Wind turbine with line-side PMSG FED DC-DC converter for voltage regulation.

This article represents a novel study of the design and analysis of a wind turbine system that includes a line-side permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with an ultra-step-up DC-DC converter for voltage regulation. Integrating renewable energy sources such as wind power into the grid requires efficient and reliable power conversion systems to handle fluctuating power and ensure a stable power supply. The wind turbine system utilizes a PMSG, which offers several advantages over traditional induction generators, including higher efficiency, reduced maintenance, and better power quality. The line-side configuration allows for increased control and flexibility, allowing the system to respond dynamically to grid conditions. This wind turbine system involves the integration of a grid-side PMSG-fed DC-DC converter between the PMSG and the grid. The converter enables a seamless flow of electricity between the wind turbine and the grid. By actively controlling the intermediate circuit voltage, the converter efficiently regulates the output voltage of the wind turbine and thus enables constant power generation regardless of fluctuating wind speeds. The simulation outcomes illustrate the efficacy of the proposed system in achieving voltage regulation and seamless integration with the grid. Performance is evaluated under various operating conditions and compared to conventional wind turbines.

Reducing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening: Successful Strategies Learnt from a Multi-Center Tele-Medicine Program in India.

PURPOSE: Control of blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requires timely screening and treatment within 48-72 h. Anticipating that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic would disrupt ROP services, we devised strategies ''on-the''-go"" to ameliorate this possiblity. We describe the successful outcomes of this approach in preventing infant blindness during the pandemic. METHODS: Data on the number of preemies recruited, screened and treated in the Karnataka Internet-assisted Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity (KIDROP) program were collected in a retrospective (2019, interval 1) - prospective (2020, interval 2) manner. We summarize 10 key strategies that were developed as we faced logistic, operational and implementation challenges. These included pragmatic methods of enhancing enrolment, transporting for screening and ensuring timely treatment in the outreach. RESULTS: The total number of ROP screening sessions was 20,598 (7,197 new) and 14,371 (5,773 new) during interval 1 and 2 respectively. Of these, 166 (2.3%) and 157 (2.7%) infants required treatment during interval 1 and 2 respectively. All infants needing treatment during the COVID period, were treated on time which was possible due to successful implementation of the 'on-the-go' strategies throughout the state of Karnataka. The fiscal equivalent of the blindness prevented during this period is USD 15.6 million. CONCLUSION: The greater decline in the number of ROP screening episodes in neonatal units in government hospitals was because several were converted to 'COVID only" hospitals. KIDROP's multi-zonal, decentralized strategy, which uses non-physician-based imaging in a telemedicine network, ensured that essential ROP services continued even during the lockdown.

Prognostic Impact of Poor Differentiation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Treatment Naïve Node-Negative Early Oral Cancers.

We have conducted this study to understand the impact of poor differentiation (PD), as a sole poor prognostic factor, in early oral cancers. This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of clinically node-negative early T stage OSCC patients operated between 2012 and 2014. Impact of PD on the survival and role of adjuvant therapy in these patients was noted. Out of 1172 patients screened, 280 patients were found to be eligible for the study. 11.4% patients had PDSCC. It was found to be associated with tongue cancers and peri-neural invasion. It had a significant impact on OS and DFS (48.7 months vs 81.4 months, p < 0.00 and 44.6 months vs 73.5 months, p < 0.00 respectively. Hazard ratio for DFS: 4.08. Although patients with PDSCC had better survival with radiotherapy, but this was not statistically significant. Poor differentiation as a stand-alone factor impacts survival in patients with early oral cancer. It may be seen more often in patients with tongue cancer and may have associated PNI. The role of adjuvant therapy in such patients is not clear.

A diagnostic approach to detect cytogenetic heterogeneity and its prognostic significance in multiple myeloma.

