Analysis on the Connotation and Practice Path of Ideological and Political Construction of Medical Courses / 中国医学伦理学

The ideological and political construction of medical courses reveals the educational essence of "truth, goodness, and beauty" in medicine. Scientificity and humanity are the embodiment of "seeking truth" and "advocating goodness" in medicine, and the unity of their content and form reaches the highest level of "advocating beauty". Studying the ideological and political construction of medical courses plays an important role in implementing the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education, and carrying out the Healthy China initiative. In terms of teaching objectives, the goals of ideological and political education in medical courses should not only include the goals of basic literacy goals, such as political literacy, cultural literacy, legal literacy, and moral cultivation, but also include professional literacy goals, such as medical humanistic cultivation. Thus, a "five in one" model of ideological and political education in medical courses will be established. In the practical path, it is suggested to explore from five aspects that changing the educational concept and strengthening the educational awareness, establishing teaching objectives and clarifying education direction, digging deeply into the ideological and political elements and clearing teaching content, innovating teaching methods and improving teaching effectiveness, and constructing evaluation indicators and evaluating teaching effectiveness scientifically.

Path of constructing a "seven-in-one" medical postgraduate education quality assurance system in military medical universities / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This paper analyzes the current situation of constructing postgraduate education quality assurance systems worldwide, and explores the specific path of constructing a "seven-in-one" medical postgraduate education quality assurance system. The system should be constructed according to the education practice in military medical universities and consider the following aspects: first-class students, first-class teaching, first-class tutors, first-class disciplines, first-class management, first-class culture, and first-class achievements. The system should be constructed by enrollment reform and innovation, teaching method reform, tutor team construction, discipline construction, cultural atmosphere creation, and emphasis on cultivating achievements.

Reform in cultivation of medical graduate innovation ability / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This article elaborates how to facilitate the cultivation reform of medical graduate innovation ability from four perspectives: graduates, colleges or universities, supervisors and the society. Graduates should focus on studying high-quality academic papers, participate in various academic competitions, and actively apply for research projects; universities should innovate education philosophy, optimize curriculum system, create innovation-stimulating cultural atmosphere, establish quality supervision mechanism; supervisors should set a good example for their students, maintain a harmonious relationship with students, take the responsibility of fostering virtue though education and organize excellent supervisor team; and the society should support universities to realize "industry-education collaboration".

Research Progress on Dysemenorrhea of Essential Oils of Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological disease in clinic， with primary dysmenorrhea and secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea is usually not accompanied by organic lesions in genital organs， which is mainly related to the increase of prostaglandin content in endometrium during menstruation. Secondary dysmenorrhea is accompanied by organic lesions of reproductive organs， often associated with local lesions of reproductive organs， but also with patients' mental factors and neuroendocrine factors.The incidence of dysmenorrhea is as high as 73.8%， and there is no radical cure method， which has a great impact on the life， work and learning of patients. Chinese medicine essential oil widely exists in aromatic Chinese medicine， with antibacterial， antioxidant and anticancer activities. It can regulate neuroendocrine function， anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects， and improve mood by regulating the levels of prostaglandins， oxytocin and other hormones in the body and regulating the emotions of patients， there by alleviating dysmenorrhea to a certain extent. In recent years， many scholars have made more in-depth research on Chinese medicine essential oil in alleviating dysmenorrhea， but there is a lack of comprehensive collation of such studies. In this regard， the author has systematically sorted out the generation and classification of dysmenorrhea， the mechanism of action of essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate dysmenorrhea and the application of essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine in the field of dysmenorrhea by consulting relevant literature in Chinese and foreign languages in recent years， so as to provide reference for the treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae.

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.

