Casson nanoliquid film flow over an unsteady moving surface with time-varying stretching velocity.

Present study explains about unsteady Casson nanoliquid film flow over a surface moving with velocity [Formula: see text]. The governing momentum equation is reduced to ODE by using corresponding similarity transformation, which is then tackled by employing numerical technique. The problem is analysed for both two-dimensional film flow and axisymmetric film flow. The exact solution is derived which satisfies the governing equation. It is noted that solution exists only for a specified scale of the moving surface parameter [Formula: see text]. ie., [Formula: see text] for two-dimensional flow and [Formula: see text] for axisymmetric flow. The velocity increases first and reaches the maximum velocity and then decreases to the boundary condition. Streamlines are also analysed for both axisymmetric and two-dimensional flow patterns by considering the stretching ([Formula: see text]) and shrinking wall conditions ([Formula: see text]). Study has been made for large values of wall moving parameter [Formula: see text]. The aim of this investigation is to analyse the Casson nanoliquid film flow which finds applications in industries like coating of sheet or wire, laboratories, painting, many more.

Outcomes of Cancer Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preparedness to Practising Continuous Cancer Care.

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare services. Deprioritisation of nonemergency clinical services and growing concerns of adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in cancer patients is having a deleterious impact across oncologic practice. We report cancer surgery outcomes taking into account the acuity of the COVID-19 situation. A prospectively maintained database of the Department of Surgical Oncology was analysed from 1st May to 30th June, 2020, to evaluate the perioperative outcomes, morbidity and mortality following major surgical procedures. A total of 359, preoperatively, tested negative for COVID-19 underwent surgery. Median age was 52 years with 26.7% (n = 96) above the age of 60 years. Sixty-one percent (n = 219) patients were American Society of Anaesthesiology grades II-III. As per surgical complexity grading, 36.8% (n = 132) cases were lower grades (I-III) and 63.2% (n = 227) were complex surgeries (IV-VI). 5.3% (n = 19) had ≥ grade III Clavien-Dindo complication, and the postoperative mortality rate was 0.27% (n = 1). Major complication rates in patients > 60 years were 9.3% in comparison to 4.1% in < 60 years (p = 0·63). The median hospital stay was 1-10 days across subspecialties. Postoperatively, repeat COVID 19 testing in 2 suspected patients were negative. Our study showed that after screening, triaging and prioritisation, asymptomatic cases may undergo cancer surgeries without increased morbidity during COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of Optimal Therapy and Prognostic Factors in Malignant Germ Cell Tumors of Ovary: 20 Years' Institutional Experience.

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of clinicopathological and treatment-related factors on survival in patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumor. A total of 253 patients of ovarian germ cell malignancy were retrospectively reviewed during 2000-2019. Out of these, 111 had primary treatment at our institute, which is a dedicated regional cancer center. The remaining 142 were operated elsewhere and were referred to us for adjuvant chemotherapy or with recurrent disease. The clinicopathological and treatment-related characteristics were analyzed for association with tumor persistence/recurrence or death. Among them, 107 were dysgerminomas; 60 had endodermal sinus tumor, 53 mixed germ cell tumors, and 31 immature teratoma; and one each had embryoma and primitive germ cell tumor. The median follow-up period was 19 months (range 0-214). Median time to recurrence or progression was 5 months. Forty-nine patients (19.4%) had a recurrence and there were 16 (6.3%) deaths. Five-year disease-free-survival was 71.3% and 5-year overall survival rate was 88.1%, for the entire cohort. Disease-free-survival was 90.4% and overall survival was 92.1% for patients entirely treated at the reporting institute. Sub-group analysis based on treatment adequacy showed that survival rate was 91.0% in patients who had timely and complete initial treatment versus 78.3% in patients where treatment was incomplete or delayed (p = 0.032). Factors affecting relapse were tumor histology, absence of surgical staging, presence of residual disease, inadequate response to chemotherapy, treatment outside reporting institute, and incomplete/delayed chemotherapy. Significant factors adversely affecting survival were presence of post-operative residual disease, tumor histology, incomplete response to chemotherapy, and inadequate/delayed treatment at primary setting. There was no statistically significant difference based on disease stage and whether fertility-sparing surgery or non-fertility-sparing surgery was performed. Prognosis of ovarian germ cell malignancies is excellent with timely, optimal treatment. The outcome improves significantly if managed adequately in the primary setting, involving dedicated gynecologic oncologists.

