Colquhounia root tablet improves diabetic kidney disease by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to end-stage renal disease. Colquhounia root tablet (CRT) has shown therapeutic potential in treating DKD, but its efficacy and underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 61 DKD patients. The treatment group received CRT in addition to standard therapy, while the control group received standard therapy alone. Treatment efficacy and adverse events were evaluated after 3 months. Additionally, in vitro experiments using human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were performed to investigate the effect of CRT on high glucose (HG)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the involvement of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Results: CRT treatment significantly improved proteinuria and increased the effective treatment rate in DKD patients compared to the control group, with no significant difference in adverse events. Moreover, CRT reversed HG-induced EMT in HK-2 cells, as evidenced by the downregulation of α-SMA and upregulation of E-cadherin at both mRNA and protein levels. Mechanistically, CRT increased PTEN expression and inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway, similar to the effects of the PI3K inhibitor LY29400. The combination of CRT and LY29400 further enhanced PTEN mRNA expression under HG conditions. Conclusion: CRT effectively improves proteinuria in DKD patients and ameliorates HG-induced EMT in HK-2 cells. The underlying mechanism may involve the upregulation of PTEN and subsequent inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These findings provide new insights into the therapeutic potential of CRT for DKD treatment.

FXR activation remodels hepatic and intestinal transcriptional landscapes in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

The escalating obesity epidemic and aging population have propelled metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) to the forefront of public health concerns. The activation of FXR shows promise to combat MASH and its detrimental consequences. However, the specific alterations within the MASH-related transcriptional network remain elusive, hindering the development of more precise and effective therapeutic strategies. Through a comprehensive analysis of liver RNA-seq data from human and mouse MASH samples, we identified central perturbations within the MASH-associated transcriptional network, including disrupted cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function, decreased tissue repair capability, and increased inflammation and fibrosis. By employing integrated transcriptome profiling of diverse FXR agonists-treated mice, FXR liver-specific knockout mice, and open-source human datasets, we determined that hepatic FXR activation effectively ameliorated MASH by reversing the dysregulated metabolic and inflammatory networks implicated in MASH pathogenesis. This mitigation encompassed resolving fibrosis and reducing immune infiltration. By understanding the core regulatory network of FXR, which is directly correlated with disease severity and treatment response, we identified approximately one-third of the patients who could potentially benefit from FXR agonist therapy. A similar analysis involving intestinal RNA-seq data from FXR agonists-treated mice and FXR intestine-specific knockout mice revealed that intestinal FXR activation attenuates intestinal inflammation, and has promise in attenuating hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Collectively, our study uncovers the intricate pathophysiological features of MASH at a transcriptional level and highlights the complex interplay between FXR activation and both MASH progression and regression. These findings contribute to precise drug development, utilization, and efficacy evaluation, ultimately aiming to improve patient outcomes.

Comparison of Reduced and Full Field of View in Diffusion-Weighted MRI on Image Quality: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Reduced field of view (rFOV) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in MRI shows potential for enhanced image quality compared with traditional full field of view (fFOV) DWI. Evaluating rFOV DWI's impact on image quality is important for clinical adoption. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of rFOV DWI in improving image quality, focusing on artifact reduction, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement, and lesion detectability. STUDY TYPE: Meta-analysis. POPULATION: Systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science ending in January 2024. Thirteen studies with 765 participants focusing on DWI quality using rFOV was analyzed. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: SS-EPI, Rtr-SS-EPI, 2D-SS-EPI at 3.0 T. ASSESSMENT: Two investigators performed the data extraction. QUADAS-2 assessed bias. The image quality assessment of rFOV and fFOV DWI were compared. STATISTICAL TESTS: Standardized mean difference (SMD) was utilized to evaluate and standardize MRI image quality. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and publication bias was evaluated with Egger's test. RESULTS: The QUADAS-2 analysis revealed that most studies exhibited a low risk of bias and minimal concerns regarding applicability. Statistical analysis indicated that rFOV DWI yielded higher subjective image quality scores (SMD = 0.535, 95% CI: 0.339, 0.731, I2 = 45.7%) compared with fFOV DWI and was more effective in reducing artifacts (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.209, 0.672, I2 = 42.3%) than fFOV DWI. However, a decrease in SNR was noted with rFOV DWI (SMD = -0.670, 95% CI: -1.187 to -0.152, I2 = 87.9%). Additionally, rFOV DWI demonstrated enhancements in lesion visibility (SMD = 0.432, 95% CI: -1.187, -0.152, I2 = 53.1%) and anatomical details (SMD = 0.598, 95% CI: 0.121, 1.075, I2 = 90.8%). DATA CONCLUSION: rFOV DWI enhances MRI image quality by reducing artifacts and improving lesion visibility with a SNR trade-off. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.

