that of non-IVUS PCI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.736, confidence interval (CI) 0.578 to 0.937, p = 0.013). However, there was a higher use of mechanical circulatory support in the IVUS-guided PCI (aOR 2.138, CI 1.84 to 2.47, p <0.001) than in non-IVUS PCI. The odds of cardiogenic shock (aOR 1.11, CI 0.93 to 1.32, p = 0.233) and procedural complications (aOR 0.794, CI 0.549 to 1.14, p = 0.22) were similar between the cohorts. Hence, we conclude that patients with NSTEMIs who underwent IVUS-guided PCI had less risk of in-hospital mortality and a greater requirement of mechanical circulatory support than did those who underwent non-IVUS PCI, with no difference in procedural complications. Large prospective trials are essential to validate these findings.

Mortality and bleeding associated with the management of sub-massive pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Current guidelines recommend anticoagulation (AC) for low and intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) and systemic thrombolysis (tPA) for high risk (massive) PE. How these treatment options compare with other modalities of treatment such as catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT), ultrasound assisted catheter thrombolysis (USAT), and administering lower dose of thrombolytics (LDT) is unclear. There is no study that has compared all these treatment options. We conducted a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in patients with submassive (intermediate risk) PE. Fourteen randomized controlled trials were included, comprising 2132 patients. On Bayesian network meta-analysis, a significant decrease in mortality was noted in tPA versus AC. There was no significant difference between USAT versus CDT. For risk of major bleeding, there was no significant difference in relative risk of major bleeding between tPA versus AC and USAT versus CDT. tPA was found to have a significantly higher risk of minor bleeding and a lower risk of recurrent PE compared to AC. Systemic thrombolysis is associated with a significant reduction in mortality and recurrent PE compared to anticoagulation but an increased risk of minor bleeding. There was no difference in risk of major bleeding. Our study also shows that while the newer modalities of treatment for pulmonary embolism are promising, there is lack of data to comment on the purported advantages.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Beware of Diet Drugs Slimming the Heart.

There have been rare reports of dilated cardiomyopathy from chronic use of phentermine/topiramate, although very limited data are available. Phentermine is an atypical amphetamine analog that has been contraindicated in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease. We present a case of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in the setting of chronic phentermine/topiramate use, which is the most likely cause of her dilated cardiomyopathy.

Yamaguchi syndrome - An updated review article of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings.

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) is thought to be an uncommon variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This article is a literature review focusing on the characteristic electrocardiogram (EKG) and 2D echocardiogram findings as currently there are no specific ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines set as diagnostic criteria for ApHCM.

Impact of left bundle branch block on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: The implications of LBBB in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unclear. Our study assesses clinical outcomes among patients with LBBB and HFpEF who were admitted with acute decompensated heart failure. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016-2019. RESULTS: We found 74,365 hospitalizations with HFpEF and LBBB and 3,892,354 hospitalizations with HFpEF without LBBB. Patients with LBBB were older (78.9 vs 74.2 years) and had higher rates of coronary artery disease (53.05% vs 40.8%), hypertension (74.7% vs 70.8%), atrial fibrillation (32.8% vs 29.4%), sick sinus rhythm (3.4% vs 2.02%), complete heart block (1.8% vs 0.66%), ventricular tachycardia (3.5% vs 1.7%), and ventricular fibrillation (0.24% vs 0.11%). Patients with LBBB were found to have decreased in-hospital mortality (OR: 0.85; 0.76-0.96; p-0.009) but higher rates of cardiac arrest (OR: 1.39; 1.06-1.83; p-0.02) and need for mechanical circulatory support (OR: 1.7; 1.28-2.36; p-0.001). Patients with LBBB underwent a higher rate of pacemaker (OR: 2.98; 2.75-3.23; p < 0.001) and ICD (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator) placement (OR: 3.98; 2.81-5.62; p < 0.001). Patients with LBBB were also found to have a higher mean cost of hospitalization ($81,402 vs $60,358; p < 0.001) but lower length of stay (4.8 vs 5.4 days; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients admitted with decompensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, left bundle branch block is associated with increased odds of cardiac arrest, mechanical circulatory support requirement, device implantation and mean cost of hospitalization but decreased odds of in-hospital mortality.

Serratia endocarditis, uncommon organism, with significant complications.

Serratia marcescens is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacillus predominantly seen in patients with intravenous drug use, immunosuppression, previous antibiotic exposure, and indwelling catheterization. Gram-negative organism causing infective endocarditis (IE) is rare. Serratia marcescens IE is uncommon and is reported to be seen in 0.14% of all cases. In this report, we discuss in detail about a 38-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug abuse presenting with S. marcescens related prosthetic valve IE.

Burden of firearm-related injuries as associated secondary diagnosis in the United States from National Inpatient Sample Dataset.