Objective: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological disorder involving the uncontrolled proliferation of clonal plasma cells and its accumulation in the bone marrow. This study analyzed the frequency, cytogenetic heterogeneity, and clinical characteristics of patients with MM. Methods: Bone marrow aspirates were obtained from 72 patients with MM and evaluated by conventional cytogenetics (CCs) and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH) techniques for a panel of probes, including immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH)/CCND1, IgH/fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), IgH/MAFB, 13q deletion, and deletion 17p. Results: CCs revealed abnormal karyotypes in 39% of the patients examined. The incidence of hypodiploidy was 28% (20/72) while that of hyperdiploidy was 10% (7/72). iFISH analysis revealed t(11;14) in 6% (4/72) and t(4;14) in 11% (8/72) of patients. Patients with hyperdiploidy and hypodiploidy were associated with several monosomies and trisomies. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant difference between positive and negative groups for t(4;14), trisomy 14, and monosomy 13; this was associated with a shorter survival time. Cox proportional analysis identified t(4;14) (P = 0.032), trisomy 14 (P = 0.004), and monosomy 13 (P = 0.009), as significant factors with hazard ratio of 0.187 [confidence interval (CI): 0.041-0.862], 0.109 [CI: 0.024-0.500] and 0.134 [CI: 0.030-0.600]. Conclusion: In addition to cytogenetic abnormalities, iFISH analysis revealed significant heterogeneity among patients with MM. Cytogenetic heterogeneity in patients with MM should be considered as a major prognostic marker contributing to the variability of the disease. Our findings suggest that these abnormalities are independent prognostic factors.

Inherited retinal disorders: a genotype-phenotype correlation in an Indian cohort and the importance of genetic testing and genetic counselling.

PURPOSE: Recent advances in sequencing technologies have enabled radical and rapid progress in the genetic diagnosis of inherited retinal disorders (IRDs). Although the list of gene variations continues to grow, it lacks the genetic etiology of ethnic groups like South Asians. Differences in racial backgrounds and consanguinity add to genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic overlaps. METHODS: This retrospective study includes documented data from the Gen-Eye clinic from years 2014 to 2019. Medical records and pedigrees of 591 IRD patients of Indian origin and genetic reports of 117 probands were reviewed. Genotype-phenotype correlations were performed to classify as correlating, non-correlating and unsolved cases. RESULTS: Among the 591 patients, we observed a higher prevalence of clinically diagnosed retinitis pigmentosa (38.9%) followed by unspecified diagnoses (28.5%). Consanguinity was reported to be high (55.6%) in this cohort. Among the variants identified in 117 probands, 36.4% of variants were pathogenic, 19.2% were likely pathogenic, and 44.4% were of uncertain significance. Among the pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants, autosomal recessive inheritance showed higher prevalence. About 35% (41/117) of cases showed genotype-phenotype correlation. Within the correlating cases, retinitis pigmentosa and Stargardt disease were predominant. Novel variants identified in RP, Stargardt, and LCA are reported here. CONCLUSION: This first-of-a-kind report on an Indian cohort contributes to existing knowledge and expansion of variant databases, presenting relevant and plausible novel variants. Phenotypic overlap and variability lead to a differential diagnosis and hence a clear genotype-phenotype correlation helps in precise clinical confirmation. The study also emphasizes the importance of genetic counselling and testing for personalized vision care in a tertiary eye hospital.

Effect of resveratrol pretreatment of radicular dentin on immediate and delayed pushout bond strength of fiber post luted using self-adhesive resin cement: An in vitro study.

Aim: To assess and compare the effect of resveratrol pretreatment of root dentin on immediate and delayed pushout bond strength (POBS) of fiber postluted using self-adhesive resin cement. Methodology: Postspace was prepared in endodontically treated roots and randomly divided into two groups based on pretreatment rinse before fiber postcementation: Group 1: Distilled water Group 2: 1 mL of 10 mg/mL resveratrol solution for 1 min. Fiber posts were luted using self-adhesive resin cement. Among, two 1 mm slices of the coronal and middle third of root, one slice was subjected to immediate POBS using the universal testing machine and the other slice was subjected to POBS after storing in distilled water for 12 months. Results: Resveratrol pretreatment showed significantly higher immediate POBS with more mixed failure than distilled water group. There was no significant difference in delayed POBS between the distilled water (mean: 7.07 MPa) and resveratrol pretreated group (mean: 8.20 MPa) with predominantly adhesive failure among them. There was significant difference between immediate and delayed POBS value of both the groups. Conclusion: Resveratrol pretreatment can be considered to improve bond strength stability of radicular dentin to self-adhesive resin cement.

