Simulated resections and RNS placement can optimize post-operative seizure outcomes when guided by fast ripple networks.

In medication-resistant epilepsy, the objective of epilepsy surgery is to render a patient seizure free with a resection/ablation that is as small as possible to minimize morbidity. The standard of care in planning the margins of epilepsy surgery involves electroclinical delineation of the seizure onset zone (SOZ) in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) by an expert epileptologist, and incorporation of neuroimaging findings from MRI, PET, SPECT, and MEG modalities. Resecting cortical tissue generating high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) has been investigated as a more efficacious alternative to targeting the SOZ. In this study, we used support vector machines (SVMs) to compare the resection volumes of actual resections, defined using the clinical standard of care, with virtual resections of fast ripple (FR 350-600 Hz) networks. Cross-validation of the SVM that labeled patients as seizure free or not seizure free using FR metrics as factors demonstrated an accuracy of 0.78. In all the patients rendered seizure free after surgery, we found that the virtual resection, defined using FR generator sites with highest rate and greatest autonomy, was larger than the actual resection. In the patients who experienced seizures after the actual resection, a virtual resection that included the SOZ and other FR generating regions rendered half of these patients virtually seizure free. We also examined patients implanted with the responsive neurostimulator system (RNS) and virtually targeted the RNS stimulation contacts proximal to sites generating FR. We used the simulations to investigate if the likelihood of a RNS super response (>90% seizure reduction) would be increased.

A Novel Curriculum for Internal Medicine Residents to Care for High-Need, High-Cost Patients.

OBJECTIVES: High-need, high-cost (HNHC) patients represent a small proportion of patients in the US, but result in disproportionately higher healthcare utilization. Teaching Internal Medicine (IM) resident trainees to provide high value care for HNHC patients is critical. We sought to improve resident attitudes and increase clinical skills associated with treating HNHC patients by creating a curriculum that leveraged the UCLA Extensivist Program, a patient-centered medical home for HNHC patients. METHODS: We developed a curriculum for PGY-2 and PGY-3 IM residents centered on caring for HNHC patients over the course of 6, 4h sessions during 1 academic year. Participants completed pre- and post-intervention surveys assessing self-rated attitudes and skills associated with caring for an HNHC patient population. RESULTS: Twenty-one IM residents completed the curriculum and 41 were in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in assessed attitudes and skills, but there were trends of improvement, including a decrease in participants who agreed or strongly agreed they felt overwhelmed when seeing patients for posthospital discharge follow up (45.0% pre- to 41.7% post-intervention) and an increase in participants who agreed or strongly agreed they have the skills to successfully transition HNHC patients between inpatient and ambulatory settings (20.0% pre- to 33.3% post-intervention). Participants reported better understanding of resources available to HNHC patients, effective coordination of transitions of care, and comprehensive assessment of social determinants of health. CONCLUSION: A curriculum to improve resident attitudes and skills associated with caring for HNHC patients was successfully implemented in an IM program at a large academic medical center. The curriculum may be adapted for other training programs; long-term training woven throughout training may be important to significantly improve resident education on how to care for HNHC patients.

Intracellular Flux Prediction of Recombinant Escherichia coli Producing Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid.

Genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) can be used to simulate cellular metabolic phenotypes under various environmental or genetic conditions. This study utilized the GEM to observe the internal metabolic fluxes of recombinant Escherichia coli producing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Recombinant E. coli was cultivated in a fermenter under three conditions: pH 7, pH 5, and additional succinic acids. External fluxes were calculated from cultivation results, and internal fluxes were calculated through flux optimization. Based on the internal flux analysis, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways were repressed under cultivation at pH 5, even though glutamate dehydrogenase increased GABA production. Notably, this repression was halted by adding succinic acid. Furthermore, proper sucA repression is a promising target for developing strains more capable of producing GABA.

Teprotumumab for Thyroid Eye Disease-related Strabismus.

