ABSTRACT
The oxidative stress response, gated by the protein-protein interaction of KEAP1 and NRF2, has garnered significant interest in the past decade. Misregulation in this pathway has been implicated in disease states such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic chronic wounds. Many of the known activators of NRF2 are electrophilic in nature and may operate through several biological pathways rather than solely through the activation of the oxidative stress response. Recently, our lab has reported a nonelectrophilic, monoacidic, naphthalene-based NRF2 activator which exhibited good potency in vitro. Herein, we report a detailed structure-activity relationship of naphthalene-based NRF2 activators, an X-ray crystal structure of our monoacidic KEAP1 inhibitor, and identification of an underexplored area of the NRF2 binding pocket of KEAP1.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this review is to highlight recent developments in small molecules and peptides that block the binding of coactivators to steroid receptors. These coactivator binding inhibitors bind at the coregulator binding groove, also known as Activation Function-2, rather than at the ligand-binding site of steroid receptors. Steroid receptors that have been targeted with coactivator binding inhibitors include the androgen receptor, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Coactivator binding inhibitors may be useful in some cases of resistance to currently prescribed therapeutics. The scope of the review includes small-molecule and peptide coactivator binding inhibitors for steroid receptors, with a particular focus on recent compounds that have been assayed in cell-based models.
Subject(s)
Peptides/pharmacology , Receptors, Steroid/metabolism , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Binding Sites/drug effects , Humans , Models, Molecular , Peptides/chemistry , Protein Binding/drug effects , Protein Conformation , Receptors, Androgen/chemistry , Receptors, Androgen/metabolism , Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism , Receptors, Progesterone/chemistry , Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism , Receptors, Steroid/chemistry , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistryABSTRACT
Activators of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) could lead to promising therapeutics for prevention and treatment of oxidative stress and inflammatory disorders. Ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the transcription factor NRF2 is mediated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (KEAP1). Inhibition of the KEAP1/NRF2 interaction with small molecules leads to NRF2 activation. Previously, we and others described naphthalene-based NRF2 activators, but the 1,4-diaminonaphthalene scaffold may not represent a drug-like scaffold. Paying particular attention to aqueous solubility, metabolic stability, potency, and mutagenicity, we modified a previously known, naphthalene-based nonelectrophilic NRF2 activator to give a series of non-naphthalene and heterocyclic scaffolds. We found that, compared to previously reported naphthalene-based compounds, a 1,4-isoquinoline scaffold provides a better mutagenic profile without sacrificing potency, stability, or solubility.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Isoquinolines/pharmacology , Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Naphthalenes/chemistry , Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/drug effects , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Humans , Isoquinolines/chemistry , Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/chemistry , Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/genetics , Keratinocytes/cytology , Keratinocytes/drug effects , Keratinocytes/metabolism , Mutagenesis , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/chemistry , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium/geneticsABSTRACT
A new computational approach to obtain quantitative energy profiles for helix folding was used in the design of orthogonal hydrocarbon and lactam bicyclic peptides. The proteolytically stable, "cross-stitched" peptide SRC2-BCP1 shows nanomolar affinity for estrogen receptor α and X-ray crystallography confirms a helical binding pose.
