Morphological Analysis of Air Sacs in the Red-Winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens Temminck, 1815)

The red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rusfencens) is a bird belonging to the order Tinaniforme, family Tinamidae, present in South America, and due to its population decline is classified as LC (Least Concern) on the BirdLife International red list. This study aimed to evaluate the air sacs of this species, as anatomical studies of partridges are scarce. Ten cadaveric specimens were collected, and latex perfusion was used to solidify the material. The cervical air sac in the red-winged tinamou is smaller and has a more irregular conformation than other air sacs. The thoracic air sacs are symmetrical, and the cranial thoracic air sacs are smaller than the caudal ones. The abdominal air sacs are asymmetrical, and the largest, extending to the cloaca. Only one clavicular air sac was found, with three subdivisions: right, left, and medial. Additionally, right, and left extra-coelomatic portions were found, passing under the clavicle. In one of the animals, the latex-filled humeri were found, and in three other ribs, vertebral diverticula were present. There is no clear relationship between taxonomy and biology versus the quantity and conformation of air sacs, as different animals with taxonomic proximity present differences. This study enhances species-specific anatomical knowledge of the red-winged tinamou.

Genomic regions associated with coat color in Gir cattle.

Indicine cattle breeds are adapted to the tropical climate, and their coat plays an important role in this process. Coat color influences thermoregulation and the adhesion of ectoparasites and may be associated with productive and reproductive traits. Furthermore, coat color is used for breed qualification, with breeders preferring certain colors. The Gir cattle is characterized by a wide variety of coat colors. Therefore, we performed genome-wide association studies to identify candidate genes for coat color in Gir cattle. Different phenotype scenarios were considered in the analyses and regions were identified on eight chromosomes. Some regions and many candidate genes are influencing coat color in the Gir cattle, which was found to be a polygenic trait. The candidate genes identified have been associated with white spotting patterns and base coat color in cattle and other species. In addition, a possible epistatic effect on coat color determination in the Gir cattle was suggested. This is the first published study that identified genomic regions and listed candidate genes associated with coat color in Gir cattle. The findings provided a better understanding of the genetic architecture of the trait in the breed and will allow to guide future fine-mapping studies for the development of genetic markers for selection.

Analysis of residual feed intake in Nellore bulls of different ages, rib eye area, and backfat thickness.

The aim of the present study was to use different models that include body composition phenotypes for the evaluation of residual feed intake (RFI) in Nellore bulls of different ages. Phenotypic and genotypic data of bulls that had participated in feed efficiency tests of a commercial (COM) and an experimental (EXP) herd between 2007 and 2019 were used. The mean entry age in the two herds was 645 and 279 days, respectively. The phenotypes were evaluated: rib eye area (REA), backfat thickness (BFT), residual feed intake (RFIKOCH), RFI adjusted for REA (RFIREA), RFI adjusted for BFT (RFIBFT), and RFI adjusted for REA and BFT (RFIREA BFT). The (co)variance components and prediction of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were obtained by REML using ssGBLUP in single and two-trait analyses. Spearman's correlations were calculated based on the GEBV for RFIKOCH. The RFI phenotypes exhibited moderate heritability estimates in both herds (0.17 ± 0.03 to 0.27 ± 0.04). The genetic correlation between phenotypes was positive and high (0.99) in the two herds, a fact that permitted the creation of a single database (SDB). The heritability estimates of the SDB were also of moderate magnitude for the different definitions of RFI (0.19 ± 0.04 to 0.21 ± 0.04). The genetic correlations were positive and high between RFI traits 0.97 ± 0.01 to 0.99 ± 0.01), and positive and low/moderate between REA and BFT (0.01 ± 0.10 to 0.31 ± 0.12). The selection of animals based on the GEBV for RFIKOCH did not alter the ranking of individuals selected for RFIREA, RFIBFT, and RFIREA BFT. The results of the present study suggest that records of Nellore bulls of different ages and with different body compositions can be combined in a SDB for RFI calculation. Therefore, young animals can be evaluated in feed efficiency tests in order to reduce costs and the generation interval and possibly to obtain a higher response to selection.

Phenotypic association among performance, feed efficiency and methane emission traits in Nellore cattle.

