Bench-to-bedside imaging in brain metastases: a road to precision oncology.

Radiology has seen tremendous evolution in the last few decades. At the same time, oncology has made great strides in diagnosing and treating cancer. Distant metastases of neoplasms are being encountered more often in light of longer patient survival due to better therapeutic strategies and diagnostic methods. Brain metastasis (BM) is a dismal manifestation of systemic cancer. In the present scenario, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are playing a big role in providing molecular information about cancer. Lately, molecular imaging has emerged as a stirring arena of dynamic imaging techniques that have enabled clinicians and scientists to noninvasively visualize and understand biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels. This knowledge has impacted etiopathogenesis, detection, personalized treatment, drug development, and our understanding of carcinogenesis. This article offers insight into the molecular biology underlying brain metastasis, its pathogenesis, imaging protocols, and algorithms. It also discusses disease-specific molecular imaging features, focusing on common tumors that spread to the brain, such as lung, breast, colorectal cancer, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Additionally, it covers various targeted treatment options, criteria for assessing treatment response, and the role of artificial intelligence in diagnosing, managing, and predicting prognosis for patients with brain metastases.

EnZolv delignification of cotton spinning mill waste and optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology (RSM).

BACKGROUND: EnZolv is a novel enzyme-based, eco-friendly biomass pretreatment process that has shown great potential in the field of textile engineering and biotechnology. It employs laccase from Hexagonia hirta MSF2 and 2% ethanol in the process of delignification. The process is designed to evaluate optimal conditions to remove lignin and other impurities from cotton spinning mill waste (CSMW), without compromising the quality and strength of the fibers. CSMW is a low-cost and readily available source of cellulose, making it an ideal candidate for delignification using EnZolv. By optimizing the pretreatment conditions and harnessing the potential of enzymatic delignification, this research aims to contribute to more sustainable and efficient ways of utilizing lignocellulosic biomass in various industries for the production of biochemical and bioproducts. RESULTS: The present study emphasizes the EnZolv pretreatment in the delignification of cotton spinning mill wastes irrespective of the cellulose content. EnZolv process parameters such as, moisture content, enzyme load, incubation time, incubation temperature, and shaking speed were optimized. Under pre-optimized conditions, the percent lignin reduction was 61.34%, 61.64%, 41.85%, 35.34%, and 35.83% in blowroom droppings (BD), flat strips (FS), lickerin fly (LF), microdust (MD) and comber noils (CN), respectively. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the statistically optimized EnZolv pretreatment conditions showed lignin reduction of 59.16%, 62.88%, 48.26%, 34.64%, and 45.99% in BD, FS, LF, MD, and CN, respectively. CONCLUSION: Traditional chemical-based pretreatment methods often involve harsh chemicals and high energy consumption, which can have detrimental effects on the environment. In contrast, EnZolv offers a greener approach by utilizing enzymes that are biodegradable and more environmentally friendly. The resulting fibers from EnZolv treatment exhibit improved properties that make them suitable for various applications. Some of the key properties include enhanced cellulose recovery, reduced lignin content, and improved biophysical and structural characteristics. These improvements can contribute to the fiber's performance and processability in different industries and future thrust for the production of cellulose-derived and lignin-derived bioproducts.

Landscaping tuberculosis multimorbidity: findings from a cross-sectional study in India.

BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity, the concurrent presence of two or more chronic conditions is an emerging public health challenge. Till date, most of the research have focused on the presence and interaction of selected co-morbidities in tuberculosis (TB). There exist a critical knowledge gap on the magnitude of multimorbidity among TB patients and its impact on health outcomes. METHODS: We undertook a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity among newly diagnosed TB patients in two states of India. A total of 323 patients were interviewed using a structured multimorbidity assessment questionnaire for primary care (MAQ-PC). MAQ-PC is already validated for Indian population and elicits 22 chronic conditions. We defined TB multimorbidity as the co-existence of TB with one or more chronic conditions and identified commonly occurring dyads (TB + single condition) and triads (TB + two conditions). RESULTS: More than half (52%) of TB patients reported multimorbidity. Among dyads, depression, diabetes mellitus (DM), acid peptic disease (APD), hypertension, chronic alcoholism, arthritis and chronic back ache (CBA) were the most common co-occurring conditions while 'DM + arthritis', 'depression + APD', 'depression + DM' were the most commonly occurring triads among TB patients. Factors such as increasing age, low levels of education, alcohol abusers, drug-resistant TB and having health insurance were significantly associated with multimorbidity among TB patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest high prevalence of multimorbidity among newly diagnosed TB patients in India. The presence of concordant and discordant conditions with TB may increase the health complexity, thus necessitating appropriate care protocols. Given, the current situation, wherein TB and non-communicable diseases (NCD) services are delivered through collaborative framework between programmes, there is a need for addressing multimorbidity at the healthcare delivery level.

