Quantifying racial disparities in risk of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, during the 2020-2021 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

We estimated the racial disparity in rates of invasive S. aureus infections based on community coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rates at the county level. Our data suggest that COVID-19 infection burden (1) affects not only hospital-onset MRSA invasive infection risk but also community-onset S. aureus invasive infection risk and (2) affects Black residents ∼60% more than White residents.

Preterm to term infant postmenstrual age reference intervals for thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine.

BACKGROUND: Infants born preterm are affected by a hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that is immature and still developing as they progress closer to corrected term gestation. Multiple risk factors place preterm infants at risk for a hypothyroid state. However, there is variability in thyroid-stimulating hormone cutoff values and limited data on free thyroxine reference intervals to guide clinicians. METHODS: 1584 thyroid-stimulating hormone and 1576 free thyroxine laboratory samples that were originally collected to screen hospitalized infants for delayed-onset of hypothyroidism were retrospectively evaluated from a group of 1087 infants who ranged in postmenstrual age from 25 to 43 weeks gestation at the time of laboratory sample collection. Median thyroid hormone values and reference intervals were established using R and the mixtools package. RESULTS: Thyroid-stimulating hormone reference intervals remained similar across gestational ages from 0.340-9.681 µIU/mL in 25-27 6/7-week infants to 1.090-7.627 µIU/mL in 40-43-weeks infants. For the same age groups, free thyroxine reference intervals increased from 0.42-0.91 ng/dL to 0.87-1.32 ng/dL. CONCLUSION: The reference intervals identified suggest that infants <31 weeks gestation have a higher thyroid-stimulating hormone and lower free thyroxine level at baseline than previously anticipated. IMPACT: The increasing free thyroxine values in preterm to term infants indicate a maturing hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Clinicians need thyroid hormone reference intervals that also vary by postmenstrual age to aid the evaluation of sick preterm infants who are at risk of a delayed hypothyroidism diagnosis that can be missed on the initial newborn screen. This study provides one of the largest samples of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine data to establish reference intervals in preterm infants. Clinicians may utilize the identified postmenstrual age-based reference intervals to inform follow-up thyroid testing in preterm infants at several weeks postnatal age.