Neurogenic and cognitive enhancing effects of human dental pulp stem cells and its secretome in animal model of hippocampal neurodegeneration.

Progressive hippocampal neuronal losses, neuroinflammation, declined neurogenesis and impaired hippocampal functions are pathological features of Alzheimer's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Halting neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration in the hippocampus is a major challenge in treating such disease conditions which, if unsuccessful would lead to learning/memory dysfunction and co-morbidities like anxiety/depression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy provides hope for treating neurodegenerative diseases by either replacing lost neurons by transplantation of MSCs which might differentiate into appropriate neuronal phenotypes or by stimulating the resident neural stem cells for proliferation/differentiation. In this current study, we demonstrate that the intrahippocampal transplantation of ectoderm originated dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) or intrahippocampal injection of DPSCs condition medium (DPSCs-CM) in a mouse model of hippocampal neurodegeneration could efficiently prevent neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning and memory functions much superior to commonly used bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) or its secretome. Probing the possible mechanisms of neuroprotection revealed that DPSCs/DPSCs-CM treatment upregulated an array of hosts' endogenous neural survival factors expression, reduced pro-apoptotic caspase activity and upregulated the anti-apoptotic factors BCL-2 and phosphorylated PI3K prominently than BM-MSCs/BM-MSCs-CM, suggesting that among MSCs, neural crest originated DPSCs might be a better adult stem cell candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Neural Basis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells and its Potential Application in Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Though significant insights into the molecular-biochemical-cellular-behavioral basis of PD have been understood, there is no appreciable treatment available till date. Current therapies provide symptomatic relief without any influence on the progression of the disease. Stem cell therapy has been vigorously explored to treat PD. In this comprehensive review, we analyze various stem cell candidates for treating PD and discuss the possible mechanisms. We advocate the advantage of using neural crest originated Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC) due to their predisposition towards neural differentiation and their potential to regenerate neurons far better than commonly used bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Eventually, we highlight the current challenges in the field and the strategies, which may be used for overcoming the impediments.

Role of Salvage Surgery in Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia: a Regional Cancer Centre Experience.

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a curable cancer with chemotherapy. However, some develop chemoresistance to standard chemotherapy and surgery can be a useful option in them. Our study aimed to assess the role of salvage surgery in GTN with chemoresistance. It is a retrospective hospital-based study from 2000 to 2021. Case sheets of women who underwent salvage surgery for chemoresistance were reviewed and clinical parameters like preoperative hCG, antecedent pregnancy, WHO risk score, multiple chemotherapy regimens prior surgery, presence of > 1 disease site, and presence of residual choriocarcinoma that predicted the effect of surgery on serological response were assessed using Fisher's exact test. A total of 19 patients with high-risk GTN developed chemoresistance and underwent salvage surgery. Eight underwent hysterectomy, 3 underwent hysterectomy plus adnexal tumour resection, six received fertility-sparing surgery, and two underwent segmental resection of the lung. Histopathological examination revealed viable tumour in 7/19 patients, but significant fall in median hCG level from 161.5 mIU/ml (preoperatively) to 15.5 mIU/ml (postoperatively) was noted. Preoperative hCG < 100 mIU/ml (p = 0.019) was the most important determinant of complete response to surgery. All the patients who had disease confined to the uterus and/or lungs at the time of surgery achieved remission after completion of treatment. Our study concludes that in the case of chemoresistant high-risk GTN, carefully selected cases with low hCG levels and disease confined to the uterus and/or lungs get the most benefit of surgery. The use of postoperative chemotherapy after complete response is essential to maintain remission and prevent relapse.