Dimple Grinding Coupled with Optical Microscopy for Porosity Analysis of Metallic Coatings.

Dimple grinding is one of the steps used in a common method of preparing samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM); the TEM sample preparation process also involves ion beam sputtering after the dimpling stage. During dimpling, a spherical depression is machined into the sample, leaving a thicker rim to support and facilitate sample handling. In this paper, an alternative application for dimple grinding is developed; dimple grinding combined with optical microscopy is utilized to quantify internal porosity present within coatings. This technique essentially permits three dimensional porosity quantification across the coating thickness using a simple polishing method which provides analysis of areas larger than those observed during standard cross sectional microscopy. The application of this technique to nine electroless nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) coatings deposited on Mg substrates is demonstrated. An analysis linking medium P content in the Ni-P coatings and high coating thickness to lower porosity is also performed. The lowest porosity was observed for medium P content coatings (5.2 wt% P), while the largest porosity occurred for the high P content coatings (10.0 wt% P). Porosity levels decreased continuously with increasing coating thickness (from 28 µm to 57 µm).

Imaging of Neck Nodes in Head and Neck Cancers - a Comprehensive Update.

Cervical lymph node metastases from head and neck squamous cell cancers significantly reduce disease-free survival and worsen overall prognosis and, hence, deserve more aggressive management and follow-up. As per the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual, extranodal extension, especially in human papillomavirus-negative cancers, has been incorporated in staging as it is important in deciding management and significantly impacts the outcome of head and neck squamous cell cancer. Lymph node imaging with various radiological modalities, including ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, has been widely used, not only to demonstrate nodal involvement but also for guided histopathological evaluation and therapeutic intervention. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, together with positron emission tomography, are used widely for the follow-up of treated patients. Finally, there is an emerging role for artificial intelligence in neck node imaging that has shown promising results, increasing the accuracy of detection of nodal involvement, especially normal-appearing nodes. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis and management of involved neck nodes with a focus on sentinel node anatomy, pathogenesis, imaging correlates (including radiogenomics and artificial intelligence) and the role of image-guided interventions.

Bovine cerebral theileriosis: first molecular report in cross bred cattle calf in India.

Bovine tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata, is a serious constraint to Indian dairy industry with more fatal infections in exotic cattle and substantial losses to cross-bred and indigenous zebu cattle. The present communication is to place on record the first report of molecular based confirmed case of cerebral theileriosis caused by T. annulata coupled with its morphological detection, clinical manifestations, haematological alterations and therapeutic management in a cross bred cattle calf from India. After preparation of peripheral thin blood smear from cross bred cattle calf at the site of collection and fixation with methanol, blood sample brought to Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H, Jabalpur and stained by standard protocol for Giemsa staining. Genomic DNA was isolated from the collected blood sample using QIAamp® DNA blood mini kit following the manufacturer's recommendations and PCR was performed. The cross bred cow calf revealed high rise in temperature (105.5°F), increased heart rate, labored breathing with seromucous nasal discharge, enlargement of prescapular lymph node and animal exhibited tonic clonic convulsions in response to any sudden noise. Giemsa stained thin blood smear revealed intraerythrocytic piroplasm and Koch'sblue bodies of T. annulata within the cytoplasm of lymphocytes. The species of Theileria was confirmed by molecular amplification of genomic DNA as T. annulata.

Glioma radiogenomics and artificial intelligence: road to precision cancer medicine.

