Ethanol binge drinking exposure during adolescence displays long-lasting motor dysfunction related to cerebellar neurostructural damage even after long-term withdrawal in female Wistar rats.

Ethanol is one of the psychoactive substances most used by young individuals, usually in an intermittent and episodic manner, also called binge drinking. In the adolescent period, brain structures undergo neuromaturation, which increases the vulnerability to psychotropic substances. Our previous studies have revealed that ethanol binge drinking during adolescence elicits neurobehavioral alterations associated with brain damage. Thus, we explored the persistence of motor function impairment and cerebellum damage in the context of ethanol withdrawal periods (emerging adulthood and adult life) in adolescent female rats. Female Wistar rats (35 days old) received orally 4 cycles of ethanol (3.0 g/kg/day) or distilled water in 3 days on-4 days off paradigm (35th until 58th day of life). Motor behavioral tests (open field, grip strength, beam walking, and rotarod tests) and histological assays (Purkinje's cell density and NeuN-positive cells) were assessed on the 1-, 30-, and 60-days of binge alcohol exposure withdrawal. Our findings demonstrate that the adolescent binge drinking exposure paradigm induced cerebellar cell loss in all stages evaluated, measured through the reduction of Purkinje's cell density and granular layer neurons. The cerebellar tissue alterations were accompanied by behavioral impairments. In the early withdrawal, the reduction of spontaneous movement, incoordination, and unbalance was seen. However, the grip strength reduction was found at long-term withdrawal (60 days of abstinence). The cerebellum morphological changes and the motor alterations persisted until adulthood. These data suggest that binge drinking exposure during adolescence causes motor function impairment associated with cerebellum damage, even following a prolonged withdrawal, in adult life.

Lumbar spine bone mineral density in women breastfeeding for a period of 4 to 6 months: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: During the breastfeeding period, important transient changes in calcium homeostasis are verified in the maternal skeleton, to meet the demand for calcium for breastmilk production. The literature is inconclusive regarding the causes and percentages of involvement of bone densitometry resulting from exclusive breastfeeding (4 to 6 months). METHODS: This article aims to systematically review the literature, to determine the occurrence, intensity, and factors involved in alterations in maternal bone mineral density (BMD), during a period of 4 to 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. The search descriptors "woman", "breastfeeding", "human milk", and "bone mineral density" were used in the electronic databases of the Virtual Health Library, Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online), CAPES Periodicals Portal, LILACS, Embase, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science in June 2023. Inclusion criteria for breastfeedingmothers were; aged to 40 years, primigravida, exclusively breastfeeding, with BMD assessments using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with values expressed at baseline and from 4 to 6 months postpartum. The Jadad scale, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine - levels of evidence were adopted to assess the quality of the studies. For the meta-analytical study, statistical calculations were performed. RESULTS: Initially, 381 articles were found using the search strategy and 26 were read in full. After risk of bias analysis, 16 articles remained in the systematic review and four were included in the meta-analysis. The studies showed a reduction in bone mass in the lumbar spine in the first months postpartum (4 - 6 months), when compared with a longer period of breastfeeding (12-18 months). The breastfeeding group presented a greater impact in the meta-analysis than the control group (non-breastfeeding, pregnant, or immediate postpartum), with a reduction in BMD in the lumbar spine of -0.18 g/cm2 (-0.36, -0.01 g/cm2); 95% Confidence Interval, on a scale from 0 to 10. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated a transitory reduction in bone densitometry of the lumbar spine during exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months, which was gradually restored later in the postpartum period. More prospective studies are needed to better understand the topic. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO platform (nº CRD42021279199), November 12th, 2021.

Effect of two combinations of low-dose oral contraceptives on adolescent bone mass: A clinical trial with 2 years follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: Most contraceptive combinations can interfere with the processes of bone formation and resorption. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 combinations of low-dose oral hormonal contraceptives (20 µg ethinyl estradiol [EE]/150 mg desogestrel [COC1] or 30 µg EE/3 mg drospirenone [COC2]) on bone mass acquisition in adolescents over 2 years by means of bone densitometry and measurement of biomarkers of bone remodeling. METHODS: Parallel-group, non-randomized controlled clinical trial of 127 adolescents divided into a control group and 2 groups receiving either COC1 or COC2. The participants were submitted to anthropometric assessment and evaluation of secondary sexual characteristics (Tanner criteria) and bone age. Bone densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and measurement of bone biomarkers (bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and C-terminal telopeptide) were performed at baseline and after 24 months. RESULTS: No significant differences in the variables analyzed were observed between COC1 or COC2 users and the control group at baseline. After 24 months, non-users had incorporated more bone mass (content and density) than either group of contraceptive users. This negative impact was more pronounced in the COC2 group than in the COC1 group. A significant reduction in the percentage values of bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin was observed in users of oral contraceptives. CONCLUSION: Bone mass acquisition was compromised in adolescent users of combined hormonal contraceptives. The negative impact was more pronounced in adolescents using contraceptives that contain 30 µg EE/3 mg drospirenone.

