ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to identify profiles of adolescents based upon body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions, and to examine whether these profiles differed from each other in terms of their exercise addiction (EA) symptoms. A sample of 703 Brazilian adolescents (41% girls) completed a self-report questionnaire. The results from a two-step cluster analysis identified four profiles: prideful (19.5%), low self-consciousness (31.7%), moderately high self-consciousness (29.2%), and shameful-guilty (19.6%). The prideful profile was characterized by a greater presence of boys, as well as by higher frequency/intensity levels of exercise than the remaining groups. The shameful-guilty profile was characterized by a greater presence of girls and by higher levels of BMI compared to the remaining groups. Regarding EA symptoms, the results from the ANCOVA/MANCOVA analyses revealed that the prideful profile showed (i) higher salience and tolerance levels than the low-level balanced self-consciousness profile, and (ii) higher salience and lower conflict compared to the shameful-guilty profile. Additionally, the moderately high self-consciousness profile showed (i) higher salience and tolerance levels than the low self-consciousness profile, and (ii) higher salience levels than the shameful-guilty profile. Identifying subgroups on the basis of body appearance-related self-conscious emotions contributes to explaining different EA symptoms in adolescents.
Subject(s)
Behavior, Addictive/psychology , Body Image/psychology , Emotions , Exercise/psychology , Adolescent , Brazil , Female , Humans , Male , Self ReportABSTRACT
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale in Brazilian adolescents. A sample of 827 adolescents (55% boys) filled out a questionnaire comprising the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale and instruments assessing social physique anxiety, positive/negative affect, and self-esteem. After removing one item originally proposed for the guilt factor (Item 7), the results supported a 4-factor structure that was invariant across gender and weight status. Evidence supporting the internal consistency, temporal stability, and convergent validity of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale cores were also obtained. These results support the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale as a psychometrically robust instrument to assess body and appearance self-conscious emotions in Brazilian adolescents.
Subject(s)
Emotions , Shame , Adolescent , Brazil , Female , Guilt , Humans , Male , Psychometrics , Self ConceptABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study is to identify profiles of adolescent exercisers based on exercise addiction symptoms (EA), and to examine differences in several health-related variables potentially related to EA across these profiles. METHODS: A sample consisting of 618 adolescents, aged from 13 to 17 years, completed a questionnaire assessing EA, exercise characteristics (i.e., frequency and intensity of exercise), depression, body image (i.e., body appreciation and social physique anxiety), and disordered eating (i.e., concerns about eating and body weight gain as well as restrictive and compensatory practices). RESULTS: The profile analysis identified three EA profiles, which were labelled: low-risk, high-risk with conflict and high-risk without conflict. Based on their scores for the health-related variables considered, the low-risk profile emerged as the least problematic; this increasing in the high-risk without conflict and even more so in the high-risk with conflict profiles. Nevertheless, individuals belonging to the high-risk without conflict profile showed similar body appreciation scores but lower social physique anxiety scores than those belonging to the low-risk profile. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by both its cross-sectional design and the self-reported nature of the collected data. CONCLUSIONS: Conflict symptom may be relevant in explaining the differences in certain health-related variables between adolescents showing similarly high levels of EA.
Subject(s)
Body Image , Feeding and Eating Disorders , Adolescent , Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise , HumansABSTRACT
El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar mediante un estudio de caso único, cómo la discrepancia entre la imagen corporal del ideal delgado y la real puede estimular los procesos de formación del sujeto neoliberal. El instrumento de recogida de información fue la entrevista cualitativa, abierta y semiestructurada. Los resultados muestran cómo la imagen corporal del ideal delgado puede funcionar como una tecnología de poder, al exhibir un cuerpo normalizado y homogéneo que estimula los procesos reflexivos críticos sobre uno mismo, procesos que pueden abocar en prácticas de transformación del propio cuerpo, contribuyendo a la construcción de sujetos sensibles al impulso neoliberal. Finalmente, aportamos algunas implicaciones pedagógicas para el desarrollo de tecnologías del yo liberadoras orientadas al autoconocimiento y al aumento de la consciencia crítica.
O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar, através de um único estudo de caso, como a discrepância entre a imagem corporal do magro ideal e o real pode estimular os processos de formação do sujeito neoliberal. O instrumento de coleta de informações foi a entrevista qualitativa, aberta e semi-estruturada. Os resultados mostram como a imagem corporal do ideal magro pode funcionar como uma tecnologia de potência, exibindo um corpo ideal normalizado e homogêneo que estimula processos reflexivos críticos sobre si mesmo, processos que podem levar a práticas de transformação do próprio corpo, contribuindo para a construção do corpo, contribuído para a construção de sujeitos sensíveis ao impulso neoliberal. Por fim, fornecemos algumas implicações pedagógicas para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias libertadoras de si voltadas para o autoconhecimento e o aumento da consciência crítica.