Synergistic myoprotection of L-arginine and adenosine in a canine model of global myocardial ischaemic reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous nitric oxide and adenosine increase simultaneously to keep the balance of energy demand and supply when the oxygen supply is insufficient, which suggests that nitric oxide and adenosine might exert a synergistic myoprotection during tissue hypoxia. In this study, we tested this hypothesis utilizing a canine model of prolonged global myocardial ischaemic reperfusion injury. METHODS: In this double blind, controlled study, the hearts of 24 anaesthetized mongrel dogs were arrested for 2 hours with aortic cross clamping and blood cardioplegia. The treatment groups were those supplemented with 2 mmol/L L-arginine (ARG), supplemented with 1 mmol/L adenosine (ADO), ARG + ADO supplemented with both, and no supplementation (control) (n = 6 in each group). Haemodynamics, biochemical indices, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and myeloperoxidase activities of myocardium were determined to evaluate myocardial injury. Statistical comparison was performed by two way ANOVA. RESULTS: Although the requirements for inotropic supports were higher, the cardiac outputs were lower in control group than in ARG, ADO and the combination groups. Plasma cardiac troponin I levels were higher and the areas of hydropic changes were larger in control group than in ARG and ADO groups. Combination of arginine and adenosine provided further myoprotection with respect to better cardiac performance, lower release of cardiac troponin I, and smaller areas of hydropic changes compared with ARG and ADO groups. ATP content was higher, but myeloperoxidase activities of myocardium were significantly lower in the combination group than in control, ARG and ADO groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Combination of L-arginine and adenosine provides synergistic myoprotection in a canine model of global myocardial ischaemia. Thus, the combination is recommended when the heart is exposed to a prolonged ischaemia during cardiac surgery.

Synergistic myoprotection of L-arginine and adenosine in a canine model of global myocardial ischaemic reperfusion injury / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Endogenous nitric oxide and adenosine increase simultaneously to keep the balance of energy demand and supply when the oxygen supply is insufficient, which suggests that nitric oxide and adenosine might exert a synergistic myoprotection during tissue hypoxia. In this study, we tested this hypothesis utilizing a canine model of prolonged global myocardial ischaemic reperfusion injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this double blind, controlled study, the hearts of 24 anaesthetized mongrel dogs were arrested for 2 hours with aortic cross clamping and blood cardioplegia. The treatment groups were those supplemented with 2 mmol/L L-arginine (ARG), supplemented with 1 mmol/L adenosine (ADO), ARG + ADO supplemented with both, and no supplementation (control) (n = 6 in each group). Haemodynamics, biochemical indices, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and myeloperoxidase activities of myocardium were determined to evaluate myocardial injury. Statistical comparison was performed by two way ANOVA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Although the requirements for inotropic supports were higher, the cardiac outputs were lower in control group than in ARG, ADO and the combination groups. Plasma cardiac troponin I levels were higher and the areas of hydropic changes were larger in control group than in ARG and ADO groups. Combination of arginine and adenosine provided further myoprotection with respect to better cardiac performance, lower release of cardiac troponin I, and smaller areas of hydropic changes compared with ARG and ADO groups. ATP content was higher, but myeloperoxidase activities of myocardium were significantly lower in the combination group than in control, ARG and ADO groups (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Combination of L-arginine and adenosine provides synergistic myoprotection in a canine model of global myocardial ischaemia. Thus, the combination is recommended when the heart is exposed to a prolonged ischaemia during cardiac surgery.</p>

[The influence of leukocyte depletion filter-LD-1 on leukocytes, IL-6, MPO and the pathologic changes of myocardic tissues during cardiopulmonary bypass].

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the influence of the leukocyte depletion filter (LD-1) on leukocytes, IL-6, myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO) and the pathological changes of myocardic tissues during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB). METHODS: Twelve dogs were used in this study. The LD-1, designed and made by ourselves, was fixed on the venous line in the trial group (n=6). It was used during the first 5 min after 2 min of CPB. LD-1 was not installed in the control group (n=6). Circulating leukocytes were counted before CPB, at 10 min, 40 min, 75 min during CPB, at the end of CPB, and 2 h after CPB. Plasma levels of IL-6 and MPO were also determined at the same time. The pathologic changes of left ventricular biopsies were observed before CPB, 5 min after protamine was given, and 2 h after CPB. RESULTS: The CPB 10 min WBC Count fell to 36% of that Before CPB in LD-1 group, which was lower than the WBC count in the control group synchronously (P < 0.01). But after CPB 2 h, both of them were close to the levels Before CPB in the two groups. In LD-1 group, IL-6 increased at CPB 40 min and reached to the top. But after wards it dropped continuously. The changes were of no significance in MPO and in the pathological examination of myocardic tissues (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The LD-1 on venous line was capable of decreasing WBC count effectively. As a result, the inflammation factors that leukocytes released were lower, so the program chain of inflammation by CPB was shorter. But LD-1 was not superior in myocardial preservation.