Impact of metabolic syndrome and its components on bone remodeling in adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are diseases that have serious public health consequences, reducing the quality of life of patients and increasing morbidity and mortality, with substantial healthcare expenditures. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of MetS on bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption in adolescents with excess weight. METHOD: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was performed that evaluated 271 adolescents of both sexes (10 to 16 years). From the total sample, 42 adolescents with excess weight and the presence of MetS (14%) were selected. A further 42 adolescents with excess weight and without MetS were chosen, matched for chronological age, bone age, and pubertal developmental criteria to those with MetS, for each sex. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure collection, and biochemical tests were performed in all adolescents, as well as evaluation of BMD and the bone biomarkers osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and carboxy-terminal telopeptide (S-CTx). RESULTS: The adolescents with excess weight and MetS exhibited significantly lower transformed BMD and concentrations of BAP, OC, and S-CTx compared to the matched group, except for OC in boys. A negative and significant correlation was observed between total body BMD and BAP (r = -0.55568; p = 0.005), OC (r = -0.81760; p = < .000), and S-CTx (r = -0.53838; p = 0.011) in girls. CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome may be associated with reduced bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption in adolescents with excess weight.

Binge-Like Exposure During Adolescence Induces Detrimental Effects in Alveolar Bone that Persist in Adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol (EtOH) intake during adolescence has become an important public health issue. Although the detrimental effects of EtOH intake on the musculoskeletal system are well known, only a few studies have investigated its impact on the stomatognathic system of adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the effect of EtOH binge drinking on the alveolar bone and the long-term consequences after abstinence. METHODS: Adolescent female Wistar rats (35 days old) were exposed to 4 cycles of EtOH binge drinking (3 g/kg/d; 3 days On-4 days Off) or distilled water (control group). Alveolar bone micromorphology and vertical bone distance were evaluated at 1, 30, and 60 days after that last EtOH intake through X-ray computed microtomography. The mineral:matrix ratio was assessed through Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS: A decrease in both trabecular thickness and volume ratio, and an increase in trabecular separation were observed at the 1-day evaluation (immediate withdrawal). After 30 and 60 days, the alveolar bone parameters were found similar to control, except for the mineral:matrix ratio in the long-term abstinence. CONCLUSIONS: EtOH binge drinking during adolescence results in alveolar bone damage that may persist in adulthood, even after abstinence.

Relationship of levels of trace elements in saliva and dental caries in preschool children using total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique (TXRF)⋆.

BACKGROUND: Considering that studies on the relationship between dental caries and trace elements present contradictory and inconclusive results, the purpose of this study was to determine the levels of salivary trace elements in saliva samples of preschool children and investigate their relationship with dental caries. METHODS: In total, 120 samples of unstimulated saliva were collected from children aged 36-72 months, of both sexes, who participate in the preventative educational program in oral health at the State University of Londrina, Brazil. The children were divided into two groups, caries (n = 60) and non-caries (n = 60). Levels of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were analyzed by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). Descriptive statistics, the Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson's Chi-squared test were performed (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The concentrations of Mn and Fe were significantly higher in the caries group (Mn =0.015 mg/L [0.007-0.020]; Fe =0.080 mg/L [0.031-0.239] than the non-caries group (Mn =0.010 mg/L [0.001 - 0.017]; Fe =0.044 mg/L [0.023 - 0.107]). CONCLUSION: The results suggest a relationship between trace elements and dental caries, indicating possible involvement of these elements in the metabolism of microorganisms involved in the carious process. In addition, the use of TXRF presented satisfactory results, with a simple and fast methodology for the detection of the studied elements.

Ganoderma lucidum Ameliorates Neurobehavioral Changes and Oxidative Stress Induced by Ethanol Binge Drinking.