PURPOSE: To assess and quantify teprotumumab's effect on thyroid eye disease-related strabismus by change in measured horizontal and vertical deviations and change in extraocular motility. METHODS: We reviewed a series of patients with thyroid eye disease-related strabismus treated with teprotumumab. Exclusion criteria included age under 18 years, strabismus of alternate etiology, or thyroid eye disease-related reconstructive surgery during the treatment course. Primary outcomes were absolute (prism diopters) and relative (%) differences in horizontal and vertical deviations in primary position at distance, as well as change in ductions of the more affected eye. Secondary outcomes included incidence and timing of strabismus surgery postteprotumumab. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included, with mean age 63 years and thyroid eye disease duration 10 months. After teprotumumab, there was 6 prism diopters (39%) mean reduction in vertical deviation (p < 0.001), without significant change in mean horizontal deviation (p = 0.75). Supraduction, abduction, adduction, and infraduction significantly improved in the more restricted eye (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.04, and p = 0.01, respectively). Thirty-five percent of patients underwent strabismus surgery posttreatment, at an average 10 months after last infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Teprotumumab produced a statistically significant reduction in vertical but not horizontal strabismus angles in primary position at distance. Extraocular motility in all 4 ductions also improved. A substantial minority of patients still required strabismus surgery following teprotumumab.

SNOT-22 subdomain outcomes following treatment for sinonasal malignancy: A prospective, multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with sinonasal malignancy (SNM) present with significant sinonasal quality of life (QOL) impairment. Global sinonasal QOL as measured by the 22-item Sinonasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-22) has been shown to improve with treatment. This study aims to characterize SNOT-22 subdomain outcomes in SNM. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with SNM were prospectively enrolled in a multi-center patient registry. SNOT-22 scores were collected at the time of diagnosis and through the post-treatment period for up to 5 years. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify drivers of variation in SNOT-22 subdomains. RESULTS: Note that 234 patients were reviewed, with a mean follow-up of 22 months (3 months-64 months). Rhinologic, psychological, and sleep subdomains significantly improved versus baseline (all p < 0.05). Subanalysis of 40 patients with follow-up at all timepoints showed statistically significant improvement in rhinologic, extra-nasal, psychological, and sleep subdomains, with minimal clinically important difference met between 2 and 5 years in sleep and psychological subdomains. Adjuvant chemoradiation was associated with worse outcomes in rhinologic (adjusted odds ratio (5.22 [1.69-8.66])), extra-nasal (2.21 [0.22-4.17]) and ear/facial (5.53 [2.10-8.91]) subdomains. Pterygopalatine fossa involvement was associated with worse outcomes in rhinologic (3.22 [0.54-5.93]) and ear/facial (2.97 [0.32-5.65]) subdomains. Positive margins (5.74 [2.17-9.29]) and surgical approach-combined versus endoscopic (3.41 [0.78-6.05])-were associated with worse psychological outcomes. Adjuvant radiation (2.28 [0.18-4.40]) was associated with worse sleep outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Sinonasal QOL improvements associated with treatment of SNM are driven by rhinologic, extra-nasal, psychological, and sleep subdomains.

Demographics of Youth With Newly Diagnosed Acute/Recent HIV Infection in Adolescent Trials Network 147: Early Treatment of Acute HIV Infection.

PURPOSE: Gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men, and racial minority youth are at elevated risk of acquiring HIV infection. The Adolescent Trials Network 147 recruited youth with acute/recent HIV-infection for early antiretroviral treatment. The cohort make-up is described here. METHODS: Treatment-naïve, recently identified HIV + youth, aged 12-24 years, from Los Angeles and New Orleans were recruited from community centers, clinics, social media, and a high-risk seronegative cohort (n = 1,727, the Adolescent Trials Network 149) using point-of-care assays. Acute HIV infection was determined by Fiebig staging. HIV RNA viral load (VL) and CD4 cell counts, along with demographic and behavioral data were assessed at enrollment. RESULTS: Between July 2017 and July 2021, 103 newly diagnosed youth were enrolled, initiating antiretroviral treatment within a week. Mean age was 20.8 years (standard deviation: 2.4); 90.3% identified as cis male, 83.5% were single or in casual relationships, 71.8% were gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men; 60.2% were Black. One-fourth (24.3%) reported homelessness ever; 10.7% within last 4 months. At enrollment, median plasma VL was 37,313 HIV RNA copies/ml (interquartile range: 5,849-126,162) and median CD4 count 445.5 cells/mm3 (interquartile range: 357-613). 40% of youth reported acute retroviral symptoms before or at enrollment. Acutely infected, seroconverting youth had the highest VL. Sexually transmitted coinfections were present at enrollment in 56% of the cohort, with syphilis being most frequent (39%). DISCUSSION: Early identification and treatment of HIV can increase positive HIV outcomes. A high sexually transmitted infection burden was present in recently HIV-infected youth. Acute retroviral symptoms were not reported by most participants, demonstrating that broad universal HIV screening is needed for identification of recent infection in youth.

