Association of Serum Ferritin, Folate, Vitamin B12 with Thyroid Hormone Levels in Patients with Thyroid Disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia frequently occurs during course of clinical thyroid diseases. Without proper diagnosis & effective treatment of underlying thyroid disease, it is often difficult to achieve complete correction of anemia. AIM: The present study was conducted to assess prevalence & types of anaemia in patients with thyroid disorders. MATERIALS: A cross sectional study was conducted on 160 patients including both hypothyroid & hyperthyroid patients at OPD/IPD in SRN Hospital affiliated to MLN Medical college Prayagraj between July 2021 & August 2022. Blood samples were taken to estimate CBC, GBP with Retic count, S. ferritin, S. folate, S. Vitamin B12, Thyroid profile. Data was entered in MS Excel Spreadsheet & appropriate statistical package applied. RESULT: Out of 144 hypothyroid patients, 102 (70.83%) were found to be anaemic & out of 16 hyperthyroid patients, 6 (37.5%) were found to be anaemic. In 102 anaemic hypothyroid patients, 56 (54.9%)had normocytic normochromic, 25 (24.5%) had microcytic and 21 (20.5%) had macrocytic anaemia. In 6 anaemic hyperthyroid patients, 3 (50%) had normocytic normochromic, 2(33.33%) had microcytic and 1 (16.67%) had macrocytic anaemia. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of anaemia was found in patients with thyroid disorders. Anaemia is an uncommon finding in hyperthyroidism but when present may be similar to that present in hypothyroidism. The most common type of anaemia in both hyperthyroidism & hypothyroidism was found to be normocytic normochromic, followed by microcytic & least common being macrocytic. References Suhail N, Abu Alsel BT, Batool S. Prevalence and association of thyroid dysfunction with anemia/body iron status among northern border Saudi population. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2020;9(3):1-7. Peraka SA, Karre S, Ravuri S, et al., To evaluate prevalence of anemia in hypothyroid patients. J Diagn Pathol Oncol 2019;4(2):110-113.

Association of Serum Prolactin Levels with Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus & its Correlation with Diabetic Nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: As per 2015 IDF estimate, 415 million adults were affected by diabetes, by 2040 this figure is expected to rise to 642 million. As per estimates 20-40% of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy. AIM: The present study was conducted to establish the relationship between S. prolactin level with glycemic control in Type 2 DM & its association with Diabetic Nephropathy. MATERIALS: A cross sectional study was conducted on 100 diabetic patients at OPD/IPD in SRN Hospital affiliated to MLN Medical college, Prayagraj between July 2021 & August 2022. Blood samples were taken to estimate CBC, HbA1C, FBS, PPBS, S. Prolactin, S. creatinine, S. lipid profile. UACR & Urine R/M was done. USG whole abdomen with KUB was done to assess kidney size and echotexture. Data was collected, entered in MS Excel Spreadsheet & appropriate statistical package was applied. RESULT: Out of 100 diabetic patients, 37 patients (37%) had diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy patients had significantly lower Hb, eGFR & significantly higher S. creatinine & UACR levels. Serum prolactin levels of patients with Diabetic nephropathy was significantly higher as compared to those without diabetic nephropathy (53.36±13.45 vs. 12.67±7.84 ng/ml). Among diabetic patients without diabetic nephropathy, S. prolactin levels of patients with good glycemic control was significantly higher than that of poor glycemic control for all glycemic parameters i.e. HbA1c (19.48±5.29 vs. 11.23±7.56 ng/ml), FBS (21.88±7.23 vs. 9.53±5.13 ng/ml) & PPBS (21.86±6.45 vs. 8.39±3.60 ng/ml) but was still within normal range for the study population.' CONCLUSION: Patients with diabetic nephropathy had higher S. prolactin level, so it can be used as a surrogate marker for assessing progression of diabetic nephropathy. References Fard AA, Abbasnezhad P, Makhdomi K, et al. Association of serum prolactin concentrations with renal failure in diabetic patients. Rom J Diabetes Nutr Metab Dis 2017;24(3):179-185. Chahar C, Chahar K, Ankit BS, et al. Association of serum prolactin level with impaired glucose regulation and diabetes. J Assoc Physicians India 2017;65(3):34-39.

Interaction of a curcumin analogue dimethoxycurcumin with DNA.

Dimethoxycurcumin (Dimc), a synthetic analogue of curcumin, that has been reported to exhibit better in vivo stability and anti-tumour activity, was investigated for its interaction with DNA, employing spectroscopic methods based on absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), ethidium bromide (EtBr) competitive binding assay, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) displacement assay and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. The mean binding constant for its interaction with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was estimated to be 4.4±0.8 × 10(4) m(-1) . The studies using CD revealed that Dimc did not cause unwinding of the ct-DNA helix or induce major conformational changes. The EtBr and DAPI assays indicated that Dimc is not an intercalator but a minor groove binder. FRET assay also confirmed that Dimc interacts with DNA strands. Furthermore, viscosity measurements of ct-DNA solutions in the presence of Dimc supported these spectroscopic observations. Addition of Dimc to MCF-7 cells showed nuclear localization as visualized by confocal microscopy. In conclusion, the present studies addressed the mode of interaction of Dimc with biomolecules, which may have implications in developing Dimc as a DNA-targeted drug.

Reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with curcumin analogues: Structure-activity relationship.

Three curcumin analogues viz., bisdemethoxy curcumin, monodemethoxy curcumin, and dimethoxycurcumin that differ at the phenolic substitution were synthesized. These compounds have been subjected for free radical reactions with DPPH radicals, superoxide radicals (O(2)(•-)), singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) and peroxyl radicals (CCl(3)O(2)(•)) and the bimolecular rate constants were determined. The DPPH radical reactions were followed by stopped-flow spectrometer, (1)O(2) reactions by transient luminescence spectrometer, and CCl(3)O(2)(•) reactions using pulse radiolysis technique. The rate constants indicate that the presence of o-methoxy phenolic OH increases its reactivity with DPPH and CCl(3)O(2)(•), while for molecules lacking phenolic OH, this reaction is very sluggish. Reaction of O(2)(•-) and (1)O(2) with curcumin analogues takes place preferably at ß-diketone moiety. The studies thus suggested that both phenolic OH and the ß-diketone moiety of curcumin are involved in neutralizing the free radicals and their relative scavenging ability depends on the nature of the free radicals.

Differential free radical scavenging activity and radioprotection of caesalpinia digyna extracts and its active constituent.

Two extracts E1and E2 were prepared from the dried root of the plant Caesalpinia digyna by extracting with solvents of different polarity. The extracts were standardized with respect to a polyphenol, bergenin, by LC- MS analysis and they were subjected to free radical scavenging activity and in vitro radioprotection studies. Free radical reactions were carried out with superoxide, hydroxyl, and peroxyl radicals and DPPH. In vitro radioprotecting activity was studied by following their effect on gamma-radiation induced lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and DNA damage. The results indicated that E1 with higher free radical scavenging ability is also a more potent inhibitor of radiation induced damage to proteins, DNA and liposomes than E2. Comparing the results with those for bergenin indicated that bergenin alone is not responsible for the free radical scavenging ability and in vitro radioprotection. The studies also confirmed that the extracts enriched with bergenin are more effective than the isolated polyphenol, bergenin.

Reactions of hydroxyl radical with bergenin, a natural poly phenol studied by pulse radiolysis.

Reactions of pulse radiolytically generated hydroxyl (()OH) radicals and one-electron specific oxidants, Br(2)(-) radicals with bergenin, a polyphenolic tannin derivative, were studied and the transients detected by absorption spectrometry. The transient absorption spectrum produced during the reaction of ()OH radicals with bergenin was broad, and pH dependent. Different modes of reactions of ()OH radicals with bergenin, viz., addition to the aromatic ring adduct and hydrogen abstraction was established by time resolved (5-400micros) transient absorption studies and also by the reaction of Br(2)(-) radicals. Comparing the transient spectra with ()OH radicals and Br(2)(-) radicals at pH 4.5 and 8.5, the absorption maximum of the phenoxyl radical was found to be at 440nm at pH 4.5 and 480nm at pH 8.5. Phenoxyl radicals are produced during ()OH radical reaction through the formation of ()OH radical adduct followed by water/OH(-) elimination. While the phenoxyl radicals of bergenin are oxidizing in nature, the hydroxyl radical adducts and the radicals produced from hydrogen abstraction are of reducing nature. The yield of the oxidizing radicals produced from the ()OH radical reaction with bergenin was determined to be 26.2% by secondary electron transfer reaction from TMPD. On the other hand the yield of reducing radicals produced from the ()OH radical reaction with bergenin was determined to be 74.1% by secondary electron transfer reaction to MV(2+). ()OH radical reactions with bergenin under oxygenated conditions and reaction with trichloro methyl peroxyl radicals with bergenin produced a new transient absorbing at 400nm, which is attributed to peroxyl type of radicals. The one-electron reduction potential for the formation of phenoxyl radical from bergenin was determined to be 0.938V versus NHE at pH 7, by electron transfer equilibrium between bergenin and chlorpromazine. The above results confirmed that reaction of ()OH radicals with bergenin, mainly produced radical adducts and one-electron oxidation accounts to only a minor process. The radical adducts may be converted to peroxyl radicals in presence of oxygen. Based on these results it can be concluded that although bergenin is a polyphenol, it may not act as a potent antioxidant, but may be act as pro-oxidant.

Evaluation of evidenced-based radioprotective efficacy of Gymnema sylvestre leaves in mice brain.

A Gymnema sylvestre leaves extract (GSE) rich in gymnemic acids was examined for its antioxidant activities through various in vitro assays, along with its radioprotective efficacy in mice brain. The IC(50) values of GSE for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging assays, superoxide radical scavenging assays, inhibition of in vitro lipid peroxidation assays, and protein carbonyl formation assay were 238, 140, 99.46, and 28.03 microg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the total phenolic content in GSE was equivalent to 18.06 microg/mL of Gallic acid. The rate of *OH radical scavenging activity of GSE is 0.46 times slower than SCN- derived from nanosecond pulse radiolysis studies. Results of in vivo studies showed that radiation (8 Gy)-induced augmentation in the levels of lipid peroxidation and depletion in glutathione and protein levels in mice brain were significantly ameliorated by GSE pretreatment. Results suggest that the radioprotective efficacy of GSE may be due to its antioxidant properties.