The potential protective role of peripheral immunophenotypes in Alzheimer's disease: a Mendelian randomization study.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread neurodegenerative disease in the world. Previous studies have shown that peripheral immune dysregulation plays a paramount role in AD, but whether there is a protective causal relationship between peripheral immunophenotypes and AD risk remains ambiguous. Methods: Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed using large genome-wide association study (GWAS) genetic data to assess causal effects between peripheral immunophenotypes and AD risk. Utilizing the genetic associations of 731 immune cell traits as exposures. We adopted the inverse variance weighted method as the primary approach. The Weighted median and MR-Egger regression methods were employed as supplements. Various sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the outcomes. Results: Based on the IVW method, we identified 14 immune cell traits that significantly reduced the risk of AD, of which six demonstrated statistical significance in both IVW and Weighted median methods. Among the seven immune traits, four were related to regulatory T (Treg) cells : (1) CD25++ CD45RA- CD4 not regulatory T cell % T cell (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.96 [0.95, 0.98], adjusted P = 1.17E-02), (2) CD25++ CD45RA- CD4 not regulatory T cell % CD4+ T cell (OR [95% CI] = 0.97 [0.96, 0.99], adjusted P = 3.77E-02), (3) Secreting CD4 regulatory T cell % CD4 regulatory T cell (OR [95% CI] = 0.98 [0.97, 0.99], adjusted P = 7.10E-03), (4) Activated & secreting CD4 regulatory T cell % CD4 regulatory T cell(OR [95% CI] = 0.98 [0.97, 0.99], adjusted P = 7.10E-03). In addition, HLA DR++ monocyte % monocyte (OR [95% CI] = 0.93 [0.89, 0.98], adjusted P = 4.87E-02) was associated with monocytes, and HLA DR on myeloid Dendritic Cell (OR [95% CI] = 0.93 [0.89, 0.97], adjusted P = 1.17E-02) was related to dendritic cells (DCs). Conclusion: These findings enhance the comprehension of the protective role of peripheral immunity in AD and provide further support for Treg and monocyte as potential targets for immunotherapy in AD.

Optimizing Epoxy Interfacial Bonding Properties and Failure Mechanism between Carbon Textile-Reinforced Mortar Composites and Concrete Substrates.

Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) composites have been extensively utilized in building reinforcement due to their exceptional mechanical properties. The weakest link in the entire structure is the interface between the TRM composites and the concrete; however, it plays a crucial role in effectively transferring stress. Researchers have taken measures to improve the strength of the interface, but the results are relatively scattered. In this paper, the surface treatment of the substrate, the thickness of the surfactant, and the physical doping of the surfactant on the interfacial bonding strength of the concrete were comparatively studied. The results demonstrate that the sandblasting treatment on the surface of the concrete enhances the bonding area between the mortar and the concrete of the reinforcement layer, leading to a 50% increase in the bending resistance of the structure. When the surfactant thickness increases to 0.5 kg/m2, more surfactants penetrate the mortar and concrete. This significantly inhibits the occurrence of cracks in the structure. The addition of 2.5% Al2O3 nanomaterials to the surfactant diminishes the shrinkage rate of the curing process, enhances the impact toughness, and improves the flexural and compressive properties of the bonding layer. The ultimate load of the structure increases by 65%. Physical doping of the surfactant is the most effective measure with the most apparent improvement result. It significantly enhances the bonding strength of the interface and can be widely used in construction.

