Reflux scintigraphy in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: a comparison study with 24 hour pH-impedance monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: Reflux scintigraphy is often used to diagnose gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the efficacy of this study remains controversial. Our aim was to determine the role of reflux scintigraphy in diagnosing GERD by comparing it to 24 h combined pH-impedance study as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients who presented for investigations of reflux symptoms were prospectively recruited into the study. All patients underwent high resolution esophageal manometry and those with major motor disorders of the esophagus were excluded. Eligible patients immediately underwent reflux scintigraphy following insertion of the pH-impedance catheter. RESULTS: Thirty patients were included in the study. Using a total acid exposure time (AET) of >4.2% as the reference for abnormal acid reflux, reflux scintigraphy had a sensitivity and specificity of 62.5 and 68.2%, respectively, in detecting acid reflux. When compared to AET >6%, reflux scintigraphy had a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7 and 62.5%, respectively, and a positive predictive value of 30.8% and a negative predictive value of 88.2%. There were no associations between outcomes of reflux scintigraphy and total AET (p = .46), total (acid or non-acid) reflux events (p = 0.11), proximal AET (p = .33) or the number of proximal reflux episodes (p = .75) on 24 h pH-impedance study. CONCLUSIONS: Reflux scintigraphy has limited role in diagnosing GERD when compared to 24 h combined pH-impedance monitoring.

Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in South America: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The worldwide epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rapidly changing. Increasing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) incidence and prevalence have been recorded in developing regions such as Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe where it was previously thought to be uncommon. Whether this is also the case in South America is not well known. Demonstration that developing regions worldwide have increasing IBD incidence would indicate that environmental change plays a significant role in the development of IBD. AIM: To report the incidence, prevalence and disease characteristics of CD and UC within the South American continent. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by searching published studies in major international and regional databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus) between January 1990 and December 2018. Outcomes considered were incidence, prevalence, phenotype, environmental and genetic factors, ethnicity and gender. A pair of independent reviewers screened and reviewed all identified articles. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty two citations were initially retrieved with 18 studies included in this systematic review. The majority of included studies were from Brazil (n =13, 72%). The incidence of UC ranged from 4.3-5.3/100000 person-years whilst the incidence of CD ranged from 0.74-3.5/100000 person-years. Prevalence ranged from 15.0-24.1/100000 inhabitants for UC and from 2.4-14.1/100000 inhabitants for CD. The incidence and prevalence of both UC and CD has increased significantly in Brazil over the past 21 years. Pancolitis was the most common disease distribution in patients with UC whilst colonic involvement was the most common distribution in CD. People residing in urban areas were at higher risk of developing both CD and UC. CONCLUSION: The IBD burden in South America is increasing at a rate possibly even greater than other developing regions around the world. There is a paucity of high-quality epidemiological studies and further robust and representative data are required to further explore modifiable risk factors and disease phenotypes.

Efficacy of a Chinese Herbal Medicine in Providing Adequate Relief of Constipation-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common chronic functional bowel disorder, with few treatment options. IBS affects 10%-20% of the population; as many as 58% of patients have constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). We evaluated efficacy and safety of a standardized, specifically formulated Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) preparation in treatment of patients with IBS-C. METHODS: We performed a double-blind trial of 125 patients with IBS-C (according to Rome III criteria), who were recruited from 13 medical centers or clinics in Australia from July 2009 through February 2012. Patients were randomly assigned to groups given a standardized extract of 7 selected CHM ingredients (n = 61) or placebo (controls, n = 64) for 8 weeks (5 capsules, twice daily). Subjects were then followed for 16 weeks. Chemical definition, standardization, and stability testing of the formulation were completed. Subjects completed a self-administered, validated binary questionnaire of global symptom improvement at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 16 (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included results from the self-administered IBS Symptom Severity Scale and the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), which were completed at weeks 4, 8, and 16. RESULTS: There was statistically and clinically significant (per protocol analyses) improvement among subjects who received CHM (n = 50) vs controls (n = 58) for 8 weeks. A greater proportion of subjects receiving CHM reported adequate relief (P = .010). Compared with controls, the CHM group had improved bowel habits vs controls at week 8, including lower IBS Symptom Severity Scale scores (P < .001), reduced straining during defecation (P = .002), and a significant decrease in hard lumpy stools (P = .031). The CHM group also had increased stool consistency, which was based on the Bristol Stool Form Scale (week 8, P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in abdominal pain at week 8 (P = .692). The CHM was well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective, controlled study, CHM reduced symptoms of IBS-C, increased bowel satisfaction and stool consistency, and reduced straining and hard lumpy stools, compared with placebo. Clinical trial registration no: ACTRN12609000558224.