A Prospective Study on Metronomic Scheduling of Non-chemotherapeutic Drugs in Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancers.

The objectives of this study are to assess the role of non-chemotherapeutic combination of drugs as maintenance therapy, after standard treatment, for advanced epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) and to determine the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). One hundred women with advanced high-grade EOC who had completed standard treatment by primary/interval debulking surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy were randomised to either receive (study group) or not to receive (control group) the non-chemotherapeutic maintenance therapy (oral metformin, anastrozole, aspirin, atorvastatin, vitamin D, injection zoledronic acid). Both groups were followed up, and trends of RFS and CSS were analysed. One hundred patients were analysed. Median RFS was 18 months (95% CI: 13-24) in study group versus 16 (95% CI: 14-20) in the control group (P value = 0.57). Median CSS in the study group was lesser than that in the control group (47 months (95% CI: 31-68) versus 51 (95% CI: 32-66), P value = 0.76). Five-year CSS was not significantly different between the groups (47% study vs 40% control, P value = 0.51). The use of combination of non-chemotherapeutic drugs as maintenance therapy was found to have no significant impact on the survival or reduction of recurrences in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13193-020-01261-w.

Effects of Cationic Polyacrylamide and Cationic Starch on Aquatic Life.

Geotextile tubes with polyacrylamide flocculants are widely used in dewatering applications. Due to variations in solid concentrations during dredging, excess flocculant is sometimes released into the environment, where it might have toxic effects. This study determined optimum doses for a cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and a natural-based polymer alternative, cationic starch (C. Starch). Slurry samples were treated with optimum and 50% overdoses of each compound, and residual polymer concentrations were measured. Overdosed C. Starch resulted in low residuals (<2 ppm), but overdosed CPAM resulted in 17.4 ppm residual polymer. The relative toxicity of CPAM and C. Starch was also tested using zebrafish embryos. 100% of embryos that had their chorion removed and 71.8% of embryos that retained their chorions, were dead or dying after 7 days of exposure to CPAM. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of embryos that were dead or dying, when exposed to C. Starch, compared to controls. These data strongly suggest that C. Starch should be considered as a replacement to CPAM in dewatering applications.

A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Aramany Class I Obturator Fabricated with Different Alloys.

AIM: The aim of the research was to develop a model that accurately represents an Aramany class I defect and its obturator prostheses fabricated with cobalt-chromium alloy and titanium alloy to compare the deflection and the stress distribution in the rehabilitated area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aramany class I defect and the obturator prostheses were generated geometrically using ANSYS 14.5; both were superimposed on each other to mimic the prostheses and the maxilla as one unit. Meshing of models was carried out using hypermesh software and materialistic properties were assigned. The 120 newton load was constituted on the teeth in different directions. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis of Finite element was not possible. Self-explanatory decoding results in the software were used. RESULTS: The stress distribution and deflection executed by ANSYS provided results that enabled the tracing of Von Mises stress and deflection field in the form of color-coded bands with values in mega pascal. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that Von Mises stresses are higher for the frame work fabricated with cobalt-chromium alloy compared to titanium alloy. The framework made of titanium alloy showed more deflection than cobalt-chromium alloy.

Socket Shield: A Case Report.

It is fairly common to remove a severely compromised tooth and provide rehabilitation by means of an implant. Resorption of alveolar bone after extraction resulting in loss of bone height and width is an unpleasant sequelae causing difficulty in implant placement. Few procedures have been promoted to attain the required bone height and width, such as guided bone regeneration socket preservation with the use of various graft materials and barrier membranes. The disadvantages of these techniques are some amount of ridge height loss and loss of buccal/facial, ridge contour. The socket shield technique is a new method where a buccal segment of root is retained as a shield, which aids in retaining periodontal ligament on buccofacial aspect. The implant is placed (immediate placement) lingual to this shield. This maintains the alveolar ridge height and buccofacial contour, thus providing superior aesthetics. This case report shows placement of an implant in upper anterior region using this technique.

