Concept of Affective Dependence and Validation of an Affective Dependence Scale.

Background: There is a degree of affective interdependence that is considered normal and only becomes pathological if it causes excessive suffering, both for the subject and for those close to them. Our objective was to introduce and psychometrically validate a short and effective affective dependency scale, the Affective Dependence Scale (ADS-9). Methods: We used a sample of 762 participants (clinical: emotional dependent subjects n = 212, comparison: non-emotionally-dependent addicted subjects n = 272, and general population n = 278) to assess the factor structure, the psychological construct validity and the measurement invariance for the ADS-9 by means of independent exploratory factor analyses for each sample group and subsequent multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Our results confirm that ADS-9 is a psychometrically consistent instrument, with construct and clinical validity, as well as configural, metric and scalar invariance across different sample groups (clinical, comparison and general population). A hypothesized two-dimensional structure was confirmed by means of factor analyses. Both sub-scales of this abbreviated form, Submission and Craving, showed a good agreement with the previously validated Relationships and Sentimental Dependencies Inventory (IRIDS-100). Conclusion: The ADS-9 is a brief instrument that appears to reliably detect the dependent and pathological components of affective dependence. It consists of two sub-scales, describing Submission (adaptation, accommodation, and subjugation) and Craving (imperative need for the other with the presence of disturbing states). We suggest that it is a versatile scale that may be useful for clinicians and researchers.

Bidependencia, percepción del riesgo de abandono y adherencia al tratamiento en drogodependientes / Bidependency, perception of drug addicts' risk of abandonment and adherence to treatment

Introducción: La baja adherencia al tratamiento constituye en adictos un factor facilitador de una posible recaída, siendo otro predictor del fracaso terapéutico la dependencia emocional. Objetivos: Explorar el constructo Bidependencia, entendido como una doble dependencia (a sustancias psicoactivas y a relaciones interpersonales), determinando un perfil diferencial respecto a una adicción únicamente a sustancias y relacionarlo con la percepción del riesgo de abandono y la adherencia al tratamiento. Metodología: La muestra consta de 107 participantes adictos en tratamiento y cuyas edades fluctúan entre los 18 y los 66 años (Media: 45,54; DT: 10,15). Resultados: Se ha hallado un perfil clínico diferencial entre adictos bidependientes y sujetos adictos no bidependientes. También se presentan diferencias significativas entre estos dos grupos en la percepción del riesgo de abandono y la adherencia al tratamiento, siendo el grupo bidependiente el que presenta mayor riesgo de fracaso terapéutico. Conclusiones: Dada la importancia de la adherencia al tratamiento en adictos se invita a una reflexión y se aboga por dar continuidad a esta novedosa línea de investigación

The aim of this piece of research is to explore the bidependency construct, which can be understood as double dependency (on a psychoactive substance and interpersonal relationships), shaping a different profile with respect to an addiction only to substances. The sample was made up of 115 participants in treatment of both sexes and of ages from 18 to 66, at the time of the investigation, (Querage: 45.54; SD: 10.15). The research used the Spouce- Specific Dependency - SSDS- (Rathus & O'Leary, 1997, adapted by Esposito et al., 2000), the Inventory of Interpersonal Relationships and Sentimental Dependencies -IRIDS 100- (Sirvent & Moral, 2007, and the Questionnaire Prediction of Therapeutic Abandonment in addiction (vs. Success) -VPA 30- (Sirvent, 2009). A different clinical profile was discovered between bidependent addicts and non-bidependent addicts. Significant differences were also found between these two groups with regard to adherence to the treatment and the risk of abandonment. The bidependent group were the ones with the greatest risk. This calls for reflection and continuing with a new line of research

Objetivos psicoterapéuticos e intervención integral en dependencias sentimentales / No disponible

En este estudio se describen los principales objetivos psicoterapéuticos en dependencia emocional, codependencia y bidependencia de acuerdo con una visión comprehensiva integradora de los factores determinantes de las dependencias sentimentales. Nuestra propuesta etiológica se articula en torno a tres componentes adictofílicos, vinculares y cognitivo-afectivos. El plan de actuación consta de una primera parte evaluativa multifrontal y una segunda en la que se diseñan las estrategias terapéuticas propiamente, que culmina en reevaluaciones sucesivas. En el proceso de anamnesis se emplea metodología cualitativa, ofreciéndose como ejemplo ilustrativo el caso de la calificada como Espinade Ishikawa. En la propuesta de intervención se integran medidas psicoterapéuticas sustentadas en modelos de corte cognitivo-conductual con otras de entrenamiento psicosocial, tanto en psicoterapia individual como grupal. Finalmente, se proponen líneas prospectivas de actuación en el tratamiento integral de las dependencias sentimentales