Near-Peer Supervision in Primary Care: Bringing Teaching Teams From the Wards to the Clinic.

Background: Teaching near-peers yields numerous benefits to residents. Opportunities for near-peer teaching are typically restricted to hospital settings. Little is known about the educational potential of outpatient near-peer teaching. Objective: To describe Primary Care Teaching (PC Teach), a novel outpatient near-peer teaching experience for residents in a large, urban, internal medicine residency program; characterize its feasibility and acceptability; and evaluate changes in residents' self-reported confidence in outpatient teaching and attitudes toward teaching and primary care/outpatient medicine. Methods: In 2020-2021, following a didactic workshop, 43 postgraduate year 3 (PGY-3) residents at continuity clinics assigned to PC Teach completed a series of half-day sessions acting as preceptor to interns under attending supervision. Worksheets facilitated post-session feedback for residents and interns. Eighteen PGY-3s at nonparticipating clinics, who also completed the workshop, served as controls. We assessed process measures for feasibility and acceptability and analyzed resident attitudes using pre-post surveys. Results: Participating residents completed 2 to 8 sessions each. Post-intervention scores for confidence in outpatient teaching and attitudes toward teaching were greater, relative to pre-intervention group means, for intervention residents (median pre-post changes +0.60 [IQR 0.26, 1.26] and +0.46 [-0.04, 0.46], respectively) vs controls (-0.15 [-0.48, 0.85] and -0.36 [-0.86, 0.39]; between-group differences +0.75 [P=.03] and +0.82 [P=.02]). Changes in attitudes toward primary care/outpatient medicine did not differ significantly between intervention and control groups (+0.43 [-0.07, 0.68] and 0.04 [-0.58, 0.42]; between-group difference +0.39 [P=.12]). In multivariable analyses, odds of gains in confidence in outpatient teaching remained significantly larger for intervention residents vs controls. Conclusions: Implementing PC Teach with existing resources was feasible and acceptable, with program flexibility highlighted as a strength. Resident participation was associated with greater confidence in outpatient teaching.

Perceived Cognitive Deficits in Patients With Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 and Their Association With Post-COVID-19 Condition.

Importance: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and in post-COVID-19 condition (PCC; colloquially known as long COVID), but the association between early presenting neuropsychiatric symptoms and PCC is unknown. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients with perceived cognitive deficits within the first 4 weeks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the association of those deficits with PCC symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study was conducted from April 2020 to February 2021, with follow-up of 60 to 90 days. The cohort consisted of adults enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles, SARS-CoV-2 Ambulatory Program who had a laboratory-confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and were either hospitalized in a University of California, Los Angeles, hospital or one of 20 local health care facilities, or were outpatients referred by a primary care clinician. Data analysis was performed from March 2022 to February 2023. Exposure: Laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: Patients responded to surveys that included questions about perceived cognitive deficits modified from the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire, Fifth Edition, (ie, trouble being organized, trouble concentrating, and forgetfulness) and symptoms of PCC at 30, 60, and 90 days after hospital discharge or initial laboratory-confirmed infection of SARS-CoV-2. Perceived cognitive deficits were scored on a scale from 0 to 4. Development of PCC was determined by patient self-report of persistent symptoms 60 or 90 days after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection or hospital discharge. Results: Of 1296 patients enrolled in the program, 766 (59.1%) (mean [SD] age, 60.0 [16.7] years; 399 men [52.1%]; 317 Hispanic/Latinx patients [41.4%]) completed the perceived cognitive deficit items at 30 days after hospital discharge or outpatient diagnosis. Of the 766 patients, 276 (36.1%) perceived a cognitive deficit, with 164 (21.4%) having a mean score of greater than 0 to 1.5 and 112 patients (14.6 %) having a mean score greater than 1.5. Prior cognitive difficulties (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16-1.83) and diagnosis of depressive disorder (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.23-1.86) were associated with report of a perceived cognitive deficit. Patients reporting perceived cognitive deficits in the first 4 weeks of SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to report symptoms of PCC than those without perceived cognitive deficits (118 of 276 patients [42.8%] vs 105 of 490 patients [21.4%]; χ21, 38.9; P < .001). Adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, perceived cognitive deficits in the first 4 weeks of SARS-CoV-2 were associated with PCC symptoms (patients with a cognitive deficit score of >0 to 1.5: OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.62-3.60; patients with cognitive deficit score >1.5: OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.86-4.75) compared to patients who reported no perceived cognitive deficits. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that patient-reported perceived cognitive deficits in the first 4 weeks of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with PCC symptoms and that there may be an affective component to PCC in some patients. The underlying reasons for PCC merit additional exploration.