Lytics broadcasting system: A novel approach to disseminate bacteriophages for disinfection and biogenic hydrogen sulphide removal tested in synthetic sewage.

Owing to their selective nature, bacteriophages are prospective in targeted wastewater disinfection. Other potential applications include the removal of biogenic malodour and the mitigation of corrosion in sewerage pipelines. Nevertheless, its applications are ridden with challenges, the most prominent of which is scaling up. Towards that end, effective methodologies are required for dispersing phages into wastewater. The study describes a device arbitrarily named Lytics Broadcasting System. In principle, the device contains phages that can be continuously dispersed into wastewater. The modified version is called Bacteriophage Amplification Reactor, which operates with both phages and their respective hosts, ensuring continual production and dissemination of phages. Both prototypes utilize 0.22 µm cellulose membranes as an interface through which phage diffuse passively and selectively owing to its smaller size and established through membrane-overlay method. In the study, previously reported bacteriophage φPh_Se01 and Salmonella enterica were used. A reduction of 3-4 log was achieved with both the prototypes after 48 h of operation in 1 L of augmented synthetic sewage. Subsequently, the biogenic H2S produced by Salmonella enterica was reduced by 64-74% indicating its utility for targeted disinfection and malodour mitigation of wastewater. This study aims to provide a framework for the development of scalable prototypes of Lytic Broadcasting Systems for real-world wastewater applications.

Effect of green tea and sodium ascorbate on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded on bleached enamel: An in-vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to assess and compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded on bleached enamel with and without using an anti-oxidizing agent.The secondary objective was to compare the shear bond strength of brackets between the groups with anti-oxidant application along with immediate bonding and that of delayed bonding without any anti-oxidant treatment, on bleached teeth. MATERIALS & METHODS: 75 premolars were collected and thereafter randomly distributed into the 5 groups. Group 1 to 4 had undergone bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide and group 5 was control. Group 1 was bonded immediately after bleaching while bonding was delayed in group 4 for a period of 1 week. Groups 2 and 3 received the anti-oxidant treatment with 10% sodium ascorbate gel and 10% green tea gel respectively. Hounsfield universal testing machine was used for testing the shear bond strength. RESULTS: For group 1, the shear bond strength was significantly lower (mean 4.9 MPa) than group 5 (mean 12.5 MPa). The significant differences were observed on comparing the shear bond strength of antioxidant-treated and delayed bonding groups with control (p < 0.05). Mean shear bond strength in groups 2, 3 and 4 were 7.5 MPa, 9.6 MPa and 5.8 MPa respectively. CONCLUSION: The bond strength of brackets reduces immediately after the bleaching procedure. The bond strength can be reversed either by delaying the bonding for a period of 1 week or by using the anti-oxidizing agents but it is not up to the level of unbleached enamel.

Evaluation of stress changes in the maxilla with fixed functional appliances-A 3D FEM study.

AIM: To evaluate the stress changes in the maxilla during fixed functional appliance use using three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) stress analysis. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION: A three-dimensional finite element model of the maxilla was constructed using the images generated from the cone-beam computed tomography of a patient treated for Class II malocclusion with a fixed functional orthodontic appliance. The FEM was used to study the stress changes seen in the maxilla, which were evaluated in the form of highest von Mises stress and maximum principal stress before and after the application of fixed functional appliance. RESULTS: Higher areas of stress were seen in the model of the maxilla with the fixed functional appliance (140 MPa) compared to that in the resting stage (58.99 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in the maximum principal stress and von Mises stress in the posterior regions of the maxilla and maxillary teeth was seen. The stresses seen were double than that without the appliance. A high distalization force on the maxilla was seen with the fixed functional appliance.

