Nmnat2 attenuates amyloidogenesis and up-regulates ADAM10 in AMPK activity-dependent manner.

Amyloid-ß (Aß) accumulating is considered as a causative factor for formation of senile plaque in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its mechanism is still elusive. The Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (Nmnat2), a key redox cofactor for energy metabolism, is reduced in AD. Accumulative evidence has shown that the decrease of α-secretase activity, a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 10 (ADAM10), is responsible for the increase of Aß productions in AD patient's brain. Here, we observe that the activity of α-secretase ADAM10 and levels of Nmnat2 are significantly decreased, meanwhile there is a simultaneous elevation of Aß in Tg2576 mice. Over-expression of Nmnat2 increases the mRNA expression of α-secretase ADAM10 and its activity and inhibits Aß production in N2a/APPswe cells, which can be abolished by Compound C, an AMPK antagonist, suggesting that AMPK is involved in over-expression of Nmnat2 against Aß production. The further assays demonstrate that Nmnat2 activates AMPK by up-regulating the ratio of NAD+/NADH, moreover AMPK agonist AICAR can also increase ADAM10 activity and reduces Aß1-40/1-42. Taken together, Nmnat2 suppresses Aß production and up-regulates ADAM10 in AMPK activity-dependent manner, suggesting that Nmnat2 may serve as a new potential target in arresting AD.

AMPK Ameliorates Tau Acetylation and Memory Impairment Through Sirt1.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, but its underlying mechanism is still unclear and the identities of drugs for AD also lack. Tau acetylation has become potentially important post-translational modification of tau. Levels of tau acetylation are significantly enhanced in AD patients and transgenic mouse models of AD, but the underlying mechanism and roles of tau hyperacetylation in AD onset maintain elusive. In the current study, we found that tau acetylation is obviously enhanced and the activities of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin1 (Sirt1) are significantly decreased in APP/PS1 and streptozotocin (STZ) mice and high glucose (HG)-treated cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that activation of AMPK reduces the level of tau acetylation and ameliorates memory impairment, and its mechanism is associated with activation of Sirt1. Taken together, AMPK might be a crucial upstream molecular to regulate acetylation of tau and become a new target for AD therapy in the future.

Upregulation of AMPK Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Tau Pathology and Memory Impairment.

The studies have shown that 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, but the effects of AMPK on AD-like Tau abnormal phosphorylation and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we found that the mRNA expression and activity of AMPK are significantly decreased in the brains of the aging C57 mice and 3 × Tg AD mice when compared with their respective control. Moreover, when downregulation of AMPK with AAV-siAMPK-eGFP in the hippocampus CA3 of 3-month-old C57 mice, the mice display AD-like Tau hyperphosphorylation, fear memory impairment, and glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) activity increased. On the other hand, there are also AD-like Tau hyperphosphorylation, impairment of fear memory, and AMPK activity decreased in streptozotocin (STZ) mice. Interestingly, AMPK overexpression could efficiently rescue AD-like Tau phosphorylation and brain impairment in STZ mice. Moreover, the activity of GSK3ß and the level of Tau phosphorylation (Ser396 and Thr231 sites) were significantly decreased in HEK293 Tau cells transfected by AMPK plasmid or treated with agonists salicylate (SS), but GSK3ß agonists Wortmannin (Wort) could ablate AMPK-mediated Tau dephosphorylation. Taken together, the study indicated that AMPK reduces Tau phosphorylation and improves brain function and inhibits GSK3ß in AD-like model. These findings proved that AMPK might be a new target for AD in the future.

The Down-Expression of ACE and IDE Exacerbates Exogenous Amyloid-ß Neurotoxicity in CB2R-/- Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. It is reported that enzymatic degradation of amyloid-ß (Aß) plays a pivotal role in Aß accumulation and type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) participates in Aß processing in the brain; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We determined that Aß degradation-related proteins are significantly different between CB2R-/- mice and wild-type (WT) mice via proteomic analysis. Moreover, the data demonstrated that the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) levels are substantially attenuated, and the Aß level is significantly enhanced in CB2R-/--Aß1 - 42 mice compared with that of WT-Aß1 - 42 mice. Furthermore, Aß-mediated synaptic dysfunction, the loss of memory associated proteins, and the suppression of glutamatergic transmission are more severe in CB2R-/--Aß1 - 42 mice than that in WT-Aß1 - 42 mice. CB2R activation could decrease Aß1 - 40 and Aß1 - 42 levels and enhance ACE and IDE levels with its selective agonist JWH133; however, AM630 (CB2R antagonist) abrogates all changes induced by JWH133 in N2a cells with AßPP overexpression. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the deletion of CB2R reduces exogenous Aß degradation and aggravates the toxicity of Aß via the reduction of ACE and IDE, which suggests that CB2R is involved in the onset of AD and a potential therapeutic target for AD.

Deletion of Type-2 Cannabinoid Receptor Induces Alzheimer's Disease-Like Tau Pathology and Memory Impairment Through AMPK/GSK3ß Pathway.

Although several studies have shown that type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, the effects of CB2R on AD-like tau abnormal phosphorylation and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Herein, we employed the CB2R-/- mice as the animal model to explore roles of CB2R in regulating tau phosphorylation and brain function. We found that CB2R-/- mice display AD-like tau hyperphosphorylation, hippocampus-dependent memory impairment, increase of GSK3ß activity, decrease of AMPK and Sirt1 activity and mitochondria dysfunction. Interestingly, AICAR or resveratrol (AMPK agonist) could efficiently rescue most alternations caused by solo deletion of CB2R in CB2R-/- mice. Moreover, JWH133, a selective agonist of CB2R, reduces phosphorylation of tau and GSK3ß activity in HEK293 tau cells, but the effects of JWH133 on phosphorylation of tau and GSK3ß disappeared while blocking AMPK activity with compound C or Prkaa2-RNAi. Taken together, our study indicated that deletion of CB2R induces behavior damage and AD-like pathological alternation via AMPK/GSK3ß pathway. These findings proved that CB2R/AMPK/GSK3ß pathway can be a promising new drug target for AD.

Managements of masked mastoiditis / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To appreciate clinically of masked mastoiditis to explored how to reduce the incidence and associated morbidity of otogenic complications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between January 1998 and February 2005, 11 cases of masked mastoiditis were collected retrospectively. Their clinical presentation, results of investigations, and response to treatment were reviewed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 11 cases, there were 8 cases with hearing impairment, 5 cases with otalgia, 4 cases with facial nerve palsy, one patient with postauricular subperiosteal abscess, one case with meningitis, and one with thrombosis of the lateral sinus. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed blurring (haziness) of the mastoid air-cells. After admission, intravenous antibiotics were prescribed and antro-mastoidectomy or mastoidectomy was performed for eradication of infection source. The predominant finding at mastoidectomy was granulation tissue filling the mastoid cavity and antrum. A varying amount of pus and osteitis was found in the 5 cases. The granulations into the antrum were severe, obstructing the drainage into the attic and the middle ear. The mastoid tip cells were filled with granulation tissue which spared the antrum. The patients recovered excellently postoperative, without facial palsy, vertigo or other complications.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>To be a contemporary otologist, such severe complications of otologic diseases should not be overlooked. Appropriate intravenous antibiotics and adequate surgeries, as soon as possible, were recommended. Advanced CT scans of the temporal bone were necessary. Failure to identify associated concomitant pathology might result in treatment failure or persistent neurological deficit.</p>