ABSTRACT
A series of aryl carboxamide and benzylamino dispiro 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane analogues have been designed and synthesized in a short synthetic sequence from readily available starting materials. From this series of endoperoxides, molecules with in vitro IC50s versus Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) as low as 0.84â¯nM were identified. Based on an assessment of blood stability and in vitro microsomal stability, N205 (10a) was selected for rodent pharmacokinetic and in vivo antimalarial efficacy studies in the mouse Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum Pf3D70087/N9 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse models. The results indicate that the 4-benzylamino derivatives have excellent profiles with a representative of this series, N205, an excellent starting point for further lead optimization studies.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Malaria , Morpholines/chemical synthesis , Plasmodium falciparum , Tetraoxanes/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Antimalarials/chemistry , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Stability , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Malaria/drug therapy , Mice , Morpholines/chemistry , Morpholines/therapeutic use , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Rats , Tetraoxanes/chemistry , Tetraoxanes/therapeutic useABSTRACT
K13 gene mutations are a primary marker of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria that threatens the long-term clinical utility of artemisinin-based combination therapies, the cornerstone of modern day malaria treatment. Here we describe a multinational drug discovery programme that has delivered a synthetic tetraoxane-based molecule, E209, which meets key requirements of the Medicines for Malaria Venture drug candidate profiles. E209 has potent nanomolar inhibitory activity against multiple strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax in vitro, is efficacious against P. falciparum in in vivo rodent models, produces parasite reduction ratios equivalent to dihydroartemisinin and has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics compatible with a single-dose cure. In vitro studies with transgenic parasites expressing variant forms of K13 show no cross-resistance with the C580Y mutation, the primary variant observed in Southeast Asia. E209 is a superior next generation endoperoxide with combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features that overcome the liabilities of artemisinin derivatives.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/pharmacology , Artemisinins/pharmacology , Drug Resistance/drug effects , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Plasmodium vivax/drug effects , Protozoan Proteins/metabolism , Tetraoxanes/chemistry , Tetraoxanes/pharmacology , Animals , Antimalarials/chemistry , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Resistance/genetics , Erythrocytes/parasitology , Female , Half-Life , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred NOD , Mice, SCID , Mutation , Plasmodium falciparum/genetics , Plasmodium vivax/genetics , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tetraoxanes/pharmacokinetics , TransgenesABSTRACT
Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) causes mitochondrial dysfunction and necrosis in acute pancreatitis (AP), a condition without specific drug treatment. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a mitochondrial matrix peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that regulates the MPTP and is a drug target for AP. We have synthesized urea-based small molecule inhibitors of cyclophilins and tested them against CypD using binding and isomerase activity assays. Thermodynamic profiles of the CypD/inhibitor interactions were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Seven new high-resolution crystal structures of CypD-inhibitor complexes were obtained to guide compound optimization. Compounds 4, 13, 14, and 19 were tested in freshly isolated murine pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) to determine inhibition of toxin-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and necrotic cell death pathway activation. Compound 19 was found to have a Kd of 410 nM and a favorable thermodynamic profile, and it showed significant protection of ΔΨm and reduced necrosis of murine as well as human PACs. Compound 19 holds significant promise for future lead optimization.