Combination administration of alprazolam and N-Ethylmaleimide synergistically enhances sleep behaviors in mice with no potential CNS side effects.

Background: N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), an agonist of the potassium chloride cotransporters 2 (KCC2) receptor, has been correlated with neurosuppressive outcomes, including decreased pain perception and the prevention of epileptic seizures. Nevertheless, its relationship with sleep-inducing effects remains unreported. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the potential enhancement of NEM on the sleep-inducing properties of alprazolam (Alp). Methods: The test of the righting reflex was used to identify the appropriate concentrations of Alp and NEM for inducing sleep-promoting effects in mice. Total sleep duration and sleep quality were evaluated through EEG/EMG analysis. The neural mechanism underlying the sleep-promoting effect was examined through c-fos immunoreactivity in the brain using immunofluorescence. Furthermore, potential CNS-side effects of the combination Alp and NEM were assessed using LABORAS automated home-cage behavioral phenotyping. Results: Combination administration of Alp (1.84 mg/kg) and NEM (1.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased sleep latency and increased sleep duration in comparison to administering 1.84 mg/kg Alp alone. This effect was characterized by a notable increase in REM duration. The findings from c-fos immunoreactivity indicated that NEM significantly suppressed neuron activation in brain regions associated with wakefulness. Additionally, combination administration of Alp and NEM showed no effects on mouse neural behaviors during automated home cage monitoring. Conclusions: This study is the first to propose and demonstrate a combination therapy involving Alp and NEM that not only enhances the hypnotic effect but also mitigates potential CNS side effects, suggesting its potential application in treating insomnia.

Feasibility and reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance-feature tracking for quantitative right atrial function in dilated cardiomyopathy patients.

Background: The importance of right heart assessment in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is increasingly recognized. The development of cardiovascular magnetic resonance-feature tracking (CMR-FT) has provided a novel approach to quantify myocardial deformation and evaluate cardiac function. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of CMR-FT for the quantitative derivation of right atrial (RA) strain and strain rate (SR) in patients with DCM. Methods: A total of 68 DCM patients (84% male; aged 50.6±13.2 years) and 58 healthy controls (81% male; aged 48.4±11.2 years) were retrospectively enrolled from September 2018 to August 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University and Shenzhen Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. RA reservoir, conduit, and booster strain (εs, εe, and εa) and peak positive, peak early negative, and peak late negative SR (SRs, SRe, and SRa) were measured using CMR-FT and compared between 2 groups using Student's t-test. Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Compared to healthy controls, DCM patients showed significantly lower RA strain (εs: 19.7%±9.0% vs. 44.4%±9.7%; εe: 7.9%±5.3% vs. 25.8%±8.6%; εa: 11.8%±6.2% vs. 18.6%±5.1%, all P<0.001) and SR (SRs: 1.17±0.48 vs. 1.92±0.62 s-1; SRe: -0.85±0.56 vs. -1.94±0.63 s-1; SRa: -1.39±0.71 vs. -2.01±0.65 s-1, all P<0.001). There was no significant difference in RA maximum volume index between the 2 groups. Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), RA emptying fraction passive (RAEF passive), and RA εe [(NT-proBNP and εe): r=-0.48, P<0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.64 to -0.26; and (RAEF passive and εe): r=0.41, P=0.001, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.56, respectively] in DCM patients. Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was excellent (all ICCs >0.85) for RA deformation measurements. Conclusions: CMR-FT is a promising, noninvasive approach for the quantitative assessment of RA phasic function in patients with DCM. DCM patients exhibit impaired RA reservoir, conduit, and booster pump function prior to visible RA enlargement.