Radiogenomics refers to the study of the relationship between imaging phenotypes and gene expression patterns/molecular characteristics, which might allow improved diagnosis, decision-making, and predicting patient outcomes in the context of multiple diseases. Central nervous system (CNS) tumours contribute to significant cancer-related mortality in the present age. Although historically CNS neoplasms were classified and graded based on microscopic appearance, there was discordance between two histologically similar tumours that showed varying prognosis and behaviour, attributable to their molecular signatures. These led to the incorporation of molecular markers in the classification of CNS neoplasms. Meanwhile, advancements in imaging technology such as diffusion-based imaging (including tractography), perfusion, and spectroscopy in addition to the conventional imaging of glial neoplasms, have opened an avenue for radiogenomics. This review touches upon the schema of the current classification of gliomas, concepts behind molecular markers, and parameters that are used in radiogenomics to characterise gliomas and the role of artificial intelligence for the same. Further, the role of radiomics in the grading of brain tumours, prediction of treatment response and prognosis has been discussed. Use of automated and semi-automated tumour segmentation for radiotherapy planning and follow-up has also been discussed briefly.

Validation of satisfaction questionnaire for services provided in the labour rooms of government health facilities.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Using the assessment of satisfaction of patients of labour room services, the caregiver or policymakers can identify the gaps in the implemented programmes and health policies. This study was aimed to design a valid and reliable satisfaction questionnaire that will help in identifying the aspects of gaps that need improvement. METHODS: A facility and community-based observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the district of western Uttar Pradesh (India) between January 2019 and August 2020. Validation of the structured questionnaire with 34 dichotomous questions categorized under five subscales was performed by evaluating its validity and reliability. A total of 380 beneficiaries were selected from 48 government health facilities. RESULTS: The calculated Content validity index was calculated to be 9.5 which was adequate as per the guidelines. The reliability analysis of the questionnaire showed that the internal consistency was high with an overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.710. The variation in Cronbach's alpha on the elimination of any question from the questionnaire ranged from 0.676 to 0.767. The mean patient satisfaction score in the total surveyed population was 24.39±4.684 (total score=34) and there was a greater variation in the satisfaction score of infrastructure when compared with other subscales. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study support the reliability and validity of the patient satisfaction questionnaire as it is capable of evaluating the satisfaction in terms of delivery services provided in labour rooms as a whole.

Applications of Sentinel-2 satellite data for spatio-temporal mapping of deep pools for monitoring the riverine connectivity and assessment of ecological dynamics: a case from Godavari, a tropical river in India (2016-2021).

Rivers are dynamic ecosystems with diverse habitats that require ample connectivity to ensure the flow of ecosystem services, thus empowering the sustainable development of an entire basin. Geo-spatial tools offer powerful prospects for monitoring of aquatic ecosystems. The usefulness of Sentinel-2 datasets to assess river connectivity has been explored for an un-gauged seasonal river system. The present study was undertaken in five ecologically unique river reaches viz. Wainganga, Wardha, Pranhita, Godavari-mid and Manair in Godavari Basin in the Indian Deccan Plateau to map water spread dynamics at various time scales, i.e., fortnightly, monthly, seasonal, annual and demi-decadal during 2016-2021. The maximum value of perennial water spread per square kilometre of total floodplain area (2016-2021), determined using Sentinel-2 imageries, was observed in river Wardha (0.18) followed by Pranhita (0.12) and Wainganga (0.11). The water spread showed a decreasing trend, while the number of patches in the river corridor increased over time from post-monsoon to pre-monsoon season. The copious perennial habitat with relatively larger patches, incessant flow in river Pranhita and obstructed flow, large-sized patches reported in river Wardha during summer months, hold importance in terms of providing refuge to aquatic biota. This study provides evidence for the impact of water projects on spatio-temporal water spread dynamics in Godavari Basin. The demonstrated utility of Sentinel-2 imagery coupled with gauge station measurements for river continuity assessment and deep pool mapping would aid in enhancing our understanding on environmental flow at a spatial scale, which in turn would aid in effective river management to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The implications of this study for sustainable environmental management and limitations are also discussed.

ANN-GA based biosorption of As(III) from water through chemo-tailored and iron impregnated fungal biofilter system.