This study describes the main psychotherapeutic objectives in Emotional Dependence, Codependence and Bidependence, according to a comprehensive integrating vision of the determining factors of Sentimental Dependencies. Our proposed etiology is structured around three components: addictive, relational and cognitive-affective. The action plan consists of a first multi-frontal evaluative part and a second section in which the actual therapeutic strategies are designed, culminating in successive reassessments. Qualitative methodology is used in the process of anamnesis, offering the case of the Ishikawa Thorn as an illustration. The proposed intervention integrates psychotherapeutic measures, based on cognitive-behavioral models with others of psychosocial intervention in both individual and group psychotherapy. Finally, we propose prospective lines of action in the comprehensive treatment of Sentimental Dependencies

Evaluation of Self-Deception: Validation of the IAM-40 Inventory

This paper describes the constructs of pathological self-deception (the inability to detect the negative effect of one’s own behaviour) and mystification (an extreme form of self-deception which affects daily life) by way of a brief historical review of the instruments used to evaluate self-deception and desirability. The Self-Deception and Mystification Inventory (IAM-40) is presented for the first time; it is made up of forty items and five factors (insincerity, manipulation, denial mechanisms, an interested perception of reality and mystification). The general objective of this investigation is to validate the Inventory of Self-Deception, including both its general scale and the factors and constructs of self-deception and mystification, in a study of 159 addict patients (clinical population sample) and 124 general population participants. Significant differences are found, as predicted, between both subpopulations, with a greater level of pathology of all studied indicators in the clinical sample. The clinical existence of self-deception and mystification is concluded. The IAM-40 is also proven to be an adequate and useful instrument for diagnostic purposes and for day-to-day clinical management. The critical discussion is based on a proposal for psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic ad hoc treatment (AU)

No disponible

Desórdenes afectivos, crisis de identidad e ideación suicida en adolescentes / Affective disorders, crisis of identity and suicidal thoughts in teenagers

In this study we apply the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) construct for make reference to the stereo- typed idea of emotional and affective crisis in adolescents. We have analysed behavioural disarrangement, depressive and anxious disorders, somatic complaints, relations problems, aggressive behaviour, attention searches and thought problems in adolescents schooling in a High School of the Principado de Asturias (España). We obtains answer trends that denotes stability, scarce anxious disorders manifestations, personal confusions in the search of self- concept, an adequate valuation of the interpersonal contacts, scarce aggressive or threatening behaviours, and trivial mental disorders manifestation and others problematic behaviors. Significant differences have been situated depending on such indicators as the level of age, the general autoconcept, the relation with the equal ones and the degree of institutional dissatisfaction with more vulnerability to manifestations of externalized pathology. Likewise, there have been evaluated factors that influence the suicidal thought and the processes of confusion of identity. We conclude that adolescence can shows an accommodated crisis (by changes meaning), more that a period of successive and incontrollable emotional tumults (AU)

En este estudio se aplica el constructo Sturm und Drang (tormenta e impulso) para hacer referencia a la idea estereotipada de crisis emocionales y afectivas en adolescentes. Se han analizado desajustes comportamentales, trastornos depresivos y ansiógenos, quejas somáticas, problemas de relación, conducta agresiva, búsquedas de atención y problemas de pensamiento en estudiantes de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias (España). Se han obtenido tendencias de respuesta denotativas de estabilidad, escasas manifestaciones de cuadros ansiógenos, confusiones personales en la búsqueda de sí mismo, una adecuada valoración de los contactos interpersonales, escasas conductas agresivas o amenazantes y leve manifestación de desajustes mentales y otras conductas problema. Se han hallado dife- rencias significativas en función de indicadores tales como el nivel de edad, el autoconcepto general, la relación con los iguales y el grado de insatisfacción institucional con mayor vulnerabilidad a manifestaciones de patología externalizada. Asimismo, se han evaluado factores que influyen en la ideación suicida y en los procesos de confusión de identidad. En su conjunto, se concluye que la adolescencia tiende a representar una sucesión de crisis (en la acepción de cambios) adaptativas, mas que un período de sucesivos e incontrolables tumultos emocionales (AU)

[Attitudinal changes and reduction of alcohol use in adolescents following a psychosocial intervention program]. / Cambios actitudinales y reducción del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes a partir de un programa de intervención psicosocial.