There is little known about the differences, from the point of view of healthcare resource utilization, between non-fatal versus fatal firearm-related injuries. We undertook this research project utilizing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to address this critical knowledge gap. Our aims for this study were to describe the patterns of FRI in the United States during the period of 2016-2019 and to evaluate the patient-centered outcomes in the survivor (non-fatal injuries) versus the non-survivor (fatal injuries) groups. We used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database, 2016-2019 (5) (~ 20% of United States hospitalizations) to identify patients with an associated diagnosis of firearm-related injuries (FRI) [Gibson T et al (2016) in Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2016-02]. We found that the individuals from the lowest quartile of annual household income, males, young Americans, and racial minorities were disproportionally affected The non-survivor (fatal injuries) group had a shorter length of stay in the hospital by 5.1 days (95% CI - 5.64 to - 4.58, p value = < 0.01), the higher median cost of hospitalization by $8903 (95% confidence interval $311.9 to $17,494.2, p value = 0.04), and a higher median cost of hospitalization per day by $41,576.74 (95% confidence interval $ 40,333.1 to $42,820.3, p value = < 0.01). In conclusion, the individuals from the lowest quartile of annual household income, males, young Americans and racial minorities were disproportionally affected. Firearm-related injuries pose a persistent healthcare cost burden with the cumulative and per day cost of hospitalization for fatal injuries being significantly higher than the non-fatal injuries despite a shorter hospital LOS.

Trends, Burden, and Impact of Arrhythmias on Cardiac Transplant Recipients: A 16-year Nationwide Study.

Orthotopic heart transplantation is the most effective long-term therapy for end-stage heart disease. Denervation with the loss of autonomic modulation, vasculopathy, utilization of immunosuppressant drugs, and allograft rejection may result in an increased prevalence of arrhythmias in transplanted hearts. We aim to describe the trends, distribution, and the clinical impact of arrhythmias in patients with transplanted hearts. We queried the National Inpatient Sample with administrative codes for cardiac transplant patients using procedure ICD-9-CM codes 37.5 and 33.6. Arrhythmias were extracted using validated ICD-9-CM codes. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4 was used for analysis. There were a total of 30,020 hospitalizations of heart transplant recipients between 1999 and 2014 in the United States of which 1,6342 (54.4%) had an arrhythmia. The frequency of total arrhythmias increased from 53.6% (n=1,158) in 1999 to 67.3% (n=1,575) in 2014. Transplant patients with arrythmias was not associated with significantly higher inpatient mortality (7.72% vs 6.90%, P = 0.225). The most common arrythmia was atrial fibrillation ([AF]26.83%) followed by ventricular tachycardia (22.86%). Trends in mortality associated with arrhythmias following heart transplant has been decreasing from 12.3% in 1999 to 8.9% in 2014 (P = 0.04). Subgroup analysis of ventricular arrythmias (VA) following heart transplant were associated with increased mortality (8.61% vs 6.94%, P = 0.0229). Over half of patients develop 1 or more cardiac arrhythmia after heart transplant. There is an increasing secular trend in the frequency of arrhythmias post cardiac transplant with atrial fibrillation determined to be the most common arrhythmia.

Critical Stenosis in Left Anterior Descending Artery: Beware of T- Wave Inversions.

Wellens' syndrome (WS) is a pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG) characterized by biphasic T waves or deeply inverted T waves in leads V2-V3 with a recent clinical history of angina. Wellens' pattern on the ECG is particular for critical left anterior descending artery (LAD) stenosis. Wellens' sign and WS have been used interchangeably in the literature. However, the typical patterns of ECG changes noted are mostly represented by Wellens' sign. These ECG changes have been crucial in identifying this subset of patients with severe LAD disease.

Brugada Sign in a Cardiac Transplant Donor.

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare entity represented by the Brugada sign on an electrocardiogram (EKG) and is associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD). There is little data to guide the management of donor Brugada syndrome in the setting of cardiac transplantation. A 31-year-old male sustained out-of-hospital cardiac arrest secondary to polysubstance use and was found asystole. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) protocol was initiated. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved and the patient was taken to the emergency room (ER) in sinus rhythm with an initial presenting EKG showing the Brugada sign. A toxicological screen for cocaine was positive. The patient was eventually declared brain dead and underwent angiographic and echocardiographic evaluation as a donor heart for cardiac transplantation and was accepted for transplantation. Cardiac arrest in a young patient with a Brugada sign on EKG is a concern for BrS. Cocaine exerts a sodium channel blockade that can unmask BrS. Genetic testing for sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (​​​​​​SCN5A) gene mutation was negative, however, only 15% to 30% of patients carry the mutation. We proceeded with cardiac transplantation and suggested an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention in the recipient, should further specialized testing reveal a continued concern for BrS. We suggest the necessity for further data to guide decisions in patients with BrS undergoing cardiac transplantation.