HEK-293 secretome attenuates kainic acid neurotoxicity through insulin like growth factor-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases pathway and by temporal regulation of antioxidant defense machineries.

A major impediment in the success of cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases is the poor survival of grafted cells in the in vivo milieu, predominantly due to accumulated reactive oxygen species, thus prompting the search for suitable alternatives. Accumulating evidence suggests that the therapeutic potential of transplanted cells is partially attributed to the secretome released by them into the extracellular milieu. Studies that investigated the neuroprotective potential of the secretome attributes to the mere presence of growth factors without addressing other underlying cellular/molecular changes that occur upon post-secretome intervention like re-establishing the host cell's free radical scavenging machineries. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell line derived secretome (HEK-S) in an in vitro model of kainic acid (KA) induced neurodegeneration and explored the possible neuroprotective mechanism(s) of HEK-S. Murine hippocampal cells were exposed to toxic doses of KA (200µM) for 6hours (H) or 24H to induce excitotoxicity. Kainic acid exposed hippocampal cells were then treated with HEK-S either simultaneously or 6h post-KA exposure. Our results revealed that HEK-S confers significant neuroprotection in early/later stages of neurodegeneration through insulin like growth factor (IGF) - phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) pathway, efficiently restoring the host's free radical scavenging mechanisms at molecular-cellular-biochemical levels and also by modulating kainate receptor subunit expressions in host neurons.

Nicotine-Induced Effects on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs), Ca2+ and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in STC-1 Cells.

In addition to the T2R bitter taste receptors, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have recently been shown to be involved in the bitter taste transduction of nicotine, acetylcholine and ethanol. However, at present it is not clear if nAChRs are expressed in enteroendocrine cells other than beta cells of the pancreas and enterochromaffin cells, and if they play a role in the synthesis and release of neurohumoral peptides. Accordingly, we investigated the expression and functional role of nAChRs in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. Our studies using RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques demonstrate that STC-1 cells express several α and ß nAChR subunits. Exposing STC-1 cells to nicotine acutely (24h) or chronically (4 days) induced a differential increase in the expression of nAChR subunit mRNA and protein in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Mecamylamine, a non-selective antagonist of nAChRs, inhibited the nicotine-induced increase in mRNA expression of nAChRs. Exposing STC-1 cells to nicotine increased intracellular Ca2+ in a dose-dependent manner that was inhibited in the presence of mecamylamine or dihydro-ß-erythroidine, a α4ß2 nAChR antagonist. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein were detected in STC-1 cells using RT-PCR, specific BDNF antibody, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Acute nicotine exposure (30 min) decreased the cellular content of BDNF in STC-1 cells. The nicotine-induced decrease in BDNF was inhibited in the presence of mecamylamine. We also detected α3 and ß4 mRNA in intestinal mucosal cells and α3 protein expression in intestinal enteroendocrine cells. We conclude that STC-1 cells and intestinal enteroendocrine cells express nAChRs. In STC-1 cells nAChR expression is modulated by exposure to nicotine in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Nicotine interacts with nAChRs and inhibits BDNF expression in STC-1 cells.

Expression of VEGF-A in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Correlation with Morphologic Types, Grade and Clinical Stage.

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A) in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) and to correlate the intensity of expression with morphologic types, histologic grade and clinical stage of the disease. METHODS: Tissue microarrays were constructed from paraffin blocks of 78 cases of EOC in duplicate. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF A was carried out with mouse monoclonal antibody and the intensity was scored independently by two pathologists (CSP and MA). RESULTS: Twenty six of 78 (33.3%) cases of primary malignant epithelial ovarian neoplasm showed high VEGF A expression. Among high expressors, 23 were seen in serous carcinomas, two in undifferentiated carcinomas and one in mixed carcinoma. High expression was not seen in other types like, endometrioid, mucinous and clear cell carcinomas. High VEGF-A expression was also associated high grade and advanced stage of the disease. CONCLUSION: High VEGF-A expression in epithelial ovarian cancer was found to be associated with serous morphology, high grade and advanced stage of the disease. Though some degree of VEGF A expression was seen in most ovarian carcinomas, high expression was seen in only one third of cases and this may help in selecting the patients for targeted therapy with antiangiogenic agents.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Mimicking as Ovarian Tumor in Gynaecologic Oncology.