Experimentation with alcohol constitutes a problem on the increase among young people in recent years, and mean age at first consumption has fallen. The goal of the present work was to carry out an exploratory study of attitudes toward alcohol use in terms of three dimensions (cognitive, affective and behavioural) in a sample of 755 secondary school pupils from the Principality of Asturias (Spain). Subsequently, we selected a sample of 141 adolescents described as at risk in view of their more permissive attitudes in relation to their lower age level (mean= 14.24 years), with the aim of applying a socio-educational preventive programme that included follow-up assessments at two, seven and twelve months. The results showed the preventive efficacy of the didactic activities programmed, a strengthening of attitudes contrary to experimentation with alcohol, and greater resistance to peer pressure, as well as the modification of patterns and frequency of use. Of the four programs applied (Family Intervention, Expert, Information, and Basic Sensitization), we found greater preventive efficacy for the competence-enhancement and psychosocial intervention programs, compared to the merely informational type.

Cambios actitudinales y reducción del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes a partir de un programa de intervención psicosocial / Attitudinal changes and reduction of alcohol use in adolescents following a psychosocial intervention program

La experimentación con alcohol representa una problemática que se va extendiendo entre el colectivo juvenil en los últimos años, produciéndose estabilizaciones en edades bajas de inicio al consumo. El objetivo es realizar un estudio exploratorio de las actitudes hacia el consumo de alcohol bajo una triple dimensionalidad (cognitiva, afectiva y comportamental) en una muestra de 755 alumnos de educación secundaria del Principado de Asturias (España). Posteriormente, de ellos se ha elegido una muestra de 141 adolescentes calificados de en riesgo, debido a sus actitudes de mayor permisividad en relación con su nivel de edad inferior (media=14.24 años) con objeto de aplicar un programa preventivo a nivel socioeducativo que fue evaluado con un intervalo temporal de dos, siete y doce meses. Se ha comprobado la eficacia preventiva de la programación de actividades didácticas, un fortalecimiento de actitudes contrarias a la experimentación con alcohol y una mayor resistencia a la presión grupal, así como modificaciones en los patrones de ingesta y frecuencia de consumo. De los cuatro programas desarrollados (Intervención familiar, Experto, Información y Sensibilización básica) se comprueba la mayor eficacia preventiva de los programas competenciales y de intervención psicosocial en relación a los meramente informativos (AU)

Experimentation with alcohol constitutes a problem on the increase among young people in recent years, and mean age at first consumption has fallen. The goal of the present work was to carry out an exploratory study of attitudes toward alcohol use in terms of three dimensions (cognitive, affective and behavioural) in a sample of 755 secondary school pupils from the Principality of Asturias (Spain). Subsequently, we selected a sample of 141 adolescents described as at risk in view of their more permissive attitudes in relation to their lower age level (mean=14.24 years), with the aim of applying a socio-educational preventive programme that included follow-up assessments at two, seven and twelve months. The results showed the preventive efficacy of the didactic activities programmed, a strengthening of attitudes contrary to experimentation with alcohol, and greater resistance to peer pressure, as well as the modification of patterns and frequency of use. Of the four programs applied (Family Intervention, Expert, Information, and Basic Sensitization), we found greater preventive efficacy for the competence-enhancement and psychosocial intervention programs, compared to the merely informational type (AU)

Dependencia afectiva y género: perfil sintomático diferencial en dependientes afectivos españoles / Affective dependence and gender: symptomatic profile in Spanish affective dependents

