Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer's disease: Factors and therapeutic implications.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that has devastating effects on individuals, often resulting in dementia. AD is primarily defined by the presence of extracellular plaques containing insoluble ß-amyloid peptide (Aß) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). In addition, individuals afflicted by these age-related illnesses experience a diminished state of health, which places significant financial strain on their loved ones. Several risk factors play a significant role in the development of AD. These factors include genetics, diet, smoking, certain diseases (such as cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), age, and alcohol consumption. Age-related factors are key contributors to the development of vascular-based neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In general, the process of aging can lead to changes in the immune system's responses and can also initiate inflammation in the brain. The chronic inflammation and the inflammatory mediators found in the brain play a crucial role in the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, maintaining BBB integrity is of utmost importance in preventing a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the role of age and its related factors in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the development of AD. We also discussed the importance of different compounds, such as those with anti-aging properties, and other compounds that can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the prevention of AD. This review builds a strong correlation between age-related factors, degradation of the BBB, and its impact on AD.

Splicing DNA Damage Adaptations for the Management of Cancer Cells.

Maintaining a tumour cell's resistance to apoptosis (organized cell death) is essential for cancer to metastasize. Signal molecules play a critical function in the tightly regulated apoptotic process. Apoptosis may be triggered by a wide variety of cellular stresses, including DNA damage, but its ultimate goal is always the same: the removal of damaged cells that might otherwise develop into tumours. Many chemotherapy drugs rely on cancer cells being able to undergo apoptosis as a means of killing them. The mechanisms by which DNA-damaging agents trigger apoptosis, the interplay between pro- and apoptosis-inducing signals, and the potential for alteration of these pathways in cancer are the primary topics of this review.

Impact of secondary infections on dengue presentation: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a wide range variety of manifestations, including a self­limiting to severe illness, has been increasingly reported in dengue. Few studies attract attention to severe dengue, mainly observed in secondary infection. With this background, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview to differentiate primary from secondary dengue using serology (IgG) and the possible association of severity of illness in secondary dengue. METHODS: Present retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a North Indian tertiary care center from September 2021 to January 2022. Clinical data of confirmed dengue patients from the medicine department were collected and assigned as primary and secondary dengue. RESULTS: Of the 220 dengue patients, 22 (10 %) had secondary dengue infection. Hemorrhagic manifestations were reported in 58/220 (26.4 %) cases while 7/22 (31.8 %) in secondary dengue. Prevalent hemorrhagic manifestations in secondary dengue include purpura (27.3 %), vaginal bleeding (4.5 %), melaena (9.1 %), and epistaxis (4.5 %). In addition, 42 (19.1 %) patients had pancytopenia, and 8 (36.6 %) cases were of secondary dengue. Hepatic dysfunction was noted in 164 (74.5 %) cases. Notably, all secondary dengue cases (22;100 %) had hepatic dysfunction and severe in 9 (40.9 %) cases. In addition, in secondary dengue patients, evidence of plasma leakages such as hypoproteinemia 7 (31.8 %) and ascites (35 %) were statistically more frequent. Overall, two deaths (0.9 %) were reported, and were one in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Many parameters, including hemorrhagic manifestation (melaena), hematological characteristic (pancytopenia), evidence of plasma leakage (hypoproteinemia and ascites), gastrointestinal (GB wall thickening and hepatic dysfunction) and reduction in mean hemoglobin and platelet count were found to be statistically significant in secondary dengue infection. Additionally, early classification of secondary dengue may help to anticipate its severity and allow for early strategic intervention/management to lower morbidity and mortality.

Breast cancer: A comparative review for breast cancer detection using machine learning techniques.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally and presents a significant challenge due to its rising incidence and fatality rates. Factors such as cultural, socioeconomic, and educational barriers contribute to inadequate awareness and access to healthcare services, often leading to delayed diagnoses and poor patient outcomes. Furthermore, fostering a collaborative approach among healthcare providers, policymakers, and community leaders is crucial in addressing this critical women's health issue, reducing mortality rates, alleviating, and the overall burden of breast cancer. The main goal of this review is to explore various techniques of machine learning algorithms to examine high accuracy and early detection of breast cancer for the safe health of women.

Pharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Nanoformulation Based Drug Delivery Systems for Anti-cancer Drugs.

Many nanodrug delivery systems used with various routes of administration have been developed recently. These may be dendrimers, nanocrystals, emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, or polymeric nanoparticles. The nanodrug delivery systems may improve effectiveness, safety, physicochemical qualities, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile. Functionalized nanodrug delivery systems can increase the half-life, improve the bioavailability of orally administered pharmaceuticals, and target tissue distribution. By decreasing the number of dosage intervals required, increasing the magnitude of the intended pharmacological effects, and decreasing the severity of undesirable systemic side effects, nanodrug systems show promise for improving treatment adherence and clinical results. Nanodrugs have been demonstrated to exhibit cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo; however, this attention has recently been refocused on their potentially harmful potential owing to their beneficial pharmacokinetic features for the treatment of cancer. Researchers require a more profound knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and safety aspects of nanodrugs and the limits of each administration route to continue creating safe and efficacious nanodrugs with high therapeutic potential. The benefits and risks associated with pharmacokinetics have been highlighted in this article, which describes the current state of nanodrug system development.

ROBOTONT - Open-source and ROS-supported omnidirectional mobile robot for education and research.

In order to achieve visionary concepts such as Society 5.0 and Industry 5.0, there is a growing need for people who are able to create innovative robotic technologies. Training students to become such skilled professionals requires transitioning from often toy-like educational platforms with significant hardware limitations to costly research robots with full ROS (Robot Operating System) support. To aid in this transition, we propose Robotont - an open-source omnidirectional mobile robot platform with both physical hardware and a digital twin. Robotont enables robotics education with professional tools as well as provides researchers with a capable mobility platform for validating and demonstrating scientific results. Robotont has successfully been used for university teaching, professional education, and online courses about ROS and robotics.

Nanotechnology-Aided Advancement in Combating the Cancer Metastasis.

Modern medicine has been working to find a cure for cancer for almost a century, but thus far, they have not been very successful. Although cancer treatment has come a long way, more work has to be carried out to boost specificity and reduce systemic toxicity. The diagnostic industry is on the cusp of a technological revolution, and early diagnosis is essential for improving prognostic outlook and patient quality of life. In recent years, nanotechnology's use has expanded, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing fields such as cancer treatment, radiation therapy, diagnostics, and imaging. Applications for nanomaterials are diverse, ranging from enhanced radiation adjuvants to more sensitive early detection instruments. Cancer, particularly when it has spread beyond the original site of cancer, is notoriously tough to combat. Many people die from metastatic cancer, which is why it remains a huge issue. Cancer cells go through a sequence of events known as the "metastatic cascade" throughout metastasis, which may be used to build anti-metastatic therapeutic techniques. Conventional treatments and diagnostics for metastasis have their drawbacks and hurdles that must be overcome. In this contribution, we explore in-depth the potential benefits that nanotechnology-aided methods might offer to the detection and treatment of metastatic illness, either alone or in conjunction with currently available conventional procedures. Anti-metastatic drugs, which can prevent or slow the spread of cancer throughout the body, can be more precisely targeted and developed with the help of nanotechnology. Furthermore, we talk about how nanotechnology is being applied to the treatment of patients with cancer metastases.

Utilization of Stimuli-Responsive Biomaterials in the Formulation of Cancer Vaccines.