Ganoderma lucidum, mushroom used for centuries by Asian peoples as food supplement, has been shown interesting biological activities, including over the Central Nervous System. Besides, these mushroom bioactive compounds present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. On the side, binge drinking paradigm consists of ethanol exposure that reflects the usual consumption of adolescents, which elicits deleterious effects, determined by high ethanol consumption, in a short period. In this study, we investigated whether the Aqueous Extract of G. lucidum (AEGl) reduces the behavioral disorders induced by alcohol. Male (n = 30) and female Wistar rats (n = 40), seventy-two days old, were used for behavioral/biochemical and oral toxicity test, respectively. Animals were exposed to 5 binges (beginning at 35 days old) of ethanol (3 g/kg/day) or distilled water. Twenty-four hours after the last binge administration, animals received AEGl (100 mg/kg/day) or distilled water for three consecutive days. After treatment protocol, open field, elevated plus maze, forced swim, and step-down inhibitory avoidance tests were performed. Oxidative stress parameters were measured to evaluate the REDOX balance. Our results demonstrated that AEGl elicited the recovery of spontaneous horizontal exploration capacity, anxiogenic- and depressive-profile, as well as short-term memory damage induced by binge-ethanol exposure. The behavioral effects of the extract were associated to the reequilibrium of the animals' REDOX balance. Thus, AEGl, a medicinal mushroom, ameliorates behavioral alteration on a model of motor, cognitive and psychiatric-like disorders induced by binge drinking paradigm and emerges as a useful tool as a food supplement in the management of disorders of alcoholic origin.

Prolonged caffeine intake decreases alveolar bone damage induced by binge-like ethanol consumption in adolescent female rats.

Ethanol consumption has been reported to negatively impact on periodontal disease. In particular, oral cavity disorders occur upon ethanol exposure during adolescence, a life period associated with particular patterns of short and intense ('binge-like') ethanol consumption that is most deleterious to oral health. The hazardous central effects of ethanol have been linked to the overfunction of adenosine receptors, which are antagonized by caffeine, a bioactive substance present in numerous natural nutrients, which can also modify bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine on alveolar bone damage induced by an ethanol binge drinking paradigm during adolescence. Female Wistar rats (35 days old; n = 30) were allocated to six groups: control (vehicle), ethanol (3 g/kg/day; 3 days On-4 days Off challenge), caffeine (10 mg/kg/day), caffeine plus ethanol, SCH58261 (0.1 mg/kg/day, an antagonist of A2A receptors), and SCH58261 plus ethanol. Bone micromorphology and vertical bone loss were analyzed by computed microtomography. Our data showed that ethanol binge drinking reduced alveolar bone quality, with repercussion on alveolar bone size. This ethanol-induced alveolar bone deterioration was abrogated upon treatment with caffeine, but not with SCH58261. This shows that caffeine prevented the periodontal disorder caused by ethanol binge drinking during adolescence, an effect that was not mediated by adenosine A2A receptor blockade.

The impact of systematized physical activity on parameters of health-related physical fitness in schoolchildren aged 8 to 11 years / Impacto da atividade esportiva organizada sobre parâmetros da aptidão física relacionado à saúde de escolares de 8 a 11 anos de idade

The objective of this study was to verify if there is an impact of an additional program of sports activities (GSA) in school Physical Education classes on parameters of physical fitness related to the health of children. A quasi-experimental study was carried out, including 73 children, 8 to 11 years of age, of both sexes. The intervention took place over four weeks, with two weekly sessions of training or class, lasting 50 to 60 minutes per session. The children were allocated into two groups: a group that performed the Physical Education classes exclusively (GPE, n = 39); and a sports activities group (GSA, n = 34). The sports activities included passes, reception, pitches, dribbling, and running. Physical fitness was investigated by the Fitnessgram test in the pre- and post-intervention moments. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to compare the physical fitness tests between the pre and post moments (intragroup), and the impact of the intervention was verified by the intergroup analysis. The intragroup results showed that the GSA presented significant improvements in all physical fitness tests (p < 0.01), as well as reduction in relative fat and BMI (p < 0.05). However, the GPE demonstrated worsening results in the abdominal test (p = 0.019) and an increase in relative fat (p = 0.001). In the intergroup analysis, there were significant differences in the BMI and aerobic endurance test, with superiority in the GSA (p = 0.030). It was concluded that the program with sports activities was effective in improving physical fitness levels, while PE classes in isolation were not sufficient to guarantee improvement in physical fitness related to health