Salvage Surgery in Recurrent Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

More than half of patients with oral cancer recur even after multimodality treatment and recurrent oral cancers carry a poorer prognosis when compared to other sites of head and neck. The best survival outcome in a recurrent setting is achieved by salvage surgery; however, objective criteria to select an ideal candidate for salvage surgery is difficult to frame, as the outcome depends on various treatment-, tumor-, and patient-related factors. The following is summarizes various tumor- and treatment-related factors that guide our decision-making to optimize oncologic and functional outcomes in surgical salvage for recurrent oral cancers. Short disease-free interval, advanced tumor stage (recurrent and primary), extracapsular spread and positive tumor margins in a recurrent tumor, regional recurrence, and multimodality treatment of primary tumor all portend worse outcomes after surgical salvage. Quality of life after surgical intervention has shown improvement over 1 year with a drastic drop in pain scores. Various trials are underway evaluating the combination of immunotherapy and surgical salvage in recurrent head and neck tumors, including oral cavity, which may widen our indications for salvage surgery with improved survival and preserved organ function.

Comparison of Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE) Versus Conventional Pathology Practical Examination Methods Among the Second-Year Medical Students-a Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: The medical education in India is moving towards competency-based medical education (CBME) with many cognitive and psychomotor skills needed to be taught and assessed in the various subjects of the undergraduate medical curriculum. In the Pathology subject, psychomotor skills such as haemoglobin estimation, blood grouping, urine examination, liver function test/cerebrospinal fluid interpretation, histopathology and haematology slide interpretation are taught and assessed for many years. Skill assessment by the conventional method, which is followed since many years, is subjective in nature and lack of scope for direct observation of the performance of skills. Objective structured practical examination (OSPE) is one of the methods to minimize the variations in subjectivity, thus enhancing the objectivity. Due to a technicality and labour intensity, it is implemented only in a few medical colleges and universities across India. Because of CBME curriculum on the roll, the assessment of practical skills in medical education needs to be shifted from conventional subjective methods to more objective OSPE methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After institutional ethical clearance, the second-year medical students appearing for practical in Pathology were selected for the study. Practical skills of the students were assessed by both the conventional way and OSPE after obtaining the written consent. Among 104 students, 89 students were assessed by both methods. Adequate instructions about the pattern of the examination were given in both assessment methods. For the OSPE group, specific instructions about the role of observer, response stations and method of scoring were given. Practical performance of haemoglobin estimation and blood grouping by slide method was assessed, and scores were compared. Student and faculty perception regarding OSPE was assessed by a prevalidated questionnaire. RESULTS: In the conventional group, the mean score of 6.91 ± 1.08 was obtained, while in OSPE, it was 8.43 ± 1.41. In comparing both, a p value of > 0.001 was obtained, which is found to be significant. Student's perceptions appeared to favour the OSPE format rather than the traditional examination. CONCLUSION: This study showed a significant difference in scores obtained by OSPE in comparison with conventional practical examination. Thus, this information suggests that OSPE format was perceived better by the students, and resulted in a higher average score. Hence, the use of OSPE as a formative assessment tool will help in modifying teaching-learning strategies so that it is beneficial to students and teachers.

Novel Method of Plugging the Hole: Anatomical and Functional Outcomes of Human Amniotic Membrane-Assisted Macular Hole Surgery.

PURPOSE: To describe the surgical outcomes of macular holes (MHs) by inserting a human amniotic membrane (hAM) plug. METHODS: In this retrospective, interventional, comparative case series, 10 patients who had undergone hAM plugging for a MH were included in the study. Seven patients had idiopathic full-thickness MHs, 1 patient had traumatic MH, and 1 patient each had a MH-induced retinal detachment and combined retinal detachment. The control group included 10 cases with similar configuration and duration of MHs treated with the inverted peeling of the internal limiting membrane technique. All patients underwent a standard 3-port, 25-gauge transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy and hAM plug transplantation in the subretinal space under the MH. The anatomic and functional outcomes were assessed at 4 weeks postsurgery. RESULTS: At the 4-week follow-up visit, all the MHs in the hAM plug group achieved hole closure, whereas 80% of the eyes in the control group were able to achieve hole closure. Improvement of 0.1 logMAR vision was noted in 8 of the 10 patients. At the 4-week follow-up visit, the external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone layer continuity over the hAM was defined only in one case. No significant difference was found between the hAM plug group and controls in visual and anatomical responses. No complications following hAM transplantation such as rejection, endophthalmitis, or hypotony were noted following surgery. CONCLUSION: Subretinal hAM graft transplantation can be a useful option in the repair of primary or refractory MHs not only for achieving anatomic closure but also for the accompanying visual improvement.