Se ofrece un análisis clínico y psicosocial de la Dependencia Afectiva descrita como un tipo de dependencia sentimental caracterizada por la manifestación de comportamientos adictivos de apego patológico en la relación interpersonal. Se han evaluado los factores sintomáticos diferenciales de 78 casos diagnosticados de dependencia afectiva mediante el Test de Dependencias Sentimentales (TDS-100) con respecto a la población general (N=311). Según el perfil hallado se comprueba que los dependientes afectivos experimentan una dependencia pura con posesividad y manifestación de craving y abstinencia, presentan desajustes afectivos en forma de sentimientos negativos (culpa, vacío emocional, miedo al abandono) e inescapabilidad emocional, manifiestan conflictos de Identidad (pseudosimbiosis) y usan un locus de control externo. En población clínica se ha hallado que los varones son más buscadores de sensaciones y se muestran más inflexibles (Yo rígido) y las mujeres emplean más mecanismos de negación y no afrontamiento con conciencia de problema nula o distorsionada.(AU)

It offers a clinical and psychosocial analysis of the Affective Dependence, described as a type of sentimental dependence characterized by the manifestation of addictive behaviors of pathological attachment in the interpersonal relation. We have evaluated the symptomatic differential factors of 78 cases diagnosed of affective dependence by means of the Test of Sentimental Dependences (TDS-100) with regard to the general population (N=311). In agreement to the found differential profile in affective dependents we verify that they show a pure Dependence with possessively and craving and abstinence, they develop experience affective disruptions with negative feelings (blame, emotional vacuum, fear of abandonment), and emotional inscape sentiment, identity conflicts (pseudo symbiosis) and an extern control locus. In clinical population has found that the males are more seekers of sensations and they prove a stiff Self and the women use more mechanisms of denial and not confrontation, with void or distorted conscience of problem.(AU)

Efectos diferenciales sobre las actitudes ante la experimentación con alcohol y la percepción de riesgo en adolescentes españoles consumidores de cannabis y alcohol / Differential effects on attitudes regarding alcohol experimentation and risk perception among Spanish adolescents consumers of cannabis and alcohol