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe impacto de um programa adicional de atividades esportivas (GSA) às aulas de Educação Física (EF) escolar sobre parâmetros da aptidão física relacionada à saúde de crianças. Estudo quase - experimental que envolveu 73 crianças, de 8 a 11 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. A intervenção ocorreu durante quatro semanas, com duas sessões semanais de treinamento ou aula, com duração de 50 a 60 minutos por sessão. As crianças foram alocadas em dois grupos: grupo que realizou as aulas de Edu-cação Física (GPE, n = 39) exclusivamente; e grupo de atividades esportivas (GSA, n = 34). As atividades esportivas incluíram jogos pré-desportivos, incluindo passes, recepção, arremessos, dribles e corridas. A aptidão física foi investigada pelo Fitnessgram nos momentos pré e pós-intervenção. As Equações de Estimativa Ge-neralizadas foram utilizadas para comparar os testes de aptidão física entre os momentos pré e pós (intragru-pos), e o impacto da intervenção foi verificado pela análise intergrupos. Os resultados intragrupo revelaram que o GSA obteve uma melhora significativa em todos os testes de aptidão física (p < 0,01), além da redução da gordura relativa e no IMC (p < 0,05). No entanto, o GPE demonstrou piora no teste abdominal (p = 0,019) e aumento na gordura relativa (p = 0,001). Na análise intergrupos, houve diferenças significativas no IMC e no teste de resistência aeróbia, com superioridade no GSA (p = 0,030). Conclui-se que o programa com atividades esportivas foi efetivo na melhora dos níveis de aptidão física, enquanto que as aulas de EF não foram suficientes de forma isolada para garantir melhora na aptidão física relacionada à saúde

Salivary levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in girls aged 7-17 years practicing volleyball / Niveles salivales de interleucina 6 y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en niñas de 7 a 17 años que practican voleibol

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the salivary concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFalfa) and correlate the findings with the caries index, body mass index (BMI), potency of lower limbs (vertical jump), cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in girls practicing volleyball. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two studies were performed: 1) a cross-sectional study (n = 120) on the association of IL-6 and TNFalfa with the caries index, anthropometric measures, physical tests, and experience in volleyball practice; 2) longitudinal study (n = 63) on the effects of 8 weeks of training on salivary IL-6 and TNFalfa in girls with intermediate experience in volleyball and competitive girls. RESULTS: The median levels of IL-6 were 1.98 [1.55-3.11] pg/ml and TNFalfa, 0.46 [0.28-0.59] pg/ml and these did not correlate with the caries index, BMI, training volume, training practice, or cardiovascular risk. A correlation was observed between IL-6 and TNFalfa (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), IL-6 and vertical jump height (r = -0.28, p < 0.005), and TNFα and age (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). After 8 weeks of training, TNFα levels increased in the intermediate and competitive groups (p < 0.05), while IL-6 levels decreased only in the intermediate level group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: the median levels of IL-6 and TNFalfa did not correlate with the caries index, BMI, training volume, experience practice, or cardiovascular risk. Salivary levels of IL-6 were downmodulated in the group with intermediate experience and TNFalfa was upmodulated by training

INTRODUCCIÓN: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las concentraciones salivales de interleukina-6 (IL-6) y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNFalfa) y correlacionarlas con el índice de caries, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), potencia muscular de miembros inferiores (salto vertical), la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares en niñas que practican voleibol. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizaron dos estudios: 1) un estudio transversal (n = 120) sobre la asociación de IL-6 y TNFalfa con índice de caries, medidas antropométricas, pruebas físicas y experiencia en la práctica de voleibol; 2) estudio longitudinal (n = 63) sobre el efecto de 8 semanas de entrenamiento em IL-6 y TNFalfa salivales en niñas con experiencia intermedia en voleibol y chicas competitivas. RESULTADOS: los niveles medianos de IL-6 fueron 1.98 [1.55 - 3.11] pg/ml y TNFalfa fue 0.46 [0.28 - 0.59] pg/ml y no se correlacionaron con el índice de caries, el IMC, el volumen de entrenamiento, la práctica de entrenamiento y el riesgo cardiovascular. Se observó una correlación entre IL-6 y TNFalfa (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), IL-6 y altura de salto vertical (r = -0.28, p < 0.005), y TNFalfa y edad (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). Después de 8 semanas de entrenamiento, los niveles de TNFalfa aumentaron en los grupos intermedios y competitivos (p < 0.05), mientras que los niveles de IL-6 disminuyeron solo en el grupo intermedio (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: los niveles medianos de IL-6 y TNFalfa no se correlacionaron con el índice de caries, el IMC, el volumen de entrenamiento, la experiencia práctica y el riesgo cardiovascular. Los niveles salivales de IL-6 se modificaron a la baja en el grupo con experiencia intermedia y el TNFα se moduló al alza mediante el entrenamiento