Immunology research has focused on developing cancer vaccines to increase the number of tumor-specific effector cells and their ability to fight cancer over the last few decades. There is a lack of professional success in vaccines compared to checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell treatment. The vaccine's inadequate delivery method and antigen selection are most likely to blame for the poor results. Antigen-specific vaccines have recently shown promising results in preclinical and early clinical investigations. To target particular cells and trigger the best immune response possible against malignancies, it is necessary to design a highly efficient and secure delivery method for cancer vaccines; however, enormous challenges must be overcome. Current research is focused on developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials, which are a subset of the range of levels of materials, to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety and better regulate the transport and distribution of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. A concise analysis of current developments in the area of biomaterials that respond to stimuli has been provided in brief research. Current and anticipated future challenges and opportunities in the sector are also highlighted.

Leveraging health information helpline to sustain health-care delivery during the COVID pandemic: Experiences from a State in Eastern India.

Background: The unprecedented demands on health-care systems due to the COVID-19 pandemic made countries including India to switch toward alternative modes of health-care delivery. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the various COVID-related services delivered through 104 health information helpline (HIHL), located in Jharkhand during the pandemic. Methods: The de-identified secondary data from February 2020 to December 2021 related to COVID services delivered through HIHL were analyzed. Results: There was a significant increase in the COVID call volume during the first as well as the second wave. The HIHL has been able to guide the callers on testing, home isolation and follow-up, home-based teleconsultation, vaccination, timely referral, and support with logistic-related information. Conclusion: The 104 HIHL has played a critical role in sustaining health-care delivery during the pandemic, combating the "infodemic" and guiding the general public by providing authentic information.

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Government of India Mother and Child Protection Card for Developmental Screening of Indian Children Aged 2-36 Months: A Hospital-based Mixed Method Study.

OBJECTIVE: Universal developmental screening is recommen-ded at 9, 18, 24 and 36 months. The Government of India Mother and Child Protection (MCP) card is an immunization record that is used to monitor child development, and identify children requiring further evaluation. OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the MCP card for developmental screening, and perform its item analysis. STUDY DESIGN: Mixed-method study (prospective study of diag-nostic accuracy and qualitative study). PARTICIPANTS: Mother-child dyads of children between 2-36 months of age were recruited from the outpatient department or wards of a tertiary level children's hospital from November, 2019 to October, 2021. Children with confirmed neurodevelopmental disorders/disability, and mothers with less than 6th standard education were excluded. INTERVENTION: Each mother was given a MCP card, and taught how to mark the items. This was followed by the researcher's evaluation (index tool). The reference tool was a comprehensive clinical assessment (CCA) by the researcher and an expert. The CCA included clinical examination of hearing, vision, and neuro-development; and psychometric assessment of development and adaptive function. Each mother underwent an in-depth inter-view. Overall and group wise psychometric properties of diagnostic accuracy were computed. The interview transcripts were analyzed thematically. OUTCOMES: The proportion of children with 'fail' and 'delay' by the evaluation of the researcher with the MCP card and the expert by the CCA, respectively. RESULTS: The study population included 213 children (40.4% females). Fifty-two (24.4%) children were identified as 'Fail' by the MCP card and 43 (20.2%) as 'delay' by the expert's CCA. The overall sensitivity and specificity was 83.7% (95% CI 69.3-93.2) and 90.6% (95% CI 85.2-94.5), respectively. Acceptable diagnostic accuracy was found in the age-group 7-9 months, 13-18 months, and 25-36 months. CONCLUSIONS: The MCP card may be used for developmental screening at 9, 18, and 36 months.

Human-derived Biomaterials for Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Applications.