A meta-analysis of MRI radiomics-based diagnosis for BI-RADS 4 breast lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4 benign and malignant breast lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics. METHODS: A systematic search identified relevant studies. Eligible studies were screened, assessed for quality, and analyzed for diagnostic accuracy. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses explored heterogeneity, while publication bias, clinical relevance and threshold effect were evaluated. RESULTS: This study analyzed a total of 11 studies involving 1,915 lesions in 1,893 patients with BI-RADS 4 classification. The results showed that the combined sensitivity and specificity of MRI radiomics for diagnosing BI-RADS 4 lesions were 0.88 (95% CI 0.83-0.92) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.72-0.84). The positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 4.2 (95% CI 3.1-5.7), 0.15 (95% CI: 0.10-0.22), and 29.0 (95% CI 15-55). The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90 (95% CI 0.87-0.92), indicating good diagnostic performance. The study found no significant threshold effect or publication bias, and heterogeneity among studies was attributed to various factors like feature selection algorithm, radiomics algorithms, etc. Overall, the results suggest that MRI radiomics has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of BI-RADS 4 lesions and enhance patient outcomes. CONCLUSION: MRI-based radiomics is highly effective in diagnosing BI-RADS 4 benign and malignant breast lesions, enabling improving patients' medical outcomes and quality of life.

Endocrine toxicity of atrazine and its underlying mechanisms.

Atrazine (ATR) is one of the most widely utilized herbicides globally and is prevalent in the environment due to its extensive use and long half-life. It can infiltrate the human body through drinking water, ingestion, and dermal contact, and has been recognized as an environmental endocrine disruptor. This study aims to comprehensively outline the detrimental impacts of ATR on the endocrine system. Previous research indicates that ATR is harmful to various bodily systems, including the reproductive system, nervous system, adrenal glands, and thyroi d gland. The toxic effects of ATR on the endocrine system and its underlying molecular mechanisms are summarized as follows: influencing the expression of kisspeptin in the HPG axis, consequently affecting steroid synthesis; disrupting DNA synthesis and meiosis, as well as modifying DNA methylation levels, leading to reproductive and developmental toxicity; impacting dopamine by altering Nurr1, VMAT2, and DAT expression, consequently affecting dopamine synthesis and transporter expression, and influencing other neurotransmitters, resulting in neurotoxicity; and changing adipose tissue synthesis and metabolism by reducing basal metabolism, impairing cellular oxidative phosphorylation, and inducing insulin resistance. Additionally, a compilation of natural products used to mitigate the toxic effects of ATR has been provided, encompassing melatonin, curcumin, quercetin, lycopene, flavonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and other natural remedies. It is important to note that existing research predominantly relies on in vitro and ex vivo experiments, with limited population-based empirical evidence available.

The PD-1 /PD-L1 signaling pathway regulates decidual macrophage polarization and may participate in preeclampsia.

The pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE) has not been elucidated, but immune imbalance is known to be one of the main pathogeneses. Dysfunction of decidual macrophages can lead to PE, and the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway is associated with macrophage polarization. However, the relationship between the influence of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway on macrophage polarization and the onset of PE has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the expression of CD68, iNOS, CD206, PD-1 and PD-L1 and the coexpression of CD68+PD-1+ and CD68+PD-L1+ in the decidual tissue of PE patients (n= 18) and healthy pregnant women (n=20). We found that CD68 and iNOS expression was increased in the decidua of PE patients (P < 0.001) and that CD206, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression and CD68+PD-1+ and CD68+PD-L1+ coexpression were decreased (P < 0.001). To assess the influence of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway on macrophage polarization, we added an anti-PD-1 mAb (pembrolizumab) or an anti-PD-L1 mAb (durvalumab) during THP-1 differentiation into M1 macrophages. Then, we detected the polarization of CD68+CD80+ macrophages and the expression of iNOS. To examine the effect of macrophage polarization on the invasion ability of trophoblast cells, macrophages were cocultured with HTR8/SVneo cells, and the invasion ability of HTR8/SVneo cells was detected via transwell assays. We found that CD68+CD80+ macrophage polarization was enhanced (P<0.05) and that iNOS expression was greater (P<0.01) in the pembrolizumab group. In the durvalumab group, CD68+CD80+ macrophage polarization and iNOS expression were also increased (P<0.05 and P<0.001). Compared with that in the untreated group, the aggressiveness of HTR8/SVneo cells was decreased in both the pembrolizumab group (P < 0.01) and the durvalumab group (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PE by influencing macrophage polarization and reducing the invasion ability of trophoblasts.

