Intranasal immunization with O-2'-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine enhances mucosal immune response in chickens.

BACKGROUND: There has been a great interest in developing strategies for enhancing antigen delivery to the mucosal immune system as well as identifying mucosal active immunostimulating agents. To elevate the potential of O-2'-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (O-2'-HACC) as an adjuvant and mucosal immune delivery carrier for DNA vaccine, we prepared the O-2'-HACC loaded with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F gene plasmid DNA and C3d6 molecular adjuvant (O-2'-HACC/pFDNA microparticles). RESULTS: The O-2'-HACC/pFDNA exhibited a regular spherical morphology with a particle size of 202.3 ± 0.52 nm, a zeta potential of 50.8 ± 8.21 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 90.74 ± 1.10%, and a loading capacity of 49.84 ± 1.20%. The plasmid DNA could be sustainably released from the O-2'-HACC/pFDNA after an initial burst release. Intranasal vaccination of chickens immunized with O-2'-HACC/pFDNA not only induced higher anti-NDV IgG and sIgA antibody titers but also significantly promoted lymphocyte proliferation and produced higher levels of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, CD4+, and CD8 + T lymphocytes compared with the NDV commercial live attenuated vaccine. Intranasal delivery of the O-2'-HACC/pFDNA enhanced humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses and protected chickens from the infection of highly virulent NDV compared with the intramuscular delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings indicated that the O-2'-HACC could be used as a vaccine adjuvant and delivery system for mucosal immunity and have an immense application promise.

[Development status and research strategy of traditional Chinese medicine temporary prescription preparation technology].

Temporary prescription preparation is the preparation processed into different dosage forms by relevant pharmacist according to the temporary preparation requirement and the personalized prescription made by the doctor in accordance with the syndrome differentiation and drug performance.It is an important part in personalized pharmaceutical services.Rational design of process route,production equipment and quality control method for the temporary prescription preparation,and establishment of technology research strategy and mode in accordance with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine temporary prescription preparations play an important role in promoting the development of the temporary prescription preparations.To promote the normalization,standardization and intelligent development of temporary prescription preparations,we would comprehensively summarize the significance,policy,technology characteristics,technology research status quo and existing problems in this paper,and put forward the research direction of temporary prescription preparation technology based on the physical properties of raw materials,equipment research strategy,and intelligent manufacturing technology.Thus it will push the inheritance and innovation of temporary prescription preparation.

Development status and research strategy of traditional Chinese medicine temporary prescription preparation technology / 中国中药杂志

Temporary prescription preparation is the preparation processed into different dosage forms by relevant pharmacist according to the temporary preparation requirement and the personalized prescription made by the doctor in accordance with the syndrome differentiation and drug performance.It is an important part in personalized pharmaceutical services.Rational design of process route,production equipment and quality control method for the temporary prescription preparation,and establishment of technology research strategy and mode in accordance with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine temporary prescription preparations play an important role in promoting the development of the temporary prescription preparations.To promote the normalization,standardization and intelligent development of temporary prescription preparations,we would comprehensively summarize the significance,policy,technology characteristics,technology research status quo and existing problems in this paper,and put forward the research direction of temporary prescription preparation technology based on the physical properties of raw materials,equipment research strategy,and intelligent manufacturing technology.Thus it will push the inheritance and innovation of temporary prescription preparation.

[Wetting agent dosage screening for traditional Chinese medicine pellet based on torque rheological property].

With lubricant and bonding effect simultaneously, wetting agent has direct effect on properties of wet mass and extrudate, thus affecting the forming quality of pellets in extrusion-spheronization process. In this research, 25 representative kinds of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) were selected as model drugs and 20%, 30% and 40% drug loading were set with MCC as their balling agent. The torque rheological curves were measured to get parameters such as maximum torque (Tmax) and corresponding water addition (WTmax) for these 75 raw materials by a mixer torque rheometer (MTR).The results showed that among 75 representative raw materials, 74 ones could be obtained for spherical pellets under the water addition of WTmax-2. corresponding to the second largest torque in torque rheological curve, suggesting that MTR could be used to select the optimal wetting agent dosage of TCM pellets. So the tedious and expensive pre-production work could be considerably reduced when TCM pellets were prepared.

Wetting agent dosage screening for traditional Chinese medicine pellet based on torque rheological property / 中国中药杂志

With lubricant and bonding effect simultaneously, wetting agent has direct effect on properties of wet mass and extrudate, thus affecting the forming quality of pellets in extrusion-spheronization process. In this research, 25 representative kinds of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) were selected as model drugs and 20%, 30% and 40% drug loading were set with MCC as their balling agent. The torque rheological curves were measured to get parameters such as maximum torque (Tmax) and corresponding water addition (WTmax) for these 75 raw materials by a mixer torque rheometer (MTR).The results showed that among 75 representative raw materials, 74 ones could be obtained for spherical pellets under the water addition of WTmax-2. corresponding to the second largest torque in torque rheological curve, suggesting that MTR could be used to select the optimal wetting agent dosage of TCM pellets. So the tedious and expensive pre-production work could be considerably reduced when TCM pellets were prepared.

Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles as the Delivery Carrier for Drug.