Biomaterials have been utilised since the dawn of time to aid wound healing and to try to restore damaged tissues and organs. Many different materials are now commercially accessible for maintaining and restoring biological functioning, and many more are being researched. New biomaterials have to be developed to meet growing clinical demands. The aim of this study is to propose innovative biomaterials of human origin and their recent applications in tissue engineering and the biomedical field. Recent trends in tissue engineering are summarized in this review highlighting the use of stem cells, 3D printing techniques, and the most recent application of biomaterials to produce a dynamic scaffold resembling natural tissue. Various literature survey was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, google scholar, and others and it was summarized from the study that the extracellular matrix (ECM) offers the opportunity to create a biomaterial consisting of a microenvironment with interesting biological and biophysical properties for improving and regulating cell functions. Based on the literature study, biomaterials have become increasingly important to the development of tissue engineering, which aims to unlock the regeneration capacity of human tissues/organs in a state of degeneration and restore or reestablish normal biological function. Biomaterials have also become increasingly important to the success of biomedical devices. Hence, it can be concluded from the finding of the study that the advances in the understanding of biomaterials and their role in new tissue formation can open new prospects in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Improving blast resistance of maintainer line DRR 9B by transferring broad spectrum resistance gene Pi2 by marker assisted selection in rice.

Hybrid rice technology offers great promise to further enhance rice production and productivity for global food security. Improving hybrid rice parental lines is the first step in developing heterotic rice hybrids. To improve resistance against blast disease, a maintainer line DRR 9B was fortified with a major broad-spectrum blast resistance gene Pi2 through marker-assisted selection. The rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a major disease and can cause severe yield losses upto 100%. The NILs of Samba Mahsuri namely BA-23-11-89-12-168 possessing Pi2 was utilized as a donor parent. The PCR-based molecular marker tightly linked to Pi2 gene was used for the foreground selection at BC1F1 generation. The molecular marker tightly linked to the major fertility restorer gene Rf4 was used for negative selection (i.e., selection of plants possessing non fertility restoring alleles) at BC1F1 generation to identify maintainer lines. The positive plants with Rf4 gene were added to the restorer pool for restorer line development. At each stage, MAS for Pi2 coupled with stringent phenotypic selection for agro-morphological and grain quality traits were exercised. At BC1F3 generation, one hundred families were screened against blast disease at uniform blast nursery (UBN) and selected resistant lines were advanced to next generations. In the BC1F5 generation plants were subjected to agro-morphological evaluation for yield and yield-contributing traits. The selected plants at BC1F5 generation were crossed with DRR 9A to assess the maintainer ability of blast resistance lines and for further CMS line conversion for hybrid rice breeding for developing blast resistance rice hybrids.

Ruptured mirror DACA aneurysm: A rare case report and review of literature.

Bilateral distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms also called "kissing aneurysms" or "mirror aneurysm" are extremely rare, accounting for only 0.2% of all intracranial aneurysms. There have only been a few examples of mirror DACA aneurysms reported in the literature. Here, we report a rare case of mirror DACA aneurysm in a middle aged female with its successful clipping. Patient was admitted with severe headache and altered sensorium. Computed tomography (CT) head was suggestive of anterior inter-hemispheric hematoma. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was done which was suggestive of two distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms located at same anatomical position. It was treated through microsurgical clipping. Mirror image DACA aneurysms are rare occurrence. All patients with ruptured DACA aneurysms should have angiography with 3D reconstruction studies. This aids in determining the aneurysm's morphology and planning treatment accordingly.

Bioinspired microrobots: Opportunities and challenges in targeted cancer therapy.

Chemotherapy is still the most effective technique to treat many forms of cancer. However, it also carries a high risk of side effects. Numerous nanomedicines have been developed to avoid unintended consequences and significant negative effects of conventional therapies. Achieving targeted drug delivery also has several challenges. In this context, the development of microrobots is receiving considerable attention of formulation scientists and clinicians to overcome such challenges. Due to their mobility, microrobots can infiltrate tissues and reach tumor sites more quickly. Different types of microrobots, like custom-made moving bacteria, microengines powered by small bubbles, and hybrid spermbots, can be designed with complex features that are best for precise targeting of a wide range of cancers. In this review, we mainly focus on the idea of how microrobots can quickly target cancer cells and discuss specific advantages of microrobots. A brief summary of the microrobots' drug loading and release behavior is provided in this manuscript. This manuscript will assist clinicians and other medical professionals in diagnosing and treating cancer without surgery.