To report the clinical presentation and outcomes of a series of patients who presented with abdominal/pelvic mass or pelvic pain and were diagnosed with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Retrospective data were collected of all patients who presented with an abdominal/pelvic mass or pelvic pain between January 2010 and July 2015 and who were ultimately diagnosed with a GIST. The patients' medical records were reviewed. A literature review was also conducted. The event free survival and overall survival was calculated for all patients using Kaplan Meier curve (SPSS19-SPSS Inc. USA). A total ten patients were identified with GIST during the study period. Eight of ten patients had a tumor in the small intestine, one in sigmoid colon and one in base of small bowel mesentry. The mean tumor size was 13.9 cm (range, 3.9 to 24 cm). A complete resection was achieved in all 10 patients. No patient had distance metastasis. There were no intraoperative complications. One patient developed postoperative intestinal fistula and was managed conservatively. All patients were treated with imatinib after surgery. The mean follow-up time was 18 months (range, 2 to 47 months). The seven of the 10 patients (70 %) with no evidence of disease, two (20 %) lost follow up and one patient developed recurrence during follow up period and was started on sunitinib and patient died during follow up period because of disease. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with an abdominal/pelvic mass or pelvic pain in Gynaecologic oncology department. In such unusual circumstances the complete resection and appropriate adjuvant treatment results in complete durable remission.

Biodegradation of 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl, a congener of polychlorinated biphenyl, by Pseudomonas isolates GSa and GSb.

Bioegradation of 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,4 CB), by two isolates of Pseudomonas (GSa and GSb) was compared using GC-MS. Transformer oil polluted soil was used for the isolation of 2,4 CB degrading bacteria. GC-MS analysis of the solvent extracts obtained from Pseudomonas sp. GSa spent culture indicated the presence of Phenol 2,6-bis (1,1-dimethyl)-4-methyl (C15H24O). Further, the enzyme analysis of the cell free extracts showed the presence of 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl dehalogenase (CBD), 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,4 CBOR) and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,3 DHOR) with specific activity of 6.00, 0.4 and 0.22 pmol/min/mg of protein, suggesting that dechlorination as an important step during 2,4 CB catabolism. Further, the cell free extract of GSb showed only 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,4 CBOR) and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,3 DHOR), with specific activity of 0.3 and 0.213 µmol/min/mg of protein, suggesting attack on non-chlorinated aromatic ring of 2,4 CB, releasing chlorinated intermediates which are toxic to the environment. Although, both the isolated bacteria (GSa and GSb) belong to Pseudomonas spp., they exhibited different metabolic potential.

Degradation of 2,4 dichlorobiphenyl via meta-cleavage pathway by Pseudomonas spp. consortium.

Two bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas sp. GSa and Pseudomonas sp. GSb) were in close association able to assimilate 2,4 dichlorobiphenyl (2,4 CB), a PCB congener. GC-MS analysis of spent culture medium of the consortium with 2,4 CB as substrate showed 90 % degradation (according to Electron capture detection values) with catechol as one of the important intermediate compounds through meta-cleavage pathway. Further, ability of the consortium to utilise PCB congeners, Methoxychlor, Aroclor 1016, Chlorobenzoic acids and Monoaromatic compounds indicated that the consortium of GSa and GSb would be an ideal candidate for in situ bioremediation of PCB.

Primary peritoneal carcinoma: regional cancer institute experience.

Primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC) is a rare malignancy that arises primarily from peritoneal surface epithelium. However there are limited studies on these tumors even in world literature. To study the clinical, pathologic profile, outcome and prognostic features of PPSC. A 5 year retrospective study of PPSC diagnosed and treated at our centre was conducted. The pathological specimen of PPSC diagnosed from January 2008 to December 2012 were reviewed by gynaeconcopathologists. The diagnosis was based on GOG criteria, complemented with IHC. Majority of the patients underwent upfront de-bulking surgery. Postoperatively, six cycles of combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel (175 mg/m(2)) and carboplatin (AUC 6) was administered every 3 weekly. These patients were analysed for progression free survival (PFS), this was correlated with stage and surgical adequacy. The median age of presentation was 56 years. The total number of ovarian cancers treated during study period was 374. The 30 cases were clinically suspected to have primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC) on pre- and intra-operatve gross findings, but further evaluation with histopathological examination, IHC and GOG criteria revealed only 10 cases were genuine PPSC. The remaing 20 cases; 13 were found to poorly differentiated ovarian carcinomas, six were primary fallopian tube carcinoma and one was appendicular carcinoma. The 10 (2.7 %) cases of the 374 were eligible for the PPSC analysis. The two (20 %) of the 10 cases had family history of breast and ovarian cancers, two (20 %) cases were diagnosed as abdominal tuberculosis (TB) prior referral to our centre. Radiological presentation includes gross ascites, with omental caking and normal adenexa. The eight (80 %) of 10 cases presented with stage IIIC and other two cases (20 %) with stage IV disease. The eight (80 %) of 10 cases underwent upfront surgery; six (75 %) of these eight cases had optimal cytoreduction, i.e. residual disease (RD) <1 cm or no visible disease (R0) and other two (25 %) suboptimal cytoreduction. The two (20 %) of 10 cases with stage IV disease received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval cytoreduction. After debulking surgery the most useful IHC marker include CK7+, CK20-, CA125+, WT-1+, and GCDFP- . At median follow up of 24 months (range 3-60 months), the median progression free survival (PFS) was 22 months, while the estimated 5 year PFS was 18 %. Stage IV disease and suboptimal surgery had poor outcome. The PPSC presents with advanced stage disease and are observed to be misdiagnosed abdominal TB in tropical countries. The GOG criteria and IHC complement the diagnosis. These have poor outcome despite optimal care, highlighting need for larger studies on this disease.

An innovative approach in the management of palatogingival groove using Biodentine™ and platelet-rich fibrin membrane.

Palatogingival groove is an anatomical malformation that often causes severe periodontal defects. Treatments of such an anomaly present a clinical challenge to the operator. Careful endodontic and periodontal procedures may restore the form and function. In the present case; root canal therapy, apicectomy, and sealing of the groove with Biodentine™ were done. Bone graft was placed followed by platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane. This treatment modality resulted in gain in attachment, reduction in pocket depth, and deposition of bone in the osseous defect. A 24 month follow-up is included.

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of demineralized bone matrix (grafton) as a bone graft material in the treatment of human periodontal intraosseous defects.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) as a bone graft material in the treatment of human intrabony periodontal defects as compared with control defects treated by open flap debridement (OFD) alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A controlled clinical trial was carried out for a period of 9 months in 11 patients (4 males and 7 females) with an age group of 25-50 years, contributing to a total of 30 defects. The selected defects were then randomly divided in to experimental sites (OFD + DBM) and control sites (OFD alone). Probing depth, clinical attachment levels and position of the gingival margin were recorded at baseline 3, 6 and 9 months post-operatively. Standardized radiographs (parallel technique) were also documented at these recall intervals. RESULTS: On completion of 9 months, the mean percentage of probing depth reduction achieved in the experimental sites and control sites was 61.70%, 23.86% respectively. The mean percentage of clinical attachment level gain was 61.34% and 19.37% in the experimental and control sites respectively. In the experimental sites recession was observed to a lesser extent. CONCLUSION: The use of DBM was more effective than OFD in improving clinical parameters and radiographic bone fill as shown in the present study. However, there is a need for further long term studies.