Introduction This research offers a comprehensive analysis of the distinctive status of Alcohol in two types of young consumers (alcohol and alcohol/ cannabis), which is internalised by the consumers themselves, creating a distortion in their risk perceptions inherent to experimentation. In this sense, the focus of this study is on the change experienced in the attitude sphere in a threefold dimension: cognitive factors (beliefs, expectations, perceptions, etc.), affective factors (identification with the user, liking or disliking, etc.), and behavioural factors (inclination to accept the habit); as well as risk perception and the conscience of the physical and/or psychosocial damage derived from alcohol experimentation and the motivations that lead to its consumption in a sample of adolescents from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). We link such attitude profiles to the social representation of recreational drugs associated with socio-cognitive restructurating processes promoted by the corresponding user mentalities. In addition, there is evidence of the influence of the sociocultural context on the distinctive status of the psychoactive substances analysed, in this case alcohol and those derived from cannabis. Contrary to the high permissiveness towards alcohol, other psychoactive substances, such as cannabis products, are socially demonised, as they have been considered a gateway for the use of other drugs coming from a tradition far from the western one. However, there appear to be more permissive consciences lately. In relation to young people, attitudes of guilt are being made more flexible, a tendency that can be extended to the distortion of risk perception in alcohol consumption among the users of cannabis products themselves. Strictly, we should consider the distinctive perceptions of the risks associated with experimentation and the attitude patterns that identify them. We must also consider cannabis products and whether or not they are being compared to alcohol as a social drug, or if, on the contrary, the rejection conscience of such practices is being reinforced. Materials and method A distinctive and descriptive analysis of users of alcohol and cannabis products with respect to non-users is presented. This analysis encompasses the attitude sphere, risk perception and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from the use of alcohol and other experimentation with psychoactive substances in a sample of 273 adolescents, chosen from four High Schools in the Principality of Asturias (Spain) by means of an intentional sampling. They have different academic levels and are within the ages of 14 to 18, the average age being 16.5. 140 of them are girls (51.3% of the sample) and 133 boys (48.7% remaining). The main variables studied are those related to attitudes towards adolescents' use of alcohol alone and those who habitually use it with cannabis products. The main study variables are represented by the attitude sphere, risk perception, the problematic of alcohol consumption, and the knowledge of the negative consequences derived from alcohol consumption and from other experimentations with cannabis and other psychoactive substances. A questionnaire, created ad hoc, has been provided by the researchers, which, under the label of Scale of attitudes and habits of alcohol consumption, includes an analysis of different related elements in the aetiological proposal. The value of Alpha in 273 valid cases and 142 items is .9171. With regard to the research procedure, an anonymous presentation of the Scale to the aforementioned group of students over a two-week time period has been prepared. For the statistical treatment of the data, a statistics package SPSS, version 14.0 has been used. Results According to the results obtained, it is confirmed that adolescent alcohol consumers, on one hand, and those who consume alcohol and cannabis products, on the other, show attitudes of great permissiveness towards consumption, distorted beliefs and expectations, socio-affective alienation and scarce sensitising with respect to those affected by the problematic of it, and a favourable disposition to consumption and even an alcoholic habituation. Firstly, a comparative analysis of response percentages has been done, before indicators through which different aspects of the cognitive, affective and behavioural dimensions of the attitude towards alcohol consumption are evaluated, along with the distortion of risk perception and basic information about the consequences derived from consumption experiences, in either adolescents who are users of alcohol, or those who, apart from alcohol, are habitual users of cannabis products. From the descriptive analysis some conclusions can be drawn such as: • Obvious permissive disposition towards the process of alcoholic habituation in adolescent users of alcohol, mainly extensible to users of both alcohol and cannabis products. • From the evaluation of the cognitive dimension of the attitudes, explicit disposition is confirmed, in the sense of displaying a distortion of these attitudes. This can be attributed to, as it has been pointed out in the theoretical exposition, the possible action of the user mentality. • In the evaluation of attitude aspects, a dominant tendency to display a scarce identification and sensitising disposition with respect to those who give up drinking or are abstemious and even to openly show rejection to congratulating somebody that has given up drinking. • Lastly, the finding of coincidences between adolescent alcohol users and those who also use cannabis products in the determination of the main motivations that drive their alcohol consumption. The tendency of a more permissive attitude towards alcohol consumption in adolescents is confirmed along with a distorted perception of the risks derived from questions related to organic damage associated with experimentation. In the evaluation of the alcoholism problematic in our society, we also have found the confirmation of a mentality associated with experimentation that leads to a distortion of the damages derived from experimentation. Therefore, with respect to the distinctive analysis of the main motivations that drive alcohol consumption, a tendency of evasion of routine is confirmed. Peer pressure by consumer friends, disposition to lose one's inhibitions, meeting people, and experiencing euphoria are the main reasons that drive experimentation in adolescents who consume alcohol and, also, in those users of both alcohol and cannabis products. A tendency to recognise the scarce negative consequences suffered is derived from the analysis of the degree of perceived problems stemming from experimentation with different psychoactive substances, as well as the risk perception and negative consequences derived from their experiences of alcohol consumption and from the main explicit reasons for not drinking. According to an analysis procedure similar to the aforementioned, the importance of the differences found between consumers and non-consumers either of alcohol or both alcohol and cannabis products could be determined, confirming recognition of worse consequences perceived on physical and psychosocial health derived from experimentation, even though it cannot benefit a real consciousness, as has been confirmed through the previous attitude analysis.