Strain imaging to assess early effects of successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy on left atrium mechanics.

BACKGROUND: Global left atrial strain (LA) has been used as a novel assessment tool to evaluate left atrial function. However, not much has been investigated to study the effect of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy (BMV) in patients with rheumatic severe mitral stenosis on global LA strain. We studied the relationship between global left atrial (LA) strain and severe mitral stenosis and the effect of BMV on LA strain. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients satisfying the criteria for severe mitral stenosis underwent balloon mitral valvotomy (67% females; mean age, 39.53 ± 11.78 years). Global left atrial strain was assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography before and after valvuloplasty. Global LA strain was impaired in patients with severe mitral stenosis and improved 24-48 h following BMV (13.4 ± .75% vs 17.37 ± 6.95%, p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in mitral mean gradient (MMG) (16.94 ± 6.62 mmHg vs 8.19 ± 4.01 mmHg, p < 0.001) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) (47.84 ± 9.07 mmHg vs 36.88 ± 7.69 mmHg, p < 0.001) after BMV. Mitral valve area (MVA) (1.045 ± 0.17 cm2 vs 1.94 ± 0.22 cm2, p < 0.001) significantly increased after BMV. Results were compared with 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Global LA strain can be taken as an indicator of left atrial function, and its improvement following valvotomy may be taken as a good indicator of successful BMV.

In vitro evaluation of microbial contamination and the disinfecting efficacy of chlorhexidine on orthodontic brackets.

BACKGROUND: Contamination of orthodontic appliances is due to the unhygienic practices followed during manufacturing and packaging processes, which may lead to cross-contamination. Although literature has indicated the need for sterilization or disinfection of orthodontic appliances before using in the oral cavity, this is still not employed in routine clinical practice. In this view, the current study evaluates the bacterial load on orthodontic brackets along with the disinfecting efficacy of chlorhexidine. METHODS: A total of 140 brackets were obtained from four different manufacturers and divided into six groups: group 1 (American Orthodontics; n = 30), group 2 (3M Unitek; n = 30), group 3 (Ortho Organizers; n = 30), group 4 (China Dental Orthodontic; n = 30), group 5 (negative control; n = 10), and group 6 (positive control; n = 10). Various microbiological and biochemical tests were conducted on the brackets to detect the type and growth of bacteria. Brackets that showed microbial contamination were then subjected to disinfection using 0.01% and 2% chlorhexidine solutions. RESULTS: Microbial contamination was detected on brackets of all the four groups. Bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Lactobacilli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus licheniformis, and B. cereus, were identified in these groups. Upon disinfection with 0.01% chlorhexidine solution, brackets in group 2 displayed complete decontamination, while all brackets in the other groups containing gram-negative bacteria exhibited complete decontamination with 2% chlorhexidine. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic brackets received from four manufacturers showed high bacterial contamination. Disinfecting ability of 2% chlorhexidine proved highly effective in destroying both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, use of 2% chlorhexidine in clinical practice for the disinfection of orthodontic brackets is suggested, before placement in the oral cavity.

Kinetic and equilibrium modeling of biosorption of nickel (II) and cadmium (II) on brewery sludge.

In the current study, utilization of industrial waste brewery sludge for the biosorption of nickel (II) and cadmium (II) has been explored. The suitable conditions for the effective removal of Ni (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous solutions were examined. The kinetic evaluation showed that the biosorption process using the sludge followed pseudo-second order kinetics. In the presence of a metal co-ion, competitive and preferential biosorption was observed. The Langmuir model and Freundlich model were able to describe the sorption equilibrium for biosorption of Ni (II) and Cd (II) ions in single and dual metal systems. The effects of co-ion concentrations onto mono-component isotherm parameters (Langmuir and Freundlich) were studied and the inhibitory effect of co-ion concentration was observed. The effective reusability of biomass was assessed by three cycles of sorption-desorption. The sludge, owing to its high biosorption intensity and large availability from the local supply, is a better biosorbent for the treatment of Ni (II) and Cd (II) contaminated water.