Elimination of Pathogen Biofilms via Postbiotics from Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Promising Method in Food and Biomedicine.

Pathogenic biofilms provide a naturally favorable barrier for microbial growth and are closely related to the virulence of pathogens. Postbiotics from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are secondary metabolites and cellular components obtained by inactivation of fermentation broth; they have a certain inhibitory effect on all stages of pathogen biofilms. Postbiotics from LAB have drawn attention because of their high stability, safety dose parameters, and long storage period, which give them a broad application prospect in the fields of food and medicine. The mechanisms of eliminating pathogen biofilms via postbiotics from LAB mainly affect the surface adhesion, self-aggregation, virulence, and QS of pathogens influencing interspecific and intraspecific communication. However, there are some factors (preparation process and lack of target) which can limit the antibiofilm impact of postbiotics. Therefore, by using a delivery carrier and optimizing process parameters, the effect of interfering factors can be eliminated. This review summarizes the concept and characteristics of postbiotics from LAB, focusing on their preparation technology and antibiofilm effect, and the applications and limitations of postbiotics in food processing and clinical treatment are also discussed.

Rapid, sensitive, and user-friendly detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the RPA/CRISPR/Cas12a system.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a life-threatening bacterium known for its rapid development of antibiotic resistance, posing significant challenges in clinical treatment, biosecurity, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Early and accurate identification of P. aeruginosa is crucial for effective intervention. METHODS: The lasB gene of P. aeruginosa was selected as the target for the detection. RPA primers for recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and crRNA for CRISPR/Cas12a detection were meticulously designed to target specific regions within the lasB gene. The specificity of the RPA/CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform was assessed using 15 strains. The detection limit of RPA/CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform was determined by utilizing a pseudo-dilution series of the P. aeruginosa DNA. The practical applicability of the RPA/CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform was validated by comparing it with qPCR on 150 samples (35 processed meat product samples, 55 cold seasoned vegetable dishes, 60 bottled water samples). RESULTS: The RPA/CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform demonstrates high specificity, with no cross-reactivity with non-P. aeruginosa strains. This assay exhibits remarkable sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 copies/µL for fluorescence assay and 101 copies/µL for the LFTS method. Furthermore, the performance of the RPA/CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform is comparable to that of the well-established qPCR method, while offering advantages such as shorter reaction time, simplified operation, and reduced equipment requirements. CONCLUSIONS: The RPA/CRISPR/Cas12a detection platform presents a straightforward, accurate, and sensitive approach for early P. aeruginosa detection and holds great promise for diverse applications requiring rapid and reliable identification.

Identification and utility exploration of a highly potent and long-acting bullfrog GLP-1 analogue in GLP-1 and amylin combination therapy.