As a single case study, this paper shows how the discrepancy between the thin-ideal body image and the real body can drive processes that form the neoliberal subject. Data were collected through qualitative, open and semi-structured interviews. The results show how the thin-ideal body image can function as a power technology by exhibiting a normalized and homogeneous ideal body that stimulates critical reflective processes about oneself, which can lead to practices of transformation of the body itself, contributing to form subjects that are receptive to the neoliberal impulse. Finally, we point out some pedagogical implications for the development of liberating technologies of the self, aimed at self-knowledge and increasing critical awareness.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Awareness , Body Image , Body Patterning , Power, PsychologicalABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la versión española del Goal Content Exercise Questionnaire. Un total de 398 estudiantes universitarios (302 hombres y 96 mujeres) participaron en este estudio cumplimentando diferentes instrumentos que evaluaban la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, las regulaciones motivacionales y los contenidos de metas en el contexto del ejercicio. Los resultados apoyaron tanto un modelo de cinco factores correlacionados (afiliación social, gestión de la salud, desarrollo de habilidad, imagen, y reconocimiento social) como un modelo con dos factores de orden superior denominados metas intrínsecas y metas extrínsecas. La estructura de ambos modelos fue invariante en función del género. Se obtuvieron adecuados valores de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. Los contenidos de metas intrínsecos estuvieron asociados positivamente con la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y con una regulación autónoma de la conducta del ejercicio, mientras que los contenidos de metas extrínsecas estuvieron asociados positivamente con una regulación controladora de esta conducta. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan apoyo para el uso del Goal Content Exercise Questionnaire en el contexto español de cara a medir las metas intrínsecas y extrínsecas en el ejercicio en línea con los postulados de la teoría de la autodeterminación.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire. A total of 398 university students (302 males and 96 females) par ticipated in this study, and completed questionnaires that measured the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivational regulations, and goal content for exercise. The results suppor ted the first-order five-factor model (social affiliation, health management, skill development, image and social recognition), as well as the higher order two-factor model, called intrinsic and extrinsic goals, respectively. The structure of both models did not change with gender. Ade quate levels were obtained for internal consistency and temporal stability. Intrinsic goals were positively associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs and autonomous regulation in exercise, while extrinsic goals were positively associated with controlling regulation. The fin dings of this study provided support to use Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire in Spanish context in order to measure intrinsic and extrinsic exercise goals, in line with the postulates of self-determination theory.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Motivation , Psychometrics , Exercise , Validation Study , Personal AutonomyABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI) en el contexto brasileño. Participaron en el estudio 251 estudiantes universitarios (hombres = 132, mujeres = 119, Medad = 22.34, DT = 4.65). Los resultados mostraron un adecuado ajuste del modelo a los datos: χ2 (9, N = 251) = 17.45, p = 0.04; χ2/gl = 1.94; CFI = 0.96; IFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.061 (IC 90 % = 0.01-0.10); SRMR = 0.041. La estructura factorial se mostró invariante respecto del género. Se obtuvieron adecuados valores de consistencia interna (ρ = 0.70) y estabilidad temporal (CCI = 0.80). Dieciséis (6.4 %) participantes fueron clasificados en riesgo de adicción, 198 (78.9 %) como sintomáticos y 37 (14.7 %) como asintomáticos. Se obtuvieron evidencias que permiten sugerir la validez y la fiabilidad del EAI en el contexto brasileño. No obstante, las investigaciones con poblaciones más diversas deberían determinar la aplicabilidad general del EAI.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) in the Brazilian context. A total of 251 university students (male = 132, female = 119, Mage = 22.34, SD = 4.65) participated in the study. Results showed an adequate fit to the data: χ2 (9, N = 251) = 17.45, p = .04; χ2/gl = 1.94; CFI = .96; IFI = .96; RMSEA = .061 (IC 90 % = .01-.10); SRMR = .041. The factorial structure was invariant across gender. Adequate values of internal consistency (ρ = .70) and temporal stability (ICC = .82) were obtained. Sixteen students (6.4 %) were classified at risk of exercise addiction, 198 (78.9 %) as symptomatic and 37 (14.7 %) as asymptomatic. Evidence for the reliability and validity of the EAI in the Brazilian context were obtained. Nevertheless, research in more diverse populations is needed to further examine the general applicability of the EAI.