Objetivo Nuestro objeto de estudio es el análisis de las actitudes hacia la experimentación con sustancias psicoactivas (alcohol y cannabis) de acuerdo a una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Así como la percepción de riesgos y la conciencia de daño físico y/o psicosocial derivado de la experimentación con alcohol. Además de analizar los motivadores del consumo en una muestra de adolescentes de cuatro Centros de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Se ofrece un análisis comprehensivo del estatuto diferencial que el alcohol tiene entre dos perfiles de jóvenes consumidores (alcohol y alcohol/cannabis) que es interiorizado por los propios consumidores afectando a una distorsión de sus percepciones de riesgo inherentes a la experimentación. Vinculamos semejantes perfiles actitudinales a procesos de reestructuración sociocognitiva y de carácter motivacional impulsados por las correspondientes mentalidades del usuario. Asimismo, se evidencia la influencia del contexto sociocultural sobre el estatuto diferencial de las sustancias psicoactivas objeto de análisis, en este caso alcohol y derivados cannábicos. Material y métodos Se realizó un muestreo intencional de un colectivo de 273 adolescentes escolarizados de diferentes niveles académicos de edades que oscilan entre los 14 y 18 años que cursan estudios en cuatro Centros de Enseñanza Secundaria del Principado de Asturias, España. Las principales variables investigadas son las relativas a las actitudes ante el consumo de alcohol por parte de adolescentes experimentadores de tal sustancia y de aquellos que usan regularmente junto al alcohol los derivados cannábicos. La esfera actitudinal ha representado la principal área explorada bajo una triple dimensionalidad: factores cognitivos (creencias, expectativas, percepciones, etc.), afectivos (identificación con los usuarios, agrado o desagrado, etc.) y comportamentales (disposición para el consumo e inclinación para la aceptación del hábito). Asimismo, se ha investigado acerca de las motivaciones que impulsan al consumo y las razones explicitadas para beber y no beber, así como sobre aquellas que pueden mediatizar semejantes usos. Junto al plano actitudinal, la percepción del grado de riesgo y problematicidad inherente al consumo de alcohol, así como el conocimiento acerca de las consecuencias negativas derivadas del consumo de alcohol y de las experimentaciones con cannabis y otras sustancias psicoactivas representan las principales variables investigadas. Resultados Se confirma que tanto los adolescentes consumidores de alcohol, por un lado, como los de alcohol y derivados cannábicos, por otro, muestran unas actitudes de gran permisividad ante el consumo, creencias y falsas expectativas, desapego socioafectivo y escasa sensibilidad respecto a quienes se hayan afectados por la problemática, así como una disposición favorable al consumo e incluso a la habituación alcohólica. Del análisis del grado de problematicidad percibida, derivada de la experimentación con diversas sustancias psicoactivas, así como de la percepción de riesgos y consecuencias negativas que se han derivado de sus experiencias de consumo de alcohol, se deriva una tendencia a reconocer las escasas consecuencias negativas sufridas. A partir del análisis diferencial de los factores de percepción de riesgo y de las razones que podrían aducirse para no-beber se ha confirmado que los adolescentes que experimentan con alcohol y derivados cannábicos manifiestan en su conjunto una menor percepción de los riesgos asociados a la experimentación contrastando con la mayor concientización del potencial daño alcohólico de quienes no son usuarios. A partir del análisis de las actitudes globales ante el alcohol se confirma que los consumidores de otras sustancias psicoactivas -en relación con los adolescentes que beben pero no experimentan con otras drogas- son más permisivos, manifiestan unas creencias más distorsionadas y una mayor disposición hacia la habituación alcohólica.

Factores relacionados con las actitudes juveniles hacia el consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas / Factors related to young people’s attitudes to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances

En este estudio se analizaron las variables relacionadas con el consumo juvenil de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas, y con las actitudes hacia la experimentación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 755 estudiantes de entre doce y dieciséis años, pertenecientes a cuatro centros de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la multideterminación de este fenómeno. Se comprueba que la actitud juvenil hacia el consumo de sustancias es más favorable cuanto menor sea la percepción de riesgo, mayores las creencias distorsionadas y más permisiva sea la disposición para el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas ilegales. Otros factores determinantes son la relación con el grupo de iguales consumidores de drogas, las conductas antisociales e indicios de búsqueda de atención

In this study we analyzed variables related to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances among young people, and to their attitudes towards experimentation. The sample was made up of 775 pupils aged 12 to 16 from four secondary schools in the Principality of Asturias (northern Spain). The results obtained confirm the multi-causal nature of these phenomena. The attitudes of young people towards substance use was found to be more favourable the lower the perception of risk, the more mistaken their beliefs and the more permissive their disposition to the use of alcohol and other illegal drug. Other determining factors are their relationship with peer groups that use drugs, antisocial behaviours and attention-seeking indications

[Factors related to young people's attitudes to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances]. / Factores relacionados con las actitudes juveniles hacia el consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas.

In this study we analyzed variables related to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances among young people, and to their attitudes towards experimentation. The sample was made up of 775 pupils aged 12 to 16 from four secondary schools in the Principality of Asturias (northern Spain). The results obtained confirm the multi-causal nature of these phenomena. The attitudes of young people towards substance use was found to be more favourable the lower the perception of risk, the more mistaken their beliefs and the more permissive their disposition to the use of alcohol and other illegal drug. Other determining factors are their relationship with peer groups that use drugs, antisocial behaviours and attention-seeking indications.