This study assesses the efficacy of an innovative therapeutic approach that combines GLP-1 and amylin analogues for weight reduction. Focusing on GLP-1 analogues from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), we designed ten bGLP-1 analogues with various modifications. Among them, bGLP-10 showed high potency in binding and activating GLP-1 receptors, with superior albumin affinity. In diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice fed a high-fat diet, bGLP-10 demonstrated significant superiority over semaglutide in reducing blood sugar and food intake at a dose of 10 nmol/kg (P < 0.001). Notably, in a chronic study involving DIO mice, the combination of bGLP-10 with the amylin analogue cagrilintide led to a more substantial weight loss (-38.4%, P < 0.001) compared to either the semaglutide-cagrilintide combination (-23.0%) or cagrilintide (-5.7%), bGLP-10 (-16.1%), and semaglutide (-10.9%) alone. Furthermore, the bGLP-10 and cagrilintide combination exhibited superior glucose control and liver lipid management compared to the semaglutide-cagrilintide combination (P < 0.001). These results highlight bGLP-10's potential in GLP-1 and amylin-based therapies and suggest exploring more GLP-1 analogues from natural sources for anti-obesity and anti-diabetic treatments.

Obesity Paradox in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: Is Malnutrition the Answer?

BACKGROUND: Obesity paradox has been reported in patients with cardiovascular disease, showing an inverse association between obesity as defined by BMI (in kg/m2) and prognosis. Nutritional status is associated with systemic inflammatory response and affects cardiovascular disease outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the influence of obesity and malnutrition on the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: This study included consecutive patients diagnosed with ACS and underwent coronary angiogram between January 2009 and February 2023. At baseline, patients were categorized according to their BMI as follows: underweight (<18), normal weight (18-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), and obese (>30.0). We assessed the nutritional status by Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI). Malnutrition was defined as a PNI value of <38. RESULTS: Of the 21,651 patients with ACS, 582 (2.7%) deaths from any cause were observed over 28.7 months. Compared with the patient's state of normal weight, overweight, and obesity were associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality. Malnutrition was independently associated with poor survival (hazards ratio: 2.64; 95% CI: 2.24, 3.12; P < 0.001). In malnourished patients, overweight and obesity showed a 39% and 72% reduction in the incidence of all-cause mortality, respectively. However, in nourished patients, no significant reduction in the incidence of all-cause mortality was observed (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity paradox appears to occur in patients with ACS. Malnutrition may be a significant independent risk factor for prognosis in patients with ACS. The obesity paradox is influenced by the status of malnutrition.

DEHP induces apoptosis and autophagy of the thyroid via Rap1 signaling pathway: In vivo and in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: DEHP has thyroid toxicity and affects thyroid function. However, the mechanism is unclear. METHODS: The offspring of SD rats were gavaged with different doses of DEHP from in utero to 8 or 12 weeks old. We observed the thyroid morphology with HE and autophagosomes with TEM. The THs levels were tested with ELISA. The apoptosis level was tested by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis-related genes, autophagy-related genes and Rap1 pathway genes, were measured with qRT-PCR and Western blot. We established an MEHP-treated Nthy-ori 3-1 cell model and inhibited the Rap1 to verify the mechanism. RESULTS: DEHP could cause pathological damage and ultrastructure damage of thyroids in offspring rats. After DEHP exposure, the THs levels were altered, the apoptosis levels increased, and autophagosomes appeared. DEHP significantly affected the levels of apoptosis-related genes and autophagy-related genes. DEHP also affected the levels of Rap1 pathway, which was correlated with the levels of apoptosis and autophagy. After inhibiting Rap1 in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells, the THs levels were altered. Rap1 pathway was inhibited and the levels of apoptosis and autophagy were down-regulated. CONCLUSION: DEHP could induce the apoptosis and autophagy of the thyroid, and Rap1 signaling pathway may play a significant role.

Differentiation of isomeric chalcone and dihydroflavone using liquid chromatography coupled with hydrogen-deuterium exchange tandem mass spectrometry (HDX-MS/MS): An application for flavonoids-focused characterization of Snow chrysanthemum.