Long-term quality of life after treatment in sinonasal malignancy: A prospective, multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QOL) for individuals with sinonasal malignancy (SNM) is significantly under-studied, yet it is critical for counseling and may impact treatment. In this study we evaluated how patient, treatment, and disease factors impact sinonasal-specific and generalized QOL using validated metrics in a large cohort over a 5-year posttreatment time frame. METHODS: Patients with SNM who underwent definitive treatment with curative intent were enrolled in a prospective, multisite, longitudinal observational study. QOL was assessed using the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire (UWQOL) instruments at pretreatment baseline and multiple follow-ups through 5 years posttreatment. Multivariable modeling was used to determine demographic, disease, and treatment factors associated with disease-specific and generalized physical and social/emotional function QOL. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-four patients with SNM were analyzed. All QOL indices were impaired at pretreatment baseline and improved after treatment. SNOT-22 scores improved 3 months and UWQOL scores improved 6 to 9 months posttreatment. Patients who underwent open compared with endoscopic tumor resection had worse generalized QOL (p < 0.001), adjusted for factors including T stage. Pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) involvement was associated with worse QOL (SNOT-22, p < 0.001; UWQOL Physical dimension, p = 0.02). Adjuvant radiation was associated with worse disease-specific QOL (p = 0.03). Neck dissection was associated with worse generalized physical function QOL (p = 0.01). Positive margins were associated with worse generalized social/emotional function QOL (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Disease-specific and generalized QOL is impaired at baseline in patients with SNM and improves after treatment. Endoscopic resection is associated with better QOL. PPF involvement, adjuvant radiation, neck dissection, and positive margins were associated with worse QOL posttreatment.

Early Postoperative Volume Overload is a Predictor of 1-Year Post-Transplant Mortality in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients.

Fluid restriction and diuretic management are mainstays in the postoperative management of cardiac patients, at risk of volume overload and its deleterious effects on primary cardiac function and multi-organ systems. The importance of fluid homeostasis is further emphasized among orthotopic heart transplant recipients (OHT). We sought to investigate the relationship between postoperative volume overload, mortality, and allograft dysfunction among pediatric OHT recipients within 1-year of transplantation. This is a retrospective cohort study from a single pediatric OHT center. Children under 21 years undergoing cardiac transplantation between 2010 and 2018 were included. Cumulative fluid overload (cFO) was assessed as percent fluid accumulation adjusted for preoperative body weight. Greater than 10% cFO defined those with postoperative cFO and a comparison of postoperative cFO vs. no postoperative cFO (< 5%) is reported. 102 pediatric OHT recipients were included. Early cFO at 72 h post-OHT occurred in 14% and overall cFO at 1-week post-OHT occurred in 23% of patients. Risk factors for cFO included younger age, lower weight, and postoperative ECMO. Early cFO was associated with postoperative mortality at 1-year, OR 8.6 (95% CI 1.4, 51.6), p = 0.04, independent of age and weight. There was no significant relationship between cFO and allograft dysfunction, measured by rates of clinical rejection and cardiopulmonary filling pressures within 1-year of transplant. Early postoperative volume overload is prevalent and associated with increased risk of death at 1-year among pediatric OHT recipients. It may be an important postoperative marker of transplant survival, and this relationship warrants further clinical investigation.