The iron impregnated fungal bio-filter (IIFB) discs of luffa sponge containing Phanerochaete chrysosporium mycelia have been used for the removal of As(III) from water. Two different forms of same biomass viz. free fungal biomass (FFB) and modified free fungal biomass (chemically modified and iron impregnated; CFB and IIFB) have been simultaneously investigated to compare the performance of immobilization, chemo-tailoring and iron impregnation for remediation of As(III). IIFB showed highest uptake capacity and percentage removal of As(III), 1.32 mg/g and 92.4% respectively among FFB, CFB and IIFB. Further, the application of RSM and ANN-GA based mathematical model showed a substantial increase in removal i.e. 99.2% of As(III) was filtered out from water at optimised conditions i.e. biomass dose 0.72 g/L, pH 7.31, temperature 42 °C, and initial As(III) concentration 1.1 mg/L. Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies proved that the process followed monolayer sorption pattern in spontaneous and endothermic way through pseudo-second order kinetic pathway. Continuous mode of As(III) removal in IIFB packed bed bioreactor, revealed increased removal of As(III) from 76.40 to 88.23% with increased column height from 5 to 25 cm whereas the removal decreased from 88.23 to 69.45% while increasing flow rate from 1.66 to 8.30 mL/min. Moreover, the IIFB discs was regenerated by using 10% NaOH as eluting agent and evaluated for As(III) removal for four sorption-desorption cycles, showing slight decrease of their efficiency by 1-2%. SEM-EDX, pHzpc, and FTIR analysis, revealed the involvement of hydroxyl and amino surface groups following a non-electrostatic legend exchange sorption mechanism during removal of As(III).

Control of post-harvest storage losses in water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxburg) fruits by natural functional herbal coating and gamma radiation processing.

Water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxburg) has short shelf life even after drying due to insect infestations resulting in huge economic losses to farmers. Study was performed including coating with Aloe-vera gel, air drying, LDPE packaging and gamma irradiation (≤ 1 kGy) were evaluated for their efficacy in controlling storage losses. The study was performed with complete randomized design up to 6-month storage period. Physico-chemical properties analysis indicated, weight loss (0.11-0.88%), damage (upto 6.5%) and lesser grain borer infestation (up to 16 no. per packet) during storage at different intervals. Moisture content ranged (9.25-10.10%), protein (8.82-8.89%), fat (0.90-1.00%), carbohydrate (76.83-76.89%), total ash (3.11-4.18%), total sugar (5.83-5.89%), reducing sugar (1.84-1.88%), non-reducing sugar (3.98-4.02%), amylose (66.54-66.64%), in-vitro starch digestibility (3.14-3.18%), phenolics (0.14-0.18%), acidity (0.11-0.12%) and ascorbic acid (41.66-50.00 mg/100 g). These treatments were not found to affect the quality attributes significantly however; it helps in controlling insect infestations at ambient condition. The sensory score of the product, 'Sev' was ranked as like slightly to moderately range. It could be concluded that water chestnut with combinations of 50% aloe-vera gel +0.75 kGy gamma radiation treatment could be stored up to 6 months with retention of quality attributes.

Interference of bio-control Trichoderma to enhance physical and physiological strength of sugarcane during Pokkah boeng infection.