One-year adolescent bone mineral density and bone formation marker changes through the use or lack of use of combined hormonal contraceptives / Alterações na densidade mineral óssea e nos marcadores de formação óssea em adolescentes usuárias ou não de contraceptivos hormonais orais combinados por período de um ano

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two low-dose combined oral contraceptives on bone metabolism in adolescents for one year. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. The adolescents were divided into three groups: oral contraceptives 1 (n = 42) (20 µg EE/150 µg desogestrel), oral contraceptives 2 (n = 66) (30 µg EE/3 mg drospirenone), and a control group (n = 70). Adolescents underwent anthropometric assessment and densitometry (dual-energy X-ray). Bone age and bone formation markers (osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase) were evaluated. The oral contraceptives users were evaluated again after 12 months. Linear regression analysis was used to indirectly study the effect of each additional year of chronological age on anthropometric and densitometric variables as well as on bone markers in the control group. Results: At study entry, no significant differences were observed between the oral contraceptives 1, oral contraceptives 2, and controls in the analyzed variables. Linear regression analysis showed an increase in bone mineral density and bone mineral content for each additional year. There was a significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase levels; no significant difference was observed for osteocalcin in control individuals. Comparison of dual-energy X-ray variables at baseline and after one year showed no significant differences in the oral contraceptives 1 or oral contraceptives 2 groups. A significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels was observed in both the oral contraceptives 1 and oral contraceptives 2 groups. Conclusion: Adolescent women gain peak bone mass during this phase of life. Two low-dose combined oral hormonal contraceptives were associated with lower bone gain and lower bone formation markers than in untreated controls.

Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de dois contraceptivos orais combinados de baixa dosagem por um ano sobre o metabolismo ósseo em adolescentes. Métodos: Este foi um estudo quase experimental. As adolescentes foram divididas em três grupos: contraceptivos orais 1 (n = 42) (20 µg de EE/150 µg de desogestrel), contraceptivos orais 2 (n = 66) (30 µg EE/3 mg de drospirenona) e grupo controle (n = 70). As adolescentes foram submetidas à avaliação antropométrica e densitometria (raio-X de dupla energia). Foram avaliados a idade óssea e os marcadores de formação óssea (osteocalcina e fosfatase alcalina óssea). As usuárias de contraceptivos orais foram novamente avaliadas após 12 meses. A análise de regressão linear foi utilizada para estudar, indiretamente, o efeito de cada ano adicional da idade cronológica sobre as variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e sobre os marcadores ósseos no grupo de controle. Resultados: No início do estudo, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis analisadas entre as usuárias de contraceptivos orais 1, contraceptivos orais 2 e o grupo controle. A análise de regressão linear mostrou um aumento na densidade mineral óssea e no conteúdo mineral ósseo para cada ano adicional. Houve uma redução significativa nos níveis de fosfatase alcalina óssea e não foi observada diferença significativa para osteocalcina nos indivíduos controles. A comparação das variáveis do raio-X de dupla energia no início e após um ano não mostrou diferença significativa no grupo de contraceptivos orais 1 ou contraceptivos orais 2. Foi observada uma redução significativa nos níveis de fosfatase alcalina óssea e osteocalcina nos dois grupos contraceptivos orais 1 e contraceptivos orais 2. Conclusão: As adolescentes atingiram o pico de massa óssea durante essa fase da vida. Duas formulações de contraceptivos hormonais orais de baixa dosagem, após um ano de uso, se associaram a menor incremento na densidade mineral óssea e menor concentração de marcadores de formação óssea quando confrontados com resultados de adolescentes não usuárias de contraceptivos.

One-year adolescent bone mineral density and bone formation marker changes through the use or lack of use of combined hormonal contraceptives.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two low-dose combined oral contraceptives on bone metabolism in adolescents for one year. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study. The adolescents were divided into three groups: oral contraceptives 1 (n=42) (20µg EE/150µg desogestrel), oral contraceptives 2 (n=66) (30µg EE/3mg drospirenone), and a control group (n=70). Adolescents underwent anthropometric assessment and densitometry (dual-energy X-ray). Bone age and bone formation markers (osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase) were evaluated. The oral contraceptives users were evaluated again after 12 months. Linear regression analysis was used to indirectly study the effect of each additional year of chronological age on anthropometric and densitometric variables as well as on bone markers in the control group. RESULTS: At study entry, no significant differences were observed between the oral contraceptives 1, oral contraceptives 2, and controls in the analyzed variables. Linear regression analysis showed an increase in bone mineral density and bone mineral content for each additional year. There was a significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase levels; no significant difference was observed for osteocalcin in control individuals. Comparison of dual-energy X-ray variables at baseline and after one year showed no significant differences in the oral contraceptives 1 or oral contraceptives 2 groups. A significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels was observed in both the oral contraceptives 1 and oral contraceptives 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Adolescent women gain peak bone mass during this phase of life. Two low-dose combined oral hormonal contraceptives were associated with lower bone gain and lower bone formation markers than in untreated controls.

