ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was to modify chicha gum with phthalic anhydride to obtain a new biologically active material. The chemical modification of the gum structure was proven through FTIR, elemental analysis, XRD, TG, and DSC. The derived materials demonstrated excellent inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae species (rating 100% inhibition) and could also inhibit Escherichia coli growth. The best antimicrobial activity observed for the derivatives suggests that chicha gum hydrophobization due to the addition of phthalic groups improved the interaction of these derivatives with bacterial cell wall components. On the other hand, the derivatives increased CC50 in macrophages but did not present acute toxicity or hemolytic activity, indicating that they are promising for use in prophylaxis or treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Macrophages/drug effects , Phthalic Anhydrides/chemistry , Plant Gums/chemistry , Sterculia/chemistry , Animals , Cell Survival , Esterification , Female , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
Sterculia gums, as karaya and chicha gum, are complex branched and polydisperse heteropolysaccharides which can have their applications extended by improving their characteristics through chemical modifications. The objective of this work was to increase the antimicrobial activity of karaya and chicha gum through chemical modification with maleic anhydride. The incorporation of anhydride in the gum structure was confirmed by the characterization techniques. The derived biopolymers were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against the Staphylococcus aureus strain (ATCC 25923). Mammalian cytotoxicity assays were also performed by MTT and hemolysis tests. The derivatives showed excellent antibacterial action inhibiting almost 100% of bacterial growth and did not present significant cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. The results showed that the derivatives are promising for biomedical applications aiming the control of infectious diseases caused by S. aureus.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Maleic Anhydrides/chemistry , Plant Gums/pharmacology , Sterculia/chemistry , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Female , Karaya Gum/chemistry , Karaya Gum/pharmacology , Male , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Microbial Viability/drug effects , Plant Gums/chemistry , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Thermogravimetry , Toxicity Tests , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
It was developed a material to act as an antimicrobial and antiparasitic agent through a modification reaction in the gum structure extracted from the plant Sterculia striata. This material was characterized, the oxidant activity was evaluated and the antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae was investigated, in addition to the effect against Leishmania amazonensis, testing its acute toxicity and its cytotoxicity in human cells. Characterization techniques proved the success of chemical modification. The modification led to an increase in antioxidant activity, with excellent antibacterial activity, reaching almost 100% inhibition for P. aeruginosa and S. Typhimurium, and inhibitory effect above 70% against L. amazonensis, with an affinity far superior to the parasite than macrophages. The derivative showed no acute toxicity, it was non-hemolytic, increased cell viability in macrophages and fibroblasts, and stimulated cell proliferation of keratinocytes, thus being a strong candidate to be used as an antimicrobial and antiparasitic agent in biomedical applications.
Subject(s)
Anthelmintics/chemical synthesis , Anti-Infective Agents/chemical synthesis , Plant Gums/chemistry , Sterculia/chemistry , Acetic Acid/chemistry , Animals , Anthelmintics/toxicity , Anti-Infective Agents/toxicity , Candida/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Female , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Leishmania/drug effects , Macrophages/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , SheepABSTRACT
The search for natural antibacterial agents to treat diseases caused by resistant microorganisms has been gaining increasing attention. Chitosan has been studied in several areas due to its particular properties. The grafting of hydrophobic chains into the chitosan molecule, turning it amphiphilic, may improve its antimicrobial activity by increasing electrostatic interaction with the bacterial cell wall. The objective of this work was to enhance the antimicrobial activity of chitosan by the reaction of N-acylation with maleic anhydride. For this purpose, molar ratios of 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10 chitosan: anhydride were investigated, and the obtained derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, thermal analysis and XRD where it was possible to prove the chemical modification of chitosan. The modified materials presented excellent antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, evidencing no activity against the protozoan Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxicity assays by the MTT analysis and hemolysis indicated that the derivatives did not show toxicity in mammalian cells. The proposed modified chitosan compounds showed to be promising for biomedical applications since they allied excellent antibacterial activity and absence of cytotoxicity.