BACKGROUND: Drug research and development has entered into the new epoch of innovation formulation, and the drug delivery system has been in the forefront of pharmaceutical innovation. Nanotechnology is widely used in fiber and textiles, electronics, space, agriculture, forensic science and medical therapeutics. It increasingly plays a significant role in drug delivery system. Compared with traditional delivery system, the nanoparticle drug delivery system has lots of merits, such as the high drug loading ability, the excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, controlled and targeted drug release. METHODS: We undertook a structured research of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles used as delivery carrier for drug using a focused review question and inclusion/exclusion criteria. We have searched the bibliographic databases for peerreviewed research literature. The outstanding characteristics of the screened papers were described respectively, and a systematic content analysis methodology was used to analysis the findings. RESULTS: Seventy-three papers were included in the review, the majority defined leadership and governance approaches that had impacted upon the polymeric nanoparticles as the delivery carrier for drug in therapeutic applications and developments. Seven papers outlined the superiority characteristics of polymeric nanoparticles that applied in the field of vaccine. Forty-seven papers overviewed the application prospects of polymeric nanoparticles used as drug delivery carrier for cancer. These included current advances in research and clinical applications of polymeric nanoparticles. The review identified the drug delivery carrier of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, and we described the synthesis methods, applications and challenges of polymeric nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review identified that the biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles were used as delivery carrier for drug currently. It also indicates that the biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles play an important role in the drug delivery.

Newcastle disease virus vaccine encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles for mucosal delivery of a human vaccine.

An overwhelming number of medicines on the market are oral medicine with the disadvantage of lower bioavailability universally. Newcastle disease (ND) has become a serious disease that threatens the poultry industries in many countries, and there are no treatments available for ND. The biodegradable materials could be surface modified and protect antigen or DNA from damage. Furthermore, nanoparticles are also a potential drug delivery with proper size. However, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines encapsulated in nanoparticles were widely used due to their proved a high safety and induced quicker and better mucosal and humoral immune responses. Here we review the results of mucosal immune delivery system for ND. Due to the safety, low toxicity, and better immunogenicity of the mucosal immune delivery system, our studies provide a clearly view that used the biodegradable materials to research and develop the human vaccines to save more patients' lives. These promising results provide a foundation for testing the approach in humans.

Chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles as an efficient delivery system for Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine.

We determined the efficacy and safety of chitosan (CS)-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery system for a vaccine to protect chickens against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The newly constructed vaccine contained DNA (the F gene) of NDV. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F gene deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) plasmid (pFDNA)-CS/PLGA-NPs were spherical (diameter =699.1 ± 5.21 nm [mean ± standard deviation]) and smooth, with an encapsulation efficiency of 98.1% and a Zeta potential of +6.35 mV. An in vitro release assay indicated that CS controlled the burst release of plasmid DNA, such that up to 67.4% of the entire quantity of plasmid DNA was steadily released from the pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs. An in vitro expression assay indicated that the expression of nanoparticles (NPs) was maintained in the NPs. In an immunization test with specific pathogen-free chickens, the pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs induced stronger cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses than the plasmid DNA vaccine alone. The pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs did not harm 293T cells in an in vitro assay and did not harm chickens in an in vivo assay. Overall, the results indicated that CS-coated PLGA NPs can serve as an efficient and safe mucosal immune delivery system for NDV DNA vaccine.

Preparation and efficacy of Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.

Optimal preparation conditions of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F gene deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (pFNDV-CS-NPs) were determined. The pFNDV-CS-NPs were prepared according to a complex coacervation method. The pFNDV-CS-NPs were produced with good morphology, high stability, a mean diameter of 199.5 nm, encapsulation efficiency of 98.37% ± 0.87%, loading capacity of 36.12% ± 0.19%, and a zeta potential of +12.11 mV. The in vitro release assay showed that the plasmid DNA was sustainably released from the pFNDV-CS-NPs, up to 82.9% ± 2.9% of the total amount. Cell transfection test indicated that the vaccine expressed the F gene in cells and maintained good bioactivity. Additionally, the safety of mucosal immunity delivery system of the pFNDV-CS-NPs was also tested in vitro by cell cytotoxicity and in vivo by safety test in chickens. In vivo immunization showed that better immune responses of specific pathogen-free chickens immunized with the pFNDV-CS-NPs were induced, and prolonged release of the plasmid DNA was achieved compared to the chickens immunized with the control plasmid. This study lays the foundation for the further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.

[Effects of Kang Gang Qian Granule (KGQG) on clinical and pathological features in chronic hepatitis B patients].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of KGQG and its therapeutic mechanisms in chronic hepatitis B patients with liver fibrosis. METHODS: 57 chronic hepatitis B patients with liver fibrosis were randomly divided into two groups: 45 cases in KGQG group were treated by KGQG and routine medications; 12 cases in control group were treated by routine medications only. Serum liver function test results, PCIII, CIV, HA and liver biopsy results of these 57 patients were simultaneously collected and analyzed before and after this intervention. RESULTS: KGQG group showed better efficacy over control group in liver function recovery, decrease of serum PCIII, CIV, HA levels and liver pathologic grades (P 0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSION: The KGQG could effectively ameliorate liver function and facilitate the inhibition and degradation of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients, which may be developed as a novel therapeusis to treat this hard-to-cure disease.