Do metabolic syndrome and its components have an impact on bone mineral density in adolescents?

In recent years, there has been growing concern about the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) at an early age and its effects on bone mass in adolescents. Adolescence is considered a critical period for bone mass gain. Impaired bone acquisition during this phase can lead to "suboptimal" peak bone mass and increase the risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis and fractures in old age. The objective of this review was to perform a critical analysis of articles that specifically focus on this age group, evaluating the influence of MetS and its components on bone mineral density in adolescents. A possible relationship between this syndrome and bone mass has been demonstrated, but the number of studies addressing this topic in adolescents is small. Despite the scarcity of evidence, the results of those studies show that Metabolic Syndrome is negatively correlated with bone mass and also that some components of MetS are negatively correlated with bone mineral density in adolescents. However, the associations between MetS and bone mass development need to be further explored in the age group corresponding to adolescence. Further good-quality studies are necessary to complement the understanding of this relationship.

Reliability of Heart Rate Variability in Children: Influence of Sex and Body Position During Data Collection.

PURPOSE: To examine which body position and indices present better reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) measures in children and to compare the HRV analyzed in different body positions between sexes. METHOD: Twenty eutrophic prepubertal children of each sex participated in the study. The RR intervals were recorded using a portable heart rate monitor twice a day for 7 min in the supine, sitting, and standing positions. The reproducibility was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; two way mixed) and within-subject coefficient of variation (CV).Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare the sexes. RESULTS: High levels of reproducibility were indicated by higher ICC in the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (RMSSD: 0.93 and 0.94) and Poincaré plot of the short-term RR interval variability (SD1: 0.92 and 0.94) parameters for boys and girls, respectively, in the supine position. The ICCs were lower in the sitting and standing positions for all HRV indices. In addition, the girls presented significantly higher values than the boys for SDNN and absolute high frequency (HF; p < .05) in the supine position. CONCLUSIONS: The supine position is the most reproducible for the HRV indices in both sexes, especially the vagal related indices.

EFEITO DO EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO SOBRE OS MARCADORES INFLAMATÓRIOS DE ADOLESCENTES COM EXCESSO DE PESO: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA / EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON INFLAMMATORY MARKERS OF ADOLESCENTS WITH OVERWEIGHT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Recentemente os marcadores inflamatórios tem sido alvo de inúmeras de pesquisas. Porém as formas de tratamento não medicamentoso para o controle desses marcadores não estão claros na literatura. Objetivou-se realizar uma revisão sistemática acerca do efeito crônico dos exercícios físicos sobre os marcadores inflamatórios em adolescentes com excesso de peso. Realizou-se uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados: Medline (Pubmed), Science Direct, Scopus, Sport Discus, Web of Science, Cinahl, Scielo, Lilacs e Cochrane até maio de 2014. Foi verificado que o treinamento aeróbio e o treinamento combinado como corrida, caminhada, circuito, brincadeiras e jogos são os mais utilizados nos protocolos para o controle da obesidade e inflamação. Os resultados demonstraram uma relação de dependência entre a gordura corporal e as concentrações de adiponectina, PCR e leptina em adolescentes, indicando que o treinamento físico foi eficaz na modulação dos marcadores inflamatórios apenas quando houve diminuição significativa da gordura corporal.

Recently inflammatory markers has been the subject of numerous research. However forms of non-drug treatment for the control of these markers are not clear in the literature. The objective was to conduct a systematic review of the chronic effect of exercise on inflammatory markers in overweight adolescents. Was performed a sistematic search in databases: Medline (Pubmed), Science Direct, Scopus, Sport Discus, Web of Science, Cinahl, Scielo, Lilacs e Cochrane until may 2014. It was found that aerobic training and combined training as running, circuit , play and games are the most used in the protocols for the control of obesity and inflammation. The result demonstrated a dependency relationship between body fat and the concentrations of adiponectin, CRP and leptin in adolescents. indicating that physical training was effective in the modulation of inflammatory markers only when there was a significant decrease in body fat.