Enteric methane (CH4) emissions are a natural process in ruminants and can result in up to 12% of energy losses. Hence, decreasing enteric CH4 production constitutes an important step towards improving the feed efficiency of Brazilian cattle herds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between performance, residual feed intake (RFI), and enteric CH4 emission in growing Nellore cattle (Bos indicus). Performance, RFI and CH4 emission data were obtained from 489 animals participating in selection programs (mid-test age and body weight: 414±159 days and 356±135 kg, respectively) that were evaluated in 12 performance tests carried out in individual pens (n = 95) or collective paddocks (n = 394) equipped with electronic feed bunks. The sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique was used to measure daily CH4 emissions. The following variables were estimated: CH4 emission rate (g/day), residual methane emission and emission expressed per mid-test body weight, metabolic body weight, dry matter intake (CH4/DMI), average daily gain, and ingested gross energy (CH4/GE). Animals classified as negative RFI (RFI<0), i.e., more efficient animals, consumed less dry matter (P <0.0001) and emitted less g CH4/day (P = 0.0022) than positive RFI animals (RFI>0). Nonetheless, more efficient animals emitted more CH4/DMI and CH4/GE (P < 0.0001), suggesting that the difference in daily intake between animals is a determinant factor for the difference in daily enteric CH4 emissions. In addition, animals classified as negative RFI emitted less CH4 per kg mid-test weight and metabolic weight (P = 0.0096 and P = 0.0033, respectively), i.e., most efficient animals could emit less CH4 per kg of carcass. In conclusion, more efficient animals produced less methane when expressed as g/day and per kg mid-test weight than less efficient animals, suggesting lower emissions per kg of carcass produced. However, it is not possible to state that feed efficiency has a direct effect on enteric CH4 emissions since emissions per kg of consumed dry matter and the percentage of gross energy lost as CH4 are higher for more efficient animals.

Assessing genetic architecture and signatures of selection of dual purpose Gir cattle populations using genomic information.

Gir is one of the main cattle breeds raised in tropical South American countries. Strong artificial selection through its domestication resulted in increased genetic differentiation among the countries in recent years. Over the years, genomic studies in Gir have become more common. However, studies of population structure and signatures of selection in divergent Gir populations are scarce and need more attention to better understand genetic differentiation, gene flow, and genetic distance. Genotypes of 173 animals selected for growth traits and 273 animals selected for milk production were used in this study. Clear genetic differentiation between beef and dairy populations was observed. Different criteria led to genetic divergence and genetic differences in allele frequencies between the two populations. Gene segregation in each population was forced by artificial selection, promoting isolation, and increasing genetic variation between them. Results showed evidence of selective forces in different regions of the genome. A total of 282 genes were detected under selection in the test population based on the fixation index (Fst), integrated haplotype score (iHS), and cross-population extend haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) approaches. The QTL mapping identified 35 genes associated with reproduction, milk composition, growth, meat and carcass, health, or body conformation traits. The investigation of genes and pathways showed that quantitative traits associated to fertility, milk production, beef quality, and growth were involved in the process of differentiation of these populations. These results would support further investigations of population structure and differentiation in the Gir breed.

Estimativas de herdabilidade para os escores visuais do coração e do fígado em linhagem macho de frangos / Heritability estimates for heart and liver visual scores in a male broiler line

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade para os escores visuais de coração e de fígado em uma linhagem macho de frangos de corte. As análises dos dados foram realizadas através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita e do método R, utilizando-se informações de 6167 animais. Os escores visuais de coração e de fígado não pareceram ser capazes de apresentar resposta à seleção, tendo em vista as estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, que foram de 0,05±0,02 para ambas as características. Possivelmente devido à pouca variabilidade dos dados dos escores visuais de coração e de fígado, as análises realizadas pelo método R não atingiram convergência.

The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability coefficients for heart and liver visual scores in a male broiler line. Dataset analysis was realized by restricted maximum likelihood and by R method. Data from 6167 individuals were used. Heart and liver visual scores did not seem to be able to respond to selection, since the heritability estimates obtained by restricted maximum likelihood were 0,05±0,02 for both traits. Possibly due to the low variability of visual scores data, the analyses by R method did not converge.