Urachal cyst with xanthogranulomatous cystitis: A rare case report.

An urachal cyst is a sinus remaining from the allantois during embryogenesis which is rarely manifested in adults. The urachus is an embryologic remnant which degenerates after the birth. Defective obliteration of the urachus leads to urachal abnormalities. Urachal cyst is a rare pathology in adult women, and this pathology should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen. Xanthogranulomatous cystitis (XC) is a benign disease of unknown etiology. The clinical manifestations of these are nonspecific such as lower abdominal pain, umbilical discharge with occasional hematuria. Urachal lesions present with persistent umbilical drainage in infants and newborn. However, in 35% cases, enclosed urachal cyst or infected urachal cyst (abscess) manifests without having umbilical discharge. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging are of little help to the identification of these preoperatively. Here, we present a rare case of urachal cyst with XC in 30-year-old female which has produced diagnostic dilemma.

Kisspeptin neurones in the posterodorsal medial amygdala modulate sexual partner preference and anxiety in male mice.

The posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) is a neural site in the limbic brain involved in regulating emotional and sexual behaviours. There is, however, limited information available on the specific neuronal cell type in the MePD functionally mediating these behaviours in rodents. The recent discovery of a significant kisspeptin neurone population in the MePD has raised interest in the possible role of kisspeptin and its cognate receptor in sexual behaviour. The present study therefore tested the hypothesis that the MePD kisspeptin neurone population is involved in regulating attraction towards opposite sex conspecifics, sexual behaviour, social interaction and the anxiety response by selectively stimulating these neurones using the novel pharmacosynthetic DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) technique. Adult male Kiss-Cre mice received bilateral stereotaxic injections of a stimulatory DREADD viral construct (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry) targeted to the MePD, with subsequent activation by i.p. injection of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Socio-sexual behaviours were assessed in a counter-balanced fashion after i.p. injection of either saline or CNO (5 mg kg-1 ). Selective activation of MePD kisspeptin neurones by CNO significantly increased the time spent by male mice in investigating an oestrous female, as well as the duration of social interaction. Additionally, after CNO injection, the mice appeared less anxious, as indicated by a longer exploratory time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. However, levels of copulatory behaviour were comparable between CNO and saline-treated controls. These data indicate that DREADD-induced activation of MePD kisspeptin neurones enhances both sexual partner preference in males and social interaction and also decreases anxiety, suggesting a key role played by MePD kisspeptin in sexual motivation and social behaviour.

Surgical Outcome of Congenital Cataract in Eyes With Microcornea.

PURPOSE: To report the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of congenital cataract surgery in eyes with microcornea. METHODS: In this retrospective, interventional, comparative case series, the authors reviewed 47 eyes of 26 children with microcornea and congenital cataract (21 bilateral and 5 unilateral) who underwent lens aspiration with primary posterior capsulectomy and anterior vitrectomy between 2008 and 2014 with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. Demographic profiles and systemic and ocular features were documented. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were studied separately for bilateral and unilateral cases. Patients were also divided into two groups on the basis of their ages at surgery (early surgery group: 3 months or younger; late surgery group: older than 3 months) and postoperative complications were compared. Visual outcome was analyzed in those with a follow-up period of more than 1 year. RESULTS: Early surgery was performed in 24 eyes of 13 patients (11 bilateral and 2 unilateral) and late surgery in 23 eyes of 13 patients (10 bilateral and 3 unilateral). Intraoperatively, all eyes had poor pupillary dilatation and 6 (12.8%) eyes needed iris hooks. Postoperatively, the most common early complication was transient corneal edema observed in 22 (46.8%) eyes (13 and 8 eyes in the early and late surgery groups, respectively). Late complications included visual axis opacification in 6 (12.76%) eyes (3 in each group), and secondary glaucoma in 5 (10.64%) eyes (2 and 3 eyes in the early and late surgery groups, respectively). Vision was normal for age in 18 (60%) of the bilateral cases with a follow-up period of more than 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Early surgical intervention for congenital cataract in eyes with microcornea can result in favorable outcomes with an acceptable rate of postoperative complications. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018;55(1):30-36.].