The Effects of 17 Weeks of Ballet Training on the Autonomic Modulation, Hormonal and General Biochemical Profile of Female Adolescents.

This study aimed to examine the alterations in physiological and biochemical markers, after 17 weeks of ballet training in high level ballet dancers. Twenty four female ballet dancers from 12 to 15 years old took part in the study. The study followed 17 weeks of ballet training and analyzed changes in body composition, the autonomic nervous system and biochemical variables before and after (post) training. The internal training load was obtained using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method, calculated as the mean weekly session-RPE, monotony and strain. After 17 weeks of training there were significant increases in body mass, height, lean body mass, total protein, urea, hemoglobin concentration, testosterone and thyroxine. During this period, decreases in relative body fat, uric acid, red blood cells, C-reactive protein, and ferritin were also found. After the training period, the autonomic modulation demonstrated significant positive alterations, such as increases in parasympathetic related indices. Based on the results obtained we concluded that ballet training led to improvements in body composition and autonomic modulation. In general hematological and biochemical variables demonstrated that the training did not have adverse effects on the health state of the adolescents.

Efeito da atividade esportiva sistematizada sobre o desenvolvimento motor de crianças de sete a 10 anos / The effect of systematic sports activities on the motor development of children from seven to 10 years

Atividades físicas programadas na infância são reconhecidas por ocasionar mudanças nos diversos aspectos do desenvolvimento das crianças. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou verificar o impacto da atividade esportiva programada de ballet clássico e de futsal sobre indicadores de motricidade global e de equilíbrio em crianças. A amostra foi composta por 160 crianças entre sete e 10 anos de idade. Oitenta crianças de ambos os sexos foram selecionadas no ambiente escolar e compuseram os grupos de escolares, caracterizado pela prática exclusiva de Educação Física escolar. Os grupos vinculados à prática esportiva foram compostos por 40 crianças do sexo feminino, praticantes de "ballet" clássico e 40 do sexo masculino, praticantes de futsal, caracterizando os grupos de prática sistematizada. Para a avaliação motora foram aplicados os testes de motricidade global e equilíbrio da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor "EDM". Além disso, o questionário de atividade física habitual foi utilizado para calcular o gasto energético. A distribuição dos dados foi verificada através do teste Shapiro-Wilk, e em seguida foram aplicados os testes não-paramétricos Kruskall-Wallis com post hoc U de Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon e Qui-Quadrado de Pearson. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados significantes foram encontrados entre os grupos de prática sistematizada com índices classificados como superiores e percentuais maiores em Idade Motora em Motricidade Global (IMMG) e Idade Motora em Equilíbrio (IME) do que idade cronológica (IC). Conclui-se que as crianças praticantes de atividades esportivas demonstraram superioridade nos testes aplicados quando comparados ao grupo controle, em que mais de 65% apresentam classificação normal.

It is recognized that systematic physical activities cause changes in many aspects of children's development. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the impact of programmed sports activities, classical ballet and futsal, on indicators of global motor function and balance in children. The sample consisted of 160 children between 7 and 10 years of age. Eighty school children of both sexes were selected, characterized by the exclusive practice of school Physical Education. The programmed sports groups were composed of 40 female children, classical ballet practitioners, and 40 males who participated in futsal, characterizing the systematized practice group. The Motor Development Scale MDS was applied to assess global motor function and balance. In addition, the habitual physical activity questionnaire was used to calculate energy expenditure. Data distribution was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk's test and then were applied non-parametric tests of the Kruskall-Wallis test with post hoc Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon and Chi-Square Pearson tests. The significance level was set at 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Significant results were found in the systematized practice groups, with indices classified as superior and higher percentage for Motor Age of Global Motricity (MAGM) and Motor Age of Balance (MAB), when compared to chronological age (CA). In conclusion the children who practiced programmed sports activities demonstrated superiority in the tests when compared to the control group, where more than 65% were classified as normal.

