Attendance in Physical Education classes and associated factors among high school students / Participação nas aulas de Educação Física e fatores associados em estudantes do ensino médio

This study examined the prevalence of attendance in Physical Education (PE) classes and associated factors among high school students. A cross-sectional study performed with 2,874 public and private high school students (57.9% girls, mean age of 16.45 years; SD = 1.22) from João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. Attendance in PE classes was measured by the question: 'How many PE classes do you attend during a normal week? The factors measured were: attitude, self-efficacy, risks and benefits related to physical activity (PA), perceived health, PA level, sedentary behavior and nutritional status. Binary logistic regression was used. It was observed that 41.9% attended two or more PE classes per week, with higher prevalence rates in public school students than private school counterparts (56.6% vs. 6.6%; p < 0.001). Higher attendance in PE classes was observed in male and younger students from both school systems. It was also observed in students who did not work, were members of the highest economic class and whose parents had higher schooling levels in public schools, and from 1st and 2nd grades of high school education in private institutions. Attending two or more PE classes per week is positively associated with a more favorable attitude to engaging in PA as well as its level, in both school systems, and with positive health perception among public students. In conclusion, attendance in PE classes was low, particularly in private schools. Attending two or more PE classes per week was associated with positive aspects of PA and health in the students under study

O presente estudo determinou a prevalência de participação nas aulas de Educação Física (EF) e analisou fatores associados em estudantes do ensino médio. Estudo transversal com 2.874 estudantes do ensino médio das redes pública e privada (57,9% feminino, média de idade = 16,45 anos; DP = 1,22) de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. A participação nas aulas foi mensurada pela pergunta: 'Durante uma semana normal, em quantas aulas de EF você participa?'. Os fatores mensurados foram: atitude, autoeficácia, riscos e benefícios relacionados à prática de atividade física (AF), percepção de saúde, nível de AF, comportamento sedentário e estado nutricional. Foi utilizada regressão logística binária. Observou-se que 41,9% dos estudantes parti-cipavam de duas aulas ou mais de EF por semana, sendo maior nas escolas públicas comparado às privadas (56,6% vs. 6,6%; p < 0,001). Uma maior participação nas aulas foi identificada nos estudantes do sexo masculino e mais jovens de ambas redes de ensino, nos estudantes da rede pública que não trabalhavam, de classe econômica mais alta e com maior escolarização dos pais, e naqueles da rede privada das 1ª e 2ª séries do ensino médio. Participar de duas ou mais aulas de EF por semana foi positiva e significativamente associada com atitude mais favorável à prática e ao nível de AF dos estudantes; e com percepção positiva de saúde nos estudantes da rede pública. A participação nas aulas de EF foi baixa, particularmente na rede privada. Participar de duas ou mais aulas de EF por semana se associou a aspectos positivos em relação à AF e à saúde dos estudantes

Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae endophytes from healthy Theobroma cacao L. trees can systemically colonize seedlings and promote growth.

Clonal genotypes resistant to fungal diseases are an important component of the cocoa production system in southeastern Bahia state (Brazil), so that technologies for faster production of stronger and healthier plantlets are highly desirable. In this study, the effects of inoculated bacterial endophytes isolated from healthy adult cacao plants on seedlings, and aspects related to inoculation methods, colonization patterns, and photosynthesis were investigated. Sequencing of 16S rRNA, hsp-60, and rpo-B genes placed the wild-type isolates within the species Enterobacter cloacae (isolates 341 and 344) and Bacillus subtilis (isolate 629). Spontaneous rifampicin-resistant (rif(R)) variants for 344 were also produced and tested. Endophytic application was either by immersion of surface sterilized seeds in bacterial suspensions or direct inoculation into soil, 20 days after planting non-inoculated seeds into pots. Results from in vitro recovery of inoculated isolates showed that the wild-type endophytes and rif(R) variants systemically colonized the entire cacao seedlings in 15-20 days, regardless of the inoculation method. Some endophytic treatments showed significant increases in seedlings' height, number of leaves, and dry matter. Inoculation methods affected the combined application of endophytes, which maintained the growth-promotion effects, but not in the same manner as in single applications. Interestingly, the 344-3.2 rif(R) variant showed improved performance in relation to both the wild type and another related variant. Photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance increased significantly for some endophytic treatments, being partially associated with effects on growth and affected by the inoculation method. The results suggest that E. cloacae and B. subtilis endophytes from healthy adult plants (not transmitted by seeds) were able to promote vegetative growth on cacao seedlings. The development of products for large-scale use in seedlings/plantlets production systems was discussed.

Condições de espaços públicos destinados a prática de atividades físicas na cidade de Pelotas/RS/Brasil / Public area conditions and physical activity practice in the city of Pelotas/RS/Brazil

As condições estruturais públicas são determinantes para aumentar o número de inativos fisicamente já que grande parte da população não tem acesso a lugares privados para a realização de atividades físicas. Com isso, os parques e as praças, constituem os principais exemplos de espaços públicos destinados ao lazer. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de realizar um diagnóstico das condições de parques e praças do município de Pelotas para a prática de lazer e atividades físicas. Foi conduzido um estudo observacional descritivo na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas-RS. Os ambientes foram avaliados de acordo com os seis domínios que compõem o instrumento BRAT-DO. Foram visitados um total de 63 praças/parques, distribuídos nos seis bairros do município. As áreas mais freqüentes para atividades nos locais avaliados foram os espaços verdes (85,7%) e campos de futebol (47,6%). No domínio segurança, 66,7% das praças/parques foram consideradas muito inseguro/inseguro, sendo que 95,2% deles não podiam ser trancados e 1/5 não apresentava qualquer iluminação na área alvo. Em relação à existência de quadras esportivas, 95,2% das praças/parques não possuíam esses locais. Não foram encontradas trilhas ou pistas de caminhada assim como áreas destinadas à realização de alongamentos, exercícios e ginástica. A existência de playground foi observada em 31,8% dos locais visitados e em 47,6% foram encontrados campo para a prática de esportes. Apesar de distribuídas por toda a cidade as praças/parques carecem de uma melhor estruturação além de uma melhora na conservação do ambiente.

The public structural conditions are crucial to increase the number of physically inactivity individuals, since much of the population has no access to private places for physical activity. Parks and squares are the main examples of public spaces for leisure. This study aimed to perform a diagnosis of the conditions of parks and squares of Pelotas city for leisure and physical activities practice. It was a descriptive observational study conducted in the urban area of Pelotas. Environments were evaluated through the six areas that make up the instrument BRAT-DO. We visited a total of 63 squares/parks, distributed in six areas of the municipality. The most common areas for activities were green spaces (85.7%) and soccer (47.6%). In terms of security, 66.7% of squares/parks were considered very unsafe/insecure, with 95.2% of them could not be locked and 1/5 did not show any light in the target area. Regarding the existence of sports, 95.2% of squares/parks had no such places. There were no trails or hiking trails as well as areas for the achievement of stretching, exercise and fitness. The existence of playground was observed in 31.8% of the places visited and 47.6% of squares/parks presented sports . Although distributed throughout the city squares/parks need a better structure than an improvement in conservation the environment.