HCC EV ECG score: An extracellular vesicle-based protein assay for detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The sensitivity of current surveillance methods for detecting early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is suboptimal. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising circulating biomarkers for early cancer detection. In this study, we aim to develop an HCC EV-based surface protein assay for early detection of HCC. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Tissue microarray was used to evaluate four potential HCC-associated protein markers. An HCC EV surface protein assay, composed of covalent chemistry-mediated HCC EV purification and real-time immuno-polymerase chain reaction readouts, was developed and optimized for quantifying subpopulations of EVs. An HCC EV ECG score, calculated from the readouts of three HCC EV subpopulations ( E pCAM + CD63 + , C D147 + CD63 + , and G PC3 + CD63 + HCC EVs), was established for detecting early-stage HCC. A phase 2 biomarker study was conducted to evaluate the performance of ECG score in a training cohort ( n  = 106) and an independent validation cohort ( n  = 72).Overall, 99.7% of tissue microarray stained positive for at least one of the four HCC-associated protein markers (EpCAM, CD147, GPC3, and ASGPR1) that were subsequently validated in HCC EVs. In the training cohort, HCC EV ECG score demonstrated an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-0.99) for distinguishing early-stage HCC from cirrhosis with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 90%. The AUROCs of the HCC EV ECG score remained excellent in the validation cohort (0.93; 95% CI, 0.87-0.99) and in the subgroups by etiology (viral: 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.00; nonviral: 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99). CONCLUSION: HCC EV ECG score demonstrated great potential for detecting early-stage HCC. It could augment current surveillance methods and improve patients' outcomes.

Volumetric Assessment of the Anterior Digastric Muscles: A Deeper Understanding of the Volumetric Changes With Aging.

BACKGROUND: Targeting the deeper, subplatysmal structures in the neck has recently grown in popularity. In particular, interventions targeting the "bulky" anterior digastric (AD) muscle have been described with excellent results. However, much remains to be understood about the deep anatomy of the neck and the age-associated changes of the AD. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between AD volume and age. METHODS: This retrospective study calculated the AD volume from MRI segmentation in subjects between the ages of 20 to 92 years, scans of whom had previously been recorded. Those with compromised imaging due to pathology or artifact were excluded. Subjects were divided into 4 age-defined cohorts for clinical applicability. RESULTS: This study included 129 patients (male n = 64) with a mean age of 52.3. The AD volume of the reference group was 3.2 cm3. A linear decrease in muscle volume was observed with age compared with the reference group: 2.95 cm3 in the 45- to 54-year-old cohort (P = 0.3), 2.7 cm3 in the 55- to 64-year-old cohort (P = 0.05), and 2.45 cm3 in the >65-year-old cohort (P < 0.001). Male sex (P = 0.0001) and laterality (P = 0.003) were associated with significantly larger volumes. Overweight and obese BMI classification was not associated with a significantly different volume than normal or underweight subjects (P = 0.067). CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest an age-associated reduction in AD volume. Gender and laterality significantly affected volume, whereas BMI did not. Although the results do not support the theory of muscular hypertrophy with aging, they reveal that the perceived bulkiness may be due to changes in the surrounding anatomy affecting the morphology of the AD and subsequent blunting of the cervicomental angle.

Characterizing physiological high-frequency oscillations using deep learning.

Objective.Intracranially-recorded interictal high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) have been proposed as a promising spatial biomarker of the epileptogenic zone. However, HFOs can also be recorded in the healthy brain regions, which complicates the interpretation of HFOs. The present study aimed to characterize salient features of physiological HFOs using deep learning (DL).Approach.We studied children with neocortical epilepsy who underwent intracranial strip/grid evaluation. Time-series EEG data were transformed into DL training inputs. The eloquent cortex (EC) was defined by functional cortical mapping and used as a DL label. Morphological characteristics of HFOs obtained from EC (ecHFOs) were distilled and interpreted through a novel weakly supervised DL model.Main results.A total of 63 379 interictal intracranially-recorded HFOs from 18 children were analyzed. The ecHFOs had lower amplitude throughout the 80-500 Hz frequency band around the HFO onset and also had a lower signal amplitude in the low frequency band throughout a one-second time window than non-ecHFOs, resembling a bell-shaped template in the time-frequency map. A minority of ecHFOs were HFOs with spikes (22.9%). Such morphological characteristics were confirmed to influence DL model prediction via perturbation analyses. Using the resection ratio (removed HFOs/detected HFOs) of non-ecHFOs, the prediction of postoperative seizure outcomes improved compared to using uncorrected HFOs (area under the ROC curve of 0.82, increased from 0.76).Significance.We characterized salient features of physiological HFOs using a DL algorithm. Our results suggested that this DL-based HFO classification, once trained, might help separate physiological from pathological HFOs, and efficiently guide surgical resection using HFOs.