Excess body fat negatively affects bone mass in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of excess body fat on bone mass in overweight, obese, and extremely obese adolescents. METHODS: This study included 377 adolescents of both sexes, ages 10 to 19 y. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), bone age, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) were obtained by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The results were adjusted for chronological age and bone age. Comparisons according to nutritional classification were performed by analysis of variance, followed by Tukey test. Linear regression models were used to explain the variation in BMD and BMC in the L1-L4 lumbar spinal region, proximal femur, and whole body in relation to BMI, lean mass, fat mass (FM), and body fat percentage (BF%), considering P < 0.05. RESULTS: For all nutritional groups, average bone age was higher than chronological age. In both sexes, weight and BMI values increased from eutrophic to extremely obese groups, except for BMD and BMC, which did not differ among male adolescents, and were smaller in extremely obese than in obese female adolescents (P < 0.01). Significant differences were observed for FM and BF% values among all nutritional groups (P < 0.01). Positive, moderate to strong correlations were detected between BMD and BMC for BMI, lean mass, and FM. A negative and moderate correlation was found between BMC and BF%, and between BMD and BF% at all bone sites analyzed in males and between BF% and spine and femur BMD, in females. CONCLUSION: The results reveal a negative effect of BF% on bone mass in males and indicate that the higher the BF% among overweight adolescents, the lower the BMD and BMC values.

The effect of physical training on heart rate variability in healthy children: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

The positive effects of physical training on heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy adults are widely recognized; however, the responsiveness to training in healthy children has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of physical training on HRV in prepubertal healthy children. Systematic computerized searches were performed from 1950 to 2012 in the following databases: Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scielo, SportDiscus, ProQuest; Web of Science; PEDro; Academic Search Premier and the Cochrane Library. The key words used were: heart rate variability, autonomic nervous system, exercise training, physical activity, continuous exercise, intermittent exercise, children, prepubescent, adolescents, and healthy. Although the database search initially identified 6,164 studies, after removing duplicates and excluding by title the number was 148, however, only 2 studies were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis compared the experimental group (n = 29) with the control group (n = 28) for the HRV parameters: RR intervals, SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, LF (log), HF (log), LF/HF and Total Power (log). The meta-analysis demonstrated similar HRV indices between both the experimental and control groups. In conclusion, the available results from randomized controlled trials do not support the hypothesis that physical training improves HRV in healthy children[AUQ2].

Análise da cinética de remoção de lactato em atletas de canoagem slalom / Analysis of the kinetics of lactate removal in slalom kayak athletes / Análisis de la cinética de la eliminación de lactato de atletas de piragüismo slalom

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a cinética de produção e remoção de lactato em atletas de canoagem slalom da categoria K1, durante competição oficial. Participaram do estudo oito atletas do sexo masculino (22,6 ± 4,3 anos). Foram realizadas coletas de 25µL de sangue capilar para análise do lactato. A cinética de remoção do lactato foi realizada antes do aquecimento (Pré), logo após a saída dos competidores do rio (Pós 0'), 5 (Pós 5') e 20 (Pós 20') minutos. Os resultados demonstraram um aumento significativo nas concentrações de lactato (9,8 mmol/l, 9,4 mmol/l e 6,6 mmol/l) nos tempos 0', 5' e 20' minutos pós respectivamente, com valores de P<0,01. Os achados indicam que após 20 minutos, os valores de lactato se reduziram de forma importante (P<0,05) em relação aos valores pré exercício (2,0 mmol/l), sugerindo que os atletas indicariam boas condições metabólicas para a segunda descida da prova.

The aim of this study was to verify the kinetics of lactate production and removal in slalom kayak athletes, K1 category, during official competition. Eight male athletes (22,6 ± 4,3 years) participated of the study. For the analysis of lactate, 25µL of capillary blood were collected. The kinetics of lactate removal was performed before the warm-up (Pre), just after the competitors exit from the river (Post 0'), 5 (Post 5'), and 20 (Post 20') minutes. The results demonstrated a significant increase in lactate concentrations (9.8 mmol/l, 9.4 mmol/l and 6.6 mmol/l) at 0', 5' and 20' post respectively, with values of P<0.01. The findings indicate that after 20 minutes the values of lactate reduced significantly (P<0.05) compared to Pre exercise, suggesting that the athletes would indicate good metabolic conditions for the second turn of the race.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la cinética de la producción y la remoción de lactato en atletas de slalom piragüismo, categoría K1, durante la competición oficial. En el estudio participaron ocho hombres (22,6 ± 4,3 años), con 25µL de muestras de sangre para el análisis de lactato. La cinética de eliminación de lactato se realizó antes del calentamiento (Pre), poco después de la salida de los competidores del rio (Post 0'), 5 (Post 5') y 20 (Post 20') minutos. Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo en la concentración lactato (9.8 mmol/l, 9.4 mmol/l e 6.6mmol/l) en los tiempos 0', 5' e 20' minutos respectivamente, con valores de P<0,01. Resultados indican que después de 20 minutos los valores de lactato se redujeron significativamente (P<0,05) en comparación con el ejercicio anterior, lo que sugiere buenas condiciones metabólicas para el segundo descenso de la prueba.