Quality and Audience Engagement of Takotsubo Syndrome-Related Videos on TikTok: Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as the broken heart syndrome or stress cardiomyopathy, is increasing worldwide. The understanding of its prognosis has been progressively evolving and currently appears to be poorer than previously thought, which has attracted the attention of researchers. An attempt to recognize the awareness of this condition among the general population drove us to analyze the dissemination of this topic on TikTok, a popular short-video-based social media platform. We found a considerable number of videos on TTS on TikTok; however, the quality of the presented information remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the quality and audience engagement of TTS-related videos on TikTok. METHODS: Videos on the TikTok platform were explored on August 2, 2021 to identify those related to TTS by using 6 Chinese keywords. A total of 2549 videos were found, of which 80 met our inclusion criteria and were evaluated for their characteristics, content, quality, and reliability. The quality and reliability were rated using the DISCERN instrument and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria by 2 reviewers independently, and a score was assigned. Descriptive statistics were generated, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. Multiple linear regression was performed to evaluate the association between audience engagement and other factors such as video content, video quality, and author types. RESULTS: The scores assigned to the selected video content were low with regard to the diagnosis (0.66/2) and management (0.34/2) of TTS. The evaluated videos were found to have an average score of 36.93 out of 80 on the DISCERN instrument and 1.51 out of 4 per the JAMA criteria. None of the evaluated videos met all the JAMA criteria. The quality of the relayed information varied by source (All P<.05). TTS-related videos made by health care professionals accounted for 28% (22/80) of all the evaluated videos and had the highest DISCERN scores with an average of 40.59 out of 80. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that author types that identified as health professionals (exponentiated regression coefficient 17.48, 95% CI 2.29-133.52; P=.006) and individual science communicators (exponentiated regression coefficient 13.38, 95% CI 1.83-97.88; P=.01) were significant and independent determinants of audience engagement (in terms of the number of likes). Other author types of videos, video content, and DISCERN document scores were not associated with higher likes. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the quality of videos regarding TTS for patient education on TikTok is poor. Patients should be cautious about health-related information on TikTok. The formulation of a measure for video quality review is necessary, especially when the purpose of the published content is to educate and increase awareness on a health-related topic.

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: The Forgotten Lead of Electrocardiogram Is Predictive.

An ST segment depression in eight or more leads along with ST segment elevation in lead aVR or V1, especially occurring during ischemic symptoms, has a very high predictive accuracy of left main or three-vessel disease, or tight proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery stenosis. We describe a classic case of a patient who presented with ST elevation in the lead aVR with diffuse ST segment depression during anginal symptoms and was found to have severe disease in the distal left main, ostial circumflex, and left anterior descending artery on an emergent coronary angiogram.

Takotsubo syndrome and respiratory diseases: a systematic review.

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a rare cardiovascular condition characterized by reversible ventricular dysfunction and a presentation resembling that of acute myocardial infarction. An increasing number of studies has shown the association of respiratory diseases with TTS. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the literature and examined the available evidence for this association. After searching PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases, two investigators independently reviewed 3117 studies published through May 2021. Of these studies, 99 met the inclusion criteria (n = 108 patients). In patients with coexisting respiratory disease and TTS, the most common TTS symptom was dyspnoea (70.48%), followed by chest pain (24.76%) and syncope (2.86%). The most common type of TTS was apical, accounting for 81.13% of cases, followed by the midventricular (8.49%), basal (8.49%), and biventricular (1.89%) types. Among the TTS cases, 39.82% were associated with obstructive lung disease and 38.89% were associated with pneumonia. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been increasingly reported in patients with TTS, was identified in 29 of 42 (69.05%) patients with pneumonia. The overall mortality rate for patients admitted for respiratory disease complicated by TTS was 12.50%. Obstructive lung disease and pneumonia are the most frequently identified respiratory triggers of TTS. Medications and invasive procedures utilized in managing respiratory diseases may also contribute to the development of TTS. Furthermore, the diagnosis of TTS triggered by these conditions can be challenging due to its atypical presentation. Future prospective studies are needed to establish appropriate guidelines for managing respiratory disease with concurrent TTS.

Machine learning predicting mortality in sarcoidosis patients admitted for acute heart failure.

Background: Sarcoidosis with cardiac involvement, although rare, has a worse prognosis than sarcoidosis involving other organ systems. Objective: We used a large dataset to train machine learning models to predict in-hospital mortality among sarcoidosis patients admitted with heart failure (HF). Method: Utilizing the National Inpatient Sample, we identified 4659 patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of HF. In this cohort, we identified patients with a secondary diagnosis of sarcoidosis using International Statistical Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. Patients were separated into a training group and a testing group in a 7:3 ratio. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was used to select variables to prevent model overfitting or underfitting. For machine learning models, logistic regression, random forest, and XGBoosting were applied in the training group. Parameters in each of the models were tuned using the GridSearchCV function. After training, all models were further validated in the testing group. Models were then evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) score, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: A total of 2.3% of sarcoidosis patients died in HF admission. Our machine learning model analysis found the RF model to have the highest AUC score and sensitivity. Feature analysis found that comorbid arrhythmias and fluid electrolyte disorders were the strongest factors in predicting in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Machine learning methods can be useful in identifying predictors of in-hospital mortality in a given dataset.