Prevención e intervención psicosocial sobre el consumo juvenil de sustancias psicoactivas: Comparación de la eficacia preventiva de cuatro programas / Prevention and psychosocial intervention on the young psychoactive substances constumption: Comparision of four programs preventive efficacy

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es proceder a comprobar la eficacia preventiva de cuatro programas de intervención psicosocial a partir de una aproximación psicosociológica de carácter longitudinal a las actitudes y los patrones de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de los adolescentes contemporáneos. Con este propósito se han seleccionado cuatro Centros de Educación Secundaria del Principado de Asturias. En la primera encuestación participaron 755 alumnos, siendo seleccionados posteriormente, cuatro grupos experimentales y un grupo control integrados por 157 adolescentes. Por lo que respecta al procedimiento investigador, ha de comentarse que se aplicaron cuatro programas preventivos calificados como de intervención familiar, experto, informativo y de sensibilización básica así como un grupo control. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos se confirma, en primer lugar, la eficacia preventiva de las sesiones implementadas en promover cambios actitudinales ante el consumo de drogas y, en segundo lugar, mediante el análisis comparativo, se ha comprobado que los programas de intervención familiar y de experto promueven mejores resultados preventivos en relación con aquéllos estrictamente informativos. A partir del análisis longitudinal, al comparar las puntuaciones medias obtenidas en la medida de las actitudes globales ante el consumo en la primera administración de las pruebas y los sucesivos momentos temporales en que éstas se han evaluado (7 meses, 12 meses y 18 meses) se comprueba la existencia de diferencias significativas con todos ellos en el sentido propuesto de fortalecimiento de las actitudes contrarias al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas

The main objective of this investigation is proceeding to check the preventive efficacy of four psychosocial intervention programs beginning from a psychosocial and longitudinal approach to the attitudes and psychoactive substances consumption patterns by contemporary adolescents. With this purpose we have chosen four High Schools belonging to the Principado de Asturias. In the first inquiry 755 students participated, having been chosen later four experimental groups and a control group computing by 157 adolescents. About concern to the research proceeding, we have to comment on that we have applied four preventive programs qualified as family intervention, expert, informative and basic sensitiveness, as well as a control group. In agreement with the obtain results, in the first place, we have confirmed the preventive efficacy of the sessions in promoting attitudinal changes about drugs consumption, and, in the second place, through a comparative analysis, we have checked that family intervention and expert p ograms promote best preventive results related with those strictly informative. Beginning from longitudinal analysis, in order to compare the average punctuations obtained by the measurement of global attitudes on the consumption in first experiments management and successive temporary evaluated moments (7 months, 12 months and 18 months), we prove the existence of significant differences in the proposed way of strengthening the psychoactive substances opposed attitudes

Motivadores de consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: análisis de diferencias inter-género y propuesta de un continuum etiológico / Motivations for alcohol consumption in adolescents: analysis of gender differences and an aetiological continuum proposal

Se analizan los principales motivadores de consumo de alcohol, desde una aproximación psicosociológica y clínica, y con la propuesta de un continuum etiológico de una problemática abordada comprehensivamente. Son exploradas las diferencias inter-género en la experimentación con alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas, así como en los motivadores de consumo. La muestra está compuesta por 273 estudiantes con edades que oscilan entre los catorce y los dieciocho años seleccionados de cuatro Centros de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, al explicitar las razones que inducen a la experimentación con alcohol, se priorizan variables asociadas al estado emocional, a la búsqueda de nuevas sensaciones y a la vinculación grupal. Las principales razones esgrimidas para no beber se concentran en intentos de evitación de problemas de salud física y conflictos familiares. En el análisis de las diferencias inter-género no se han obtenido diferencias significativas en los motivadores de consumo, salvo en su empleo para olvidar, y respecto a los hábitos de consumo las adolescentes fuman más, no hallándose diferencias significativas en un indicador como el número de borracheras experimentadas en el último mes o en el consumo de otras sustancias psicoactivas

We analyse the principal relevant motivators for alcohol consumption, using a psychosociological and clinical approach, and with a proposal for an aetiological continuum to a comprehensively approached problematic. Gender differences in experimentation with alcohol and other psychoactive substances are explored, in addition to motivators for alcohol use. The sample comprises 273 students between fourteen and eighteen years of age, chosen from four secondary schools in Asturias. According to the results we obtained, when specifying the reasons leading to experimentation with alcohol, the primary variables were associated with the emotional state, the search