DNA Vaccines to Improve Immunogenicity and Effectiveness in Cancer Vaccinations: Advancement and Developments.

DNA vaccine is a creative and promising method for cancer treatment. As part of cancer immunotherapy, one or more antigen-specific immune responses are triggered or strengthened using DNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy, which convey one or more genes encoded by tumour antigens to the immune system. Vaccine efficacy may be greatly increased by new delivery routes, the incorporation of molecular active ingredients and immunomodulatory signals, the modification of prime-boost protocols, or the inhibition of immunological checkpoints. It is possible to overcome the self-tolerance of many tumour antigens by using a mix of adaptive immune system and vaccine design strategies to generate protective adaptive immune responses. Both preventative and therapeutic vaccinations are being developed using this technology in several clinical investigations on DNA cancer immunotherapy. This study examines the immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines for immunotherapy.

Personalized Medicine: Advanced Treatment Strategies to Revolutionize Healthcare.

Personalized medicine (PM) is about developing an individualized approach to each patient's illness. Understanding how a patient's genomic portfolio renders them prone to various diseases may be enhanced by discovering genetic, epigenetic, and medical evidence. Medical therapy that is safe and effective for specific individuals may be predicted using the PM approach, which is a complete expansion of an older methodology (One-Size-Fits-All). Patient's well-being and longevity may improve and costs are reduced if PM is used. Using existing biomarkers and early genome and epigenomic processes to better understand PM may lead to earlier diagnosis of the disease, including carcinogenesis. A key focus of the PM technique is preventative medicine, which emphasizes proactive actions rather than depending only on reactive ones. More intrusive procedures may be avoided or postponed using this technique, resulting in a higher quality of life and lower financial burdens for patients. End-of-life care costs are putting a strain on governmentfunded healthcare systems across the globe, notably in the United States. When used in conjunction with present treatments, PM may help them work better and lessen the disadvantages of just non-PM methods. Using genetic profiling, doctors may choose a drug based on a participant's genetic profile that minimizes unwanted side effects and ensures a better result while also being less costly than a 'trial-and-error' approach to sickness treatment. The less effective non- PM ('trial-and-error') strategy leads to drug toxicity, severe adverse effects, reactive treatment, and misdiagnosis. PM and proactive therapeutic regimens should be used more often to save costs and enhance overall well-being.

Prediction of Cancer Treatment Using Advancements in Machine Learning.

Many cancer patients die due to their treatment failing because of their disease's resistance to chemotherapy and other forms of radiation therapy. Resistance may develop at any stage of therapy, even at the beginning. Several factors influence current therapy, including the type of cancer and the existence of genetic abnormalities. The response to treatment is not always predicted by the existence of a genetic mutation and might vary for various cancer subtypes. It is clear that cancer patients must be assigned a particular treatment or combination of drugs based on prediction models. Preliminary studies utilizing artificial intelligence-based prediction models have shown promising results. Building therapeutically useful models is still difficult despite enormous increases in computer capacity due to the lack of adequate clinically important pharmacogenomics data. Machine learning is the most widely used branch of artificial intelligence. Here, we review the current state in the area of using machine learning to predict treatment response. In addition, examples of machine learning algorithms being employed in clinical practice are offered.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell Therapy: A New Genetically Engineered Method of Immunotherapy for Cancer.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR T) cell treatment for solid tumours faces significant challenges. CAR T cells are unable to pass the vascular barrier in tumours due to a lack of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules. The invasion, activity, and durability of CAR T cells may be hampered by additional immunosuppressive mechanisms present in the solid tumour environment. The use of CAR T cells to attack cancer vascular endothelial metabolic targets from within the blood may simplify the fight against cancer. These are the principles that govern our examination of CAR T cell treatment for tumor cells, with a specific eye toward tumour venous delivery. CAR T cells may also be designed such that they can be readily, safely, and successfully transferred.