Tremendous benefits have been derived from the use of fungicides but excessive use of chemical fungicides not only posing threat to human and animal life but also contaminates the prevailing environment. Damage by pathogenic fungi alone causes significant damage to crops like maize, rice, wheat, soybeans, and potatoes. Therefore, it becomes imperative that these diseases are checked and controlled, for which chemical pesticides are being sprayed on plants extensively. Considering the devastating damage and toxicity, the global focus has taken a drift from synthetic chemicals to nature-friendly biological control agents. The present study focuses on the use of biological control agents particularly Trichoderma in sugarcane during Pokkah boeng infection. In the present experiment, twenty promising Trichoderma strains were evaluated for plant growth promotion, lytic enzymes, and physiological and biocontrol activity. Out of the twenty, four potential Trichoderma strains were assessed in the pot experiment viz. T. harzianum strain T28, T41 and T49 and T. aureoviride strain T38. The T. harzianum (T28) showed efficient plant growth-promoting traits as it produced IAA (20.67 µg/ml), phosphorus solubilization (18.57 µg/ml), and cell wall degrading enzymes such as chitinase (24.98 µg/ml) and ß-glucanase (29.98 µg/ml). The interference of biocontrol agent T. harzianum (T28) controlled the disease by 73.55%. Apart from this, the inoculation of Trichoderma (T28) enhanced growth attributes including germination percentage (26.61%), mean tiller number (8.28 tiller/pot), individual cane length (241.5 cm), single cane weight (1.13 kg) and the number of milleable canes (6.00 cane/pot). Improvements in physiological activities at different growth stages of the sugarcane crop were observed based on the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the leaf surface, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rate. Further, improvement in juice quality parameters was also observed as it recorded the highest 0brix, sucrose, and commercial cane sugar by 21.26%, 19.28%, and 13.50%, respectively, by applying T. harzianum strain T28. Thus, results proved that T. harzianum strain T28 may be an effective eco-friendly biocontrol tool for managing Pokkah boeng disease in sugarcane. This is the first report of the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium proliferatum causing Pokkah boeng disease in sugarcane.

Diversification Options in Sugarcane-Based Cropping Systems for Doubling Farmers' Income in Subtropical India.

Crop diversification provides an opportunity for farmers to maximize their profits, fulfilling multiple needs, avoid monsoon threats, and make the crop production system sustainable. Inclusion of various pulse/oilseed/vegetables/cereals/medicinal/aromatic crops with sugarcane brings forth cultivation of these crops in irrigated agro-system and improves the yields of component crops. Besides, the component crops improve soil fertility and create a favorable environment for the further growth of sugarcane crops. Sprouting in winter-initiated sugarcane ratoon could be enhanced by adopting fodder legumes such as Indian clover and Egyptian clover. Intercropping vegetables provides an ample opportunity for mid-season income generation and improves profitability. Besides, high-value medicinal and aromatic crops such as tulsi (holy basil), mentha could also be included in the sugarcane-based system. Crop residue management has been recognized as a critical issue in managing the crops in the various cropping systems. Including multiple bio-agents for fast decomposition of crop residues provides scope for managing soil organic carbon through crop residue recycling in the system. Resource use efficiencies, nutrient use, water use, and weed control could be increased by adopting suitable crops in intercropping systems. An integrated farming system involving crop, livestock, and fisheries options could improve farmers' profit besides employment generation in rural India. Recycling of bye products and co-products of other enterprises influences the viability and farmer's profitability of the system. Trash, press mud cake, vinasse, composted bagasse, rhizodeposition of stubble play a significant role in sustaining soil fertility and increasing crop productivity. New emerging crop diversification options, viz., intercropping of rajmash, winter maize, and garlic in autumn cane generate mid-season income and enhance the system's profitability for small and marginal cane growers. Dual-purpose legumes, viz., cowpea, and green gram as intercrops with spring-planted cane increase the pool of soil microbial biomass nitrogen capitalize allelopathic effects and sustain soil health. In the present paper, these issues have been discussed. Due to the adoption of location-specific and farmers-centric systems, farmers' profitability could be increased, providing sustainability to the sugarcane-based systems.

Assessment of front-line healthcare workers' Knowledge, Attitude and Practice after several months of COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Frontline healthcare workers (F-HCWs) are at the forefront of medical care providers against the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which has life-threatening potentials. Inadequate knowledge and incorrect attitudes among HCWs can directly influence practices and lead to delayed diagnosis, poor infection control practices, and spread of disease. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding the COVID-19 pandemic among the frontline healthcare workers (F-HCWs) working at a tertiary care hospital situated in eastern Uttar Pradesh and to identify the factors significantly associated with KAP. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 health care providers across eastern Uttar Pradesh including Basti city during December 2020. Data was collected using a self-primed pretested questionnaire from the FHCWs working at a tertiary care hospital of eastern Uttar Pradesh. In this survey, a convenience sampling method was adopted. 12 items on knowledge, 10 items on attitude, and 5 items on practices related to COVID-19. The other variables consisted of 4 items on socio-demographic attributes, p-value and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed to assess the attitude and practices in relation to knowledge. RESULTS: Of the total 260 study population, 228 were interviewed online, 32 were self-administered. Knowledge and attitude of the nursing staff were highest but practice score was best for residents. Among different age groups knowledge, attitude and practices scores were highest for 35-45, 45-60 and 25-35 age groups respectively. Respondents having 5-10 years of experience had the best knowledge and the attitude score was highest for HCWs having 10-20 years' experience but the practice score was higher for HCWs having more than 20 years' work experience. Overall knowledge score of respondents having strong correlation with attitude (p<0.05) and to the practice (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In this survey many F-HCWs reported adequate overall knowledge with a positive attitude and adopted appropriate practices. The F-HCWs with a higher level of education and more years of experience in health care facilities had better KAP towards COVID-19.