Although the co-occurrences of isomeric chalcones and dihydroflavones widely appear in medicinal plants, the differentiation of such isomerism seldom succeeds using MS/MS, attributing to totally identical MS/MS spectra. Here, efforts were paid to pursue an eligible tool allowing to address the technical challenge. Being inspired by that one more proton signal is observed in 1H NMR spectrum of isoliquiritigenin than liquiritigenin when employing DMSO­d6 as solvent, hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX)-MS/MS was evaluated towards differentiating isomeric chalcones and dihydroflavones through replacing H2O with D2O to prepare the mobile phase. As a result, differences were observed for either MS1 or MS2 spectrum when comparing two pairs of isomers, such as liquiritigenin vs. isoliquiritigenin and liquiritin vs. isoliquiritin, because the isomeric precursor and fragment ion species owned different amounts of hydroxyl protons and those reactive protons could be partially or completely substituted by deuterium protons at the exposure in D2O to result in n × 1.006 mass increments. Moreover, utmost four hydrogen/deuterium exchanges occurred for a single glucosyl moiety. Thereafter, HDX-MS/MS was applied to characterize the flavonoids of Snow chrysanthemum, a precious edible herbal medicine that is rich in isomeric chalcones and dihydroflavones. Through paying special attention to the deuterium labeling styles of (de)protonated molecules as well as those featured fragment ions, five pairs of isomeric chalcones and dihydroflavones were confirmatively differentiated, in addition to that 28 flavonoids were structurally annotated by applying those well-defined mass fragmentation rules. Hence, this study offered an in-depth insight towards the flavonoids-focused characterization of Snow chrysanthemum, and more importantly, HDX-MS/MS is a superior tool to differentiate, but not limited to, isomeric chalcones and dihydroflavones.

Metagenome reveals the possible mechanism that microbial strains promote methanogenesis during anaerobic digestion of food waste.

For better understanding the mechanism of microbial strains promoting methane production, four strains Hungatella xylanolytica A5, Bacillus licheniformis B1, Paraclostridium benzoelyticum C2 and Advenella faeciporci E1 were inoculated into anaerobic digestion systems. After bioaugmentation, the cumulative methane production of A5, B1, C2 and E1 groups elevated by 11.68%, 8.20%, 18.21% and 15.67% compared to CK group, respectively. The metagenomic analysis revealed that the species diversity and uniformity of the experimental groups was improved, and hydrolytic acidifying bacteria, represented by Clostridiaceae, Anaerolineaceae and Oscillospiraceae, and methanogens, such as Methanotrichaceae and Methanobacteriaceae, were enriched. Meanwhile, the abundance of key genes in carbohydrate, pyruvate and methane metabolism was increased in the inoculated groups, providing reasonable reasons for more methane production. The strengthening mechanism of microbial strains in this study offered a theoretical foundation for selecting a suitable bioaugmentation strategy to solve the problems of slow start-up and low methane production in anaerobic digestion.

Peripheral immune cell traits and Parkinson's disease: A Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: The peripheral immune system is altered in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the causal relationship between the two remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to estimate the causal relationship between peripheral immune features and PD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data of peripheral blood immune signatures from European populations were used for exposure and PD summary statistics were used as results. We conducted a two-sample MR study using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median methods to evaluate the causal association between these factors. MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO were used for sensitivity analysis to test and correct horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS: A total of 731 immune traits were analyzed for association with PD using three MR methods. After adjustment for FDR, we observed four peripheral immunological features associated with PD using the IVW method, including expression of CX3CR1 on monocytes [OR: 0.85, 95% CI: (0.81, 0.91), P = 6.56E-07] and CX3CR1 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes [OR: 0.87, 95% CI: (0.82, 0.93), P = 9.95E-06]. CONCLUSIONS: Our study further revealed the important role of monocytes in PD and indicated that CX3CR1 expression on monocytes is associated with a reduced risk of PD.

Age- and Sex-Specific MR-Feature Tracking Reference Values of Right Atrial Deformation in Healthy Adults.