Duodenal eosinophilia and early satiety in functional dyspepsia: confirmation of a positive association in an Australian cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Functional dyspepsia (FD), defined by unexplained pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen, is common. Diagnosis and treatment of FD based on the symptom-based Rome criteria remains challenging. Recently, eosinophilia in the duodenum has been implicated in the pathophysiology of FD in adults, specifically increased eosinophils in early satiety and postprandial distress, but the association remains controversial. The aim of this study was to characterize upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract pathology, specifically duodenal eosinophilia, in an Australian cohort of patients with FD. METHODS: Patients prospectively referred for an upper GI endoscopy (n = 55; mean age, 49.6 years; 61.8% female) were stratified to FD cases (n = 33) and controls (n = 22) using Rome II criteria. All subjects completed a validated bowel symptom questionnaire. The eosinophil count per square millimeter in the duodenal bulb (D1) and second part (D2) was assessed and Helicobacter pylori status determined by gastric histology. Associations with clinical symptoms were assessed. RESULTS: Cases and controls were demographically similar. Duodenal eosinophilia was significantly increased in subjects experiencing early satiety (P = 0.01) and postprandial fullness (P = 0.001). This association was seen in D2 but not D1. Abdominal pain was associated with eosinophilia in both D1 (P = 0.02) and D2 (P = 0.005). Smoking was also associated with higher eosinophil counts in D2 (P = 0.007) and symptoms of early satiety (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Duodenal eosinophilia occurs in a subset of FD. The potential role of duodenal eosinophils in FD has implications for diagnosis and therapeutic trials.

Stool characteristics and colonic transit in irritable bowel syndrome: evaluation at two time points.

OBJECTIVE: Information on the relationships between stool characteristics and colonic transit time (CTT) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is limited. Our aims were: (i) to relate stool frequency and consistency to total and segmental CTTs, (ii) to correlate changes in these stool characteristics with changes in CTTs between a baseline assessment and a 12-week assessment, and (iii) to examine the confounding effects of mood on these relationships, in patients with IBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one female patients with IBS underwent, on two occasions 12 weeks apart, a colonic transit study and completed at these times Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) and Bowel Symptoms Severity Rating Scale (BSSRS). All patients also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. RESULTS: Between baseline and the 12-week assessment, an increase in the number of days over the past week without a bowel motion correlated with prolonged total CTT (r = 0.54, p = 0.01). An increase in the number of days with more than three bowel motions per day correlated with a shorter right CTT (r = -0.52, p = 0.02). Only after adjusting for anxiety and depression, did an increase in loose or watery bowel motions (for BSSRS but not for BSFS) correlate with a shorter right CTT (r = -0.47, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Stool frequency, as well as stool consistency, correlates with CTT. Correlations between stool consistency and CTT are more robust for BSSRS than for BSFS. An effect of mood appears to be important in the relationship between stool consistency and CTT.

The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

AIM: To investigate the effects of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine (AZA/6-MP) on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: Details of pregnant women with IBD were obtained through an ObstetriX Database in 3 major teaching hospitals in Sydney from 1996 to 2006. Medical records were reviewed. Birth outcomes of interest were single live births, low birth weight (LBW) at term (<2500 g), preterm births (<37 weeks gestation), neonatal adverse outcomes, and congenital anomaly. Placental blood flow during third trimester of pregnancy was measured using arterial Doppler ultrasonography, where available. RESULTS: All women had IBD diagnosed before pregnancy. 19 births were exposed to AZA/6-MP. 74 births that were never exposed to AZA/6-MP were selected as controls. Preterm birth was seen in 26.3% of the exposed group as compared to 13.5% of controls (p<0.001). However, in univariate analysis, preterm birth was not associated with AZA/6-MP (OR=2.28; CI: 0.67-7.73). There was 1 neonatal adverse outcome in the exposed group as compared to 4 in controls (5.3% vs 5.4%, p=0.97). One congenital anomaly was seen in each group (p=0.27). No LBW at term was seen in either group. Placental blood flow in 4 women exposed to AZA/6-MP was normal. CONCLUSION: The use of AZA/6-MP during pregnancy in IBD women was not associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, LBW at term, neonatal adverse outcomes and congenital anomalies.

A case of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction secondary to primary visceral myopathy.

BACKGROUND: A 13-year-old girl presented to the emergency room at her local hospital with an acute onset of vomiting, severe abdominal pain and distension. There was evidence of small-bowel obstruction on plain abdominal x-ray. Throughout the girl's adolescent years she was admitted to hospital numerous times for recurrent abdominal symptoms and underwent multiple sequential laparotomies. She had marked weight loss and a poor quality of life. The patient's symptoms were initially managed with intravenous fluids, bowel rest, and nasogastric decompression of the upper gut. INVESTIGATIONS: Peripheral blood tests with biochemistry and measurement of serum folate, vitamin B(12), albumin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, inflammatory markers, autoantibodies and thyroid function; gastrointestinal imaging (plain abdominal x-ray, small-bowel series, colonic transit study, and abdominal CT with oral contrast); MRI of the brain and lumbar puncture; upper endoscopy; and laparotomy with sero-muscular biopsy of the small bowel. DIAGNOSIS: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction secondary to primary visceral myopathy. MANAGEMENT: Prokinetic agents including oral cisapride and tegaserod, a venting gastrostomy, and total parenteral feeding.