Improving Patient Experience Scores Using Simultaneous Interpretation on Family-Centered Rounds.

OBJECTIVES: Patients speaking a primary language other than English face barriers to equitable care, particularly patient-provider communications. There is no gold standard for providing inpatient medical interpretation on family-centered rounds (FCR). We aimed to implement simultaneous, in-person interpretation of FCR for Spanish-speaking families and hypothesized improved satisfaction in care. METHODS: In-person, Spanish Equipment-Assisted Simultaneous Medical Interpretation (EASMI) was implemented in March 2018 on FCR. Child Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (Child HCAHPS) experience scores on communication domains were analyzed for Spanish and English-speaking families pre- (n = 118) and postimplementation (n = 552). Postimplementation, we conducted medical team surveys (n = 104) and semistructured interviews with Spanish-speaking families (n = 25) to determine satisfaction with interpretation modalities (phone, video, and EASMI). RESULTS: Spanish-speaking families exhibited statistically significant improvements in Child HCAHPS top box scores compared to English-speaking families in multiple communication and informed care-related domains. For example, "How often did your child's doctors explain things to you in a way that was easy to understand?" top box scores improved from 58% to 95% for Spanish-speaking families, compared to 85% to 83% for English speakers, with the differential effect of the intervention showing statistical significance (P = .001). Medical team surveys demonstrated high satisfaction with EASMI. Qualitative themes from interviews and open-ended survey responses emphasized multiple care benefits with EASMI, including a perceived reduction of communication errors and increased family participation. CONCLUSIONS: EASMI was associated with significant improvements in Child HCAHPS scores in communication domains and increased medical team and family members' satisfaction with interpretation. EASMI presents a novel method for equitable FCR for Spanish-speaking families.

Sustained Virologic Suppression Reduces HIV-1 DNA Proviral Levels and HIV Antibodies in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children Followed from Birth.

The extent to which perinatally HIV-infected children, following cART initiation, develop a low proviral reservoir burden over time, as measured by HIV DNA droplet-digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and the effect on HIV antibody is not well characterized. We measured proviral HIV DNA and plasma RNA virus load (VL) in 37 perinatally HIV-infected children at 6 months of age who initiated stable cART. At 6-11 years of age, HIV proviral DNA, HIV VL (RNA), and HIV antibody by Western Blot (WB) were assessed. CART was initiated before 6 months of age in 13 children and after 6 months in 24. At school age, the HIV DNA levels did not differ by the timing of cART, and the HIV DNA levels were lower in children with negative/indeterminate WB (p = 0.0256). Children with undetectable HIV RNA VL > 50% of the time since cART initiation had lower median DNA VL than children with undetectable VL < 50% of the time (p = 0.07). Long-term viral suppression in perinatally HIV-infected children is associated with a decrease in HIV antibodies and reduced HIV reservoirs.

Peripheral CRF-R1/CRF-R2 antagonist, astressin C, induces a long-lasting blockade of acute stress-related visceral pain in male and female rats.

Peptide CRF antagonists injected peripherally alleviate stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity (SIVH) to colorectal distension (CRD) in rodents. Here we further evaluated the dose and time-dependent inhibitory activity of several long-acting peptide CRF receptor antagonists related to astressin on SIVH, focusing on astressin C (AstC), which previously showed high efficacy on stress-related alterations of HPA axis and gut secretomotor functions. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated subcutaneously (SC) with AstC were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with CRF 15 min later. The visceromotor responses (VMR) to graded phasic CRD (10, 20, 40 and 60 mmHg) were monitored at basal, 15 min and up to 1-8 days after pretreatment. Two other astressin analogs, hexanoyl-astressin D (Hex-AstD) and [CαMeVal19,32]-AstC, were also tested. The response to IP CRF was sex-dependent with female rats requiring a higher dose to exhibit visceral hyperalgesia. Pretreatment with AstC (30-1000 µg/kg) resulted in a dose-related inhibition of IP CRF-induced SIVH and diarrhea in both sexes. The highest dose prevented SIVH and diarrhea up to 5-7 days after a single SC injection and was lost on day 7 (females) and day 8 (males) but reinstated after a second injection of AstC on day 8 or 9 respectively. [CαMeVal19,32]-AstC and Hex-AstD (1000 µg/kg in males) also prevented SIVH. These data show the potent long-lasting anti-hyperalgesic effect of AstC in an acute model of SIVH in both male and female rats. This highlights the potential of long-acting peripheral CRF antagonists to treat stress-sensitive irritable bowel syndrome.