BACKGROUND: Although right atrial (RA) myocardial deformation has important implications for patient diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification, its implementation in clinical practice has been hampered by limited normal reference values, especially in Asian populations. PURPOSE: To establish age- and sex-specific reference values for RA strain, strain rate (SR), and displacement based on a large sample of healthy Chinese adults using MR-feature tracking (MR-FT). STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. POPULATION: 524 healthy Chinese adults (287 male; mean age 43.7 ± 11.9 years). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 1.5T/balanced steady-state free precession. ASSESSMENT: RA deformation parameters, including reservoir, conduit, and booster strain (εs, εe, and εa), peak positive, early negative, and late negative SR (SRs, SRe, and SRa), and total, passive, and active displacement (Ds, De, and Da), were assessed using MR-FT. STATISTICAL TESTS: Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, coefficients of determination (r2 ), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Women demonstrated significantly greater magnitudes of RA deformation parameters than men: εs (57.4% ± 15.1% vs. 44.3% ± 12.6%), εe (37.5% ± 13.4% vs. 27.4% ± 10.9%), εa (19.9% ± 5.7% vs. 16.9% ± 5.0%), SRs (2.62 ± 0.88 sec-1 vs. 2.00 ± 0.63 sec-1 ), SRe (-2.98 ± 1.26 sec-1 vs. -2.16 ± 0.92 sec-1 ), SRa (-2.28 ± 0.75 sec-1 vs. -1.84 ± 0.62 sec-1 ), Ds (-7.80 ± 1.90 mm vs. -7.46 ± 1.70 mm), and De (-4.84 ± 1.31 mm vs. -4.49 ± 1.21 mm). For both sexes, aging was significantly associated with decreased RA reservoir and conduit function (εs, SRs, Ds, εe, SRe, and De), and with increased εa and Da. RA deformation measurements had good to excellent intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility, with ICCs ranging from to 0.790 to 0.972. DATA CONCLUSION: This study provides age- and sex-specific reference values of RA strain, SR, and displacement based on a large cohort of healthy Chinese adults using MR-FT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Prognostic PET [11C]-acetate uptake is associated with hypoxia gene expression in patients with late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma - a bench to bed study.

BACKGROUND: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with combined [18F]-FDG and [11C]-acetate (dual-tracer) is used for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, although its prognostic value and underlying molecular mechanism remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that radiotracer uptake might be associated with tumor hypoxia and validated our findings in public and local human HCC cohorts. METHODS: Twelve orthotopic HCC xenografts were established using MHCC97L cells in female nude mice, with 5 having undergone hepatic artery ligation (HAL) to create tumor hypoxia in vivo. Tumors in both Control and HAL-treated xenografts were imaged with [11C]-acetate and [18F]-FDG PET-MR and RNA sequencing was performed on the resected tumors. Semiquantitative analysis of PET findings was then performed, and the findings were then validated on the Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) cohort and patients from our institution. RESULTS: HAL-treated mice showed lower [11C]-acetate (HAL-treated vs. Control, tumor-to-liver SUV ratio (SUVTLR): 2.14[2.05-2.21] vs 3.11[2.75-5.43], p = 0.02) but not [18F]-FDG (HAL-treated vs. Control, SUVTLR: 3.73[3.12-4.35] vs 3.86[3.7-5.29], p = 0.83) tumor uptakes. Gene expression analysis showed the PET phenotype is associated with upregulation of hallmark hypoxia signature. The prognostic value of the hypoxia gene signature was tested on the TCGA-LIHC cohort with upregulation of hypoxia gene signature associated with poorer overall survival (OS) in late-stage (stage III and IV) HCC patients (n = 66, OS 2.05 vs 1.67 years, p = 0.046). Using a local cohort of late-stage HCC patients who underwent dual-tracer PET-CT, tumors without [11C]-acetate uptake are associated with poorer prognosis (n = 51, OS 0.25 versus 1.21 years, p < 0.0001) and multivariable analyses showed [11C]-acetate tumor uptake as an independent predictor of OS (HR 0.17 95%C 0.06-0.42, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: [11C]-acetate uptake is associated with alteration of tumor hypoxia gene expression and poorer prognosis in patients with advanced HCC.