Fate and transport in environmental quality.

Changes in pollutant concentrations in environmental media occur both from pollutant transport in water or air and from local processes, such as adsorption, degradation, precipitation, straining, and so on. The terms "fate and transport" and "transport and fate" reflect the coupling of moving with the carrier media and biogeochemical processes describing local transformations or interactions. The Journal of Environmental Quality (JEQ) was one of the first to publish papers on fate and transport (F&T). This paper is a minireview written to commemorate the 50th anniversary of JEQ and show how the research interests, methodology, and public attention have been reflected in fate and transport publications in JEQ during the last 40 years. We report the statistics showing how the representation of different pollutant groups in papers changed with time. Major focus areas have included the effect of solution composition on F&T and concurrent F&T, the role of organic matter, and the relative role of different F&T pathways. The role of temporal and spatial heterogeneity has been studied at different scales. The value of long-term F&T studies and developments in modeling as the F&T research approach was amply demonstrated. Fate and transport studies have been an essential part of conservation measure evaluation and comparison and ecological risk assessment. For 50 years, JEQ has delivered new insights, methods, and applications related to F&T science. The importance of its service to society is recognized, and we look forward to new generations of F&T researchers presenting their contributions in JEQ.

Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global health concern owing to its complexity, which often poses a great challenge to the development of therapeutic approaches. No single theory has yet accounted for the various risk factors leading to the pathological and clinical manifestations of dementia-type AD. Therefore, treatment options targeting various molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease have been unsuccessful. However, the exploration of various immunotherapeutic avenues revitalizes hope after decades of disappointment. The hallmark of a good immunotherapeutic candidate is not only to remove amyloid plaques but also to slow cognitive decline. In line with this, both active and passive immunotherapy have shown success and limitations. Recent approval of aducanumab for the treatment of AD demonstrates how close passive immunotherapy is to being successful. However, several major bottlenecks still need to be resolved. This review outlines recent successes and challenges in the pursuit of an AD vaccine.

Biomarkers-based assessment of triclosan toxicity in aquatic environment: A mechanistic review.

Triclosan (TCS), an emergent pollutant, is raising a global concern due to its toxic effects on organisms and aquatic ecosystems. The non-availability of proven treatment technologies for TCS remediation is the central issue stressing thorough research on understanding the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and assessing vital biomarkers in the aquatic organism for practical monitoring purposes. Given the unprecedented circumstances during COVID 19 pandemic, a several-fold higher discharge of TCS in the aquatic ecosystems cannot be considered a remote possibility. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers for assessing chronic effects of TCS are prerequisites for addressing the issues related to its ecological impact and its monitoring in the future. It is the first holistic review on highlighting the biomarkers of TCS toxicity based on a comprehensive review of available literature about the biomarkers related to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, hematological, alterations of gene expression, and metabolic profiling. This review establishes that biomarkers at the subcellular level such as oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxicity, and metabolic enzymes can be used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of TCS in future investigations. Micronuclei frequency and % DNA damage proved to be reliable biomarkers for genotoxic effects of TCS in fishes and other aquatic organisms. Alteration of gene expression and metabolic profiling in different organs provides a better insight into mechanisms underlying the biocide's toxicity. In the concluding part of the review, the present status of knowledge about mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of TCS and its relevance in understanding the toxicity is also discussed referring to the relevant reports on microorganisms.