Subject(s)
Psychometrics , Students , ExerciseABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Through an example of structure analysis of the narrative of flow by one elite sportsman, this article attempts to shed some light on this debate in the context of understanding flow experiences as a narrative. A sportsman was invited to (a) think about flow moments; (b) describe these experiences in as much detail as possible; and (c) contextualize the experiences by delving into his life story. The recorded interviews of the participant were transcribed and subject to categorical-form and categorical-content analyses. The results show that: (a) the form and content of this participant's flow experiences were mediated by the narrative structure of his story and (b) the very story was what provided meaning to the participant's experiences of flow.
RESUMEN A través de un ejemplo de análisis de la estructura de las narrativas de flow contadas por un deportista de élite, el presente artículo intenta arrojar algo de luz sobre el debate de entender las experiencias de flow como narrativa. Un deportista fue invitado para que (a) pensara sobre momentos de flow, (b) describiera esas experiencias con tanto detalle como fuera posible, y (c) contextualizara las experiencias ahondando en su historia de vida. Las entrevistas grabadas del participante fueron transcritas y sometidas tanto a un análisis de contenido categorial como a un análisis de forma categorial. Los resultados muestran que: (a) la forma y el contenido de las experiencias de flow del participante estuvieron mediadas por la estructura narrativa de su historia y (b) la historia narrada fue la que proporcionó significado a las experiencias de flow del participante.
Subject(s)
Sports , Narration/historyABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la versión española del Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire (PACSQ) dentro del contexto de la Educación Física (EF). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 858 estudiantes, de edades comprendidas entre 15 y 21 años. Las propiedades psicométricas del PACSQ fueron analizadas a través de varios análisis. Los resultados apoyaron el modelo de primer orden con nueve factores y el modelo de orden superior. La estructura de ambos modelos fue invariante respecto al género. La correlaciones entre las subescalas indicaron un modelo factorial relacionado, apoyando la validez de constructo de la escala. Los valores alfa de Cronbach fueron superiores a 0.7 y se obtuvieron niveles apropiados de estabilidad temporal. Los resultados de este estudio muestran evidencias de validez para la utilización del PACSQ en el contexto español.
The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Physical Activity Class Questionnaire (PACSQ) into the physical education (PE) context. The sample consisted of 858 students, aged between 15 to 21 years, and the psychometric properties of the PACSQ were examined through different analyses. The results supported both the first- order nine -factor model and the higher-order model. The structure of both models was invariant across gender. Correlations among the subscales indicated a related factor model supporting construct validity of the scale. Alpha values over 0.7 and suitable levels of temporal stability were obtained. The findings of this study provided validity evidences for using the PACSQ in a Spanish context.
Subject(s)
Personal Satisfaction , Physical Education and Training , PsychometricsABSTRACT
Este artículo pretende contribuir al debate sobre el cambio en las sociedades occidentales avanzadas, utilizando como elemento de análisis la evolución de la práctica física y deportiva en España. Basado en los datos más recientes sobre hábitos deportivos de los españoles, y en los resultados de distintos estudios sobre centros fitness, este ensayo sugiere que la práctica física en estos escenarios refleja el cambio social de acuerdo con el enfoque relacional entre posmodernismo y capitalismo de Fredric Jameson. Por un lado, se presentan indicadores que señalan las actividades físicas en centros fitness como prácticas emergentes y culturalmente diferentes del deporte moderno, si bien, por otro lado, se muestran algunos indicadores que apuntan la existencia de una radicalización de las formas modernas de práctica. De este modo, el argumento defendido en este ensayo es que el nuevo sistema deportivo que proponen los centros fitness puede verse como una expresión clara del giro cultural posmoderno bajo la permanencia de formas económicas capitalistas y, en esta línea, refleja las tensiones entre la percepción de autonomía, libertad y la subjetividad de la acción individual, frente a la racionalidad, la mercantilización y el control social
This article joins the debate on the change experienced by advanced Western societies, approached through the perspective of sports practice and physical activity in Spain. Based on recent data on Spanish sports practice and studies on fitness centres, this essay suggests that physical activity in this scenario reflects social change according to Fredric Jameson's relational perspective between postmodernism and capitalism. On the one hand, some indicators point out physical activities at fitness centers as emerging and culturally different from modern sports practice; on the other hand, other indicators show more radical forms of modern practice. Therefore, the argument upheld in this essay is that the new sport system put forward by fitness centres is an expression of the new postmodern cultural turn under economic capitalist forms still in use, and thus it reflects tensions between perception of autonomy, freedom and subjectivity of individual action and rationalization, social control, and mercantilization