Admission Source Is Associated With the Risk of Rapid Response Team Activation in a Children's Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate source of admission to a children's hospital as a predictor of rapid response team (RRT) activation, both in the first 48 hours of admission and over the entire hospitalization. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to the pediatric ward between March 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015. Source of admission was categorized as from the emergency department, transfer from another hospital facility, admission following a planned surgery, direct admission planned in advance, or unplanned direct admission. Information was collected including whether or not the patient had a RRT activation and survival to discharge. A Fisher's exact test was used to assess the association between source of admission and risk of rapid response. RESULTS: Of 8083 admissions included in the study, 194 had at least one RRT event. The odds of having an RRT was significantly associated with source of admission (P < .001). Using admission from the emergency department as a reference group, planned elective admissions (odds ratio [OR] 0.27; P < .001) and admissions following planned surgery (OR 0.07; P < .001) were significantly associated with reduced odds of having at least one RRT activation during the admission. Planned elective admissions also demonstrated reduced odds of RRT in the first 48 hours of hospitalization (OR 0.14; P = .002). Source of admission was also associated with survival to discharge (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Source of admission is associated with likelihood of RRT activation as well as with survival to discharge and should be considered by providers when assessing inpatient risk of decompensation.

Tooth-Specific Streptococcus mutans Distribution and Associated Microbiome.

Dental caries is multifactorial and polymicrobial in nature and remains one of the most common oral diseases. While caries research has focused on Streptococcus mutans as the main etiological pathogen, its impact at the tooth level is not fully understood. In this cross-sectional study, the levels and distribution of S. mutans in the posterior teeth at different dentition stages were investigated along with the corresponding tooth-specific microbiome. Occlusal plaque samples of 87 individual posterior teeth were collected from thirty children in three dentition stages (primary, mixed, and permanent). The S. mutans levels in the occlusal plaque of individual posterior teeth were quantified with qPCR, and those with preferential colonization were selected for tooth-specific microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Quantification of S. mutans levels in the occlusal plaque confirmed the preferential colonization on the first primary and permanent molars. These teeth were selected for further tooth-specific microbiome sequencing, as they also displayed high caries experience. There were significant differences in the relative abundance of the four most abundant genera: Neisseria, Streptococcus, Rothia, and Veillonella. Furthermore, the tooth-level caries experience was correlated with a reduction in the microbiome diversity. Analyzing the different tooth-associated microbial communities, distinct tooth-specific core microbiomes were identified. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that caries susceptibility at the tooth level, depending on tooth type and dentition stage, is influenced by individual species as well as plaque community.

Oncologic Outcomes of Multi-Institutional Minimally Invasive Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection for Melanoma Compared with Open Inguinal Dissection in the Second Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-II).

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive inguinal lymphadenectomy (MILND) is safe and feasible, but limited data exist regarding oncologic outcomes. METHODS: This study performed a multi-institutional retrospective cohort analysis of consecutive MILND performed for melanoma between January 2009 and June 2016. The open ILND (OILND) comparative cohort comprised patients enrolled in the second Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-II) between December 2004 and March 2014.The pre-defined primary end point was the same-basin regional nodal recurrence, calculated using properties of binomial distribution. Time to events was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The secondary end points were overall survival, progression-free survival, melanoma-specific survival (MSS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). RESULTS: For all the patients undergoing MILND, the same-basin regional recurrence rate was 4.4 % (10/228; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 2.1-7.9 %): 8.2 % (4/49) for clinical nodal disease and 3.4 % (6/179) for patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) as the indication. For the 288 patients enrolled in MSLT-II who underwent OILND for a positive SLN, 17 (5.9 %) had regional node recurrence as their first event. After controlling for ulceration, positive LN count and positive non-SLNs at the time of lymphadenectomy, no difference in OS, PFS, MSS or DMFS was observed for patients with a positive SLN who underwent MILND versus OILND. CONCLUSION: This large multi-institutional experience supports the oncologic safety of MILND for melanoma. The outcomes in this large multi-institutional experience of MILND compared favorably with those for an OILND population during similar periods, supporting the oncologic safety of MILND for melanoma.