Este artigo pretende contribuir ao debate sobre as mudanças nas sociedades ocidentais avançadas desde a perspectiva da prática de exercício físico na Espanha. Partindo dos dados mais recentes sobre hábitos de exercícios físicos dos espanhóis e analisando diferentes estudos sobre centros esportivos, nesse trabalho sugere-se a ideia de que o exercício físico neste cenário reflete a mudança social de acordo com a abordagem relacionada entre pós-modernismo e o capitalismo de Fredric Jameson. Por um lado, apresentamos indicadores que nos apontam os exercícios físicos em centros esportivos, como práticas emergentes e culturalmente diferentes do esporte moderno, mas, por outro lado, também encontramos alguns indicadores que mostram a existência de uma radicalização das formas modernas da prática. Assim, nosso argumento é que os novos sistemas de exercícios físicos propostos pelos centros esportivos locais podem ser vistos como uma expressão clara da mudança cultural pós-moderna sob a permanência das formas econômicas e capitalistas. Essa linha reflete as tensões entre a percepção de autonomia, liberdade e a subjetividade da ação individual, contra a racionalidade, a negociação e o controle social. Palavras chave: Pós-modernismo. Academias de ginástica
Subject(s)
Humans , Fitness Centers , Capitalism , Postmodernism , SportsABSTRACT
Basado en la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre los motivos para el ejercicio físico y la frecuencia informada de práctica semanal en una muestra representativa de la población adulta de una ciudad. En este estudio participaron 918 habitantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 89 años. Los participantes contestaron el autoinforme de motivos para la práctica de ejercicio físico e informaron sobre la asiduidad con la que realizaban ejercicio físico. Controlando los efectos de la edad y el sexo, los análisis multivariantes de covarianza mostraron que los participantes que realizaban ejercicio físico con mayor frecuencia semanal informaron puntuaciones más altas en los motivos autodeterminados y no autodeterminados para practicar ejercicio físico, a excepción del motivo de urgencias de salud. Los resultados apoyan los supuestos de la teoría de la autodeterminación al sugerir que los participantes van internalizando la conducta del ejercicio a medida que son más activos físicamente. Sin embargo, los resultados también indican que determinados motivos no autodeterminados se muestran pertinentes para la práctica física. Los responsables de la política deportiva municipal deberían buscar formas apropiadas de combinar motivos no autodeterminados con formas más internalizadas que garanticen una adherencia más prolongada al ejercicio.
Based on self-determination theory, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the reasons for exercise and its reported weekly frequency in a representative sample of an adult urban population. A total of 918 inhabitants, aged between 16 and 89, participated in this study answering the Spanish version of the Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2) and reporting on their exercise frequency. Controlling for the influence of age and gender, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that participants who reported the highest exercise frequency had the highest score on both self-determined and controlling exercise motives, except the ill-health avoidance motive. The results support propositions of self-determination theory, and suggest that citizens may internalize exercise behaviour as they become more physically active. However, the results also suggest that some controlling motives are pertinent to exercise. Decision makers of the local sport policy should look into suitable ways of combining both controlling motives and more internalized motives in order to produce long lasting exercise adherence in citizens.
ABSTRACT
El propósito de este trabajo fue validar al contexto español el Cuestionario del Clima Motivacional Iniciado por los Padres-2 (PIMCQ-2). Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 108 jugadores de tenis, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 17 años. Se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas realizando un análisis factorial exploratorio, un análisis factorial confirmatorio y un análisis de la consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach. Además, se examinó la validez convergente analizando las correlaciones entre el clima motivacional iniciado por padres y madres, y el clima motivacional del entrenador. Los resultados reflejaron la necesidad de eliminar seis ítems del instrumento original para obtener unos índices de ajuste aceptables en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, aunque se mantuvo la misma estructura factorial. Se obtuvieron valores de consistencia interna aceptables para los tres factores. Además, se hallaron evidencias externas de validez, puesto que las dimensiones del clima motivacional de padres y madres se relacionaron con las dimensiones del clima motivacional del entrenador. En conclusión, el estudio demostró de forma preliminar que la versión española del PIMCQ-2 revelaba unas adecuadas propiedades psicométricas.
The purpose of this study was to validate the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire-2 (PIMCQ-2) in the Spanish context. To achieve this goal, a sample of 108 tennis players aged between 12 and 17 was used. The psychometric properties of the PIMCQ-2 were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and an analysis of the internal consistency through Cronbach alpha. Convergent validity was also examined analyzing the correlations among parent-initiated motivational climate and coach motivational climate. The results showed the necessity to eliminate six items from the original instrument to obtain acceptable fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis, although the factor structure remained unchanged. Acceptable values of internal consistency were obtained for the three factors. There was also external evidence of validity, since the dimensions of parent-initiated motivational climate were related to the dimensions of coach motivational climate. In conclusion, this preliminary study showed that the Spanish version of the PIMCQ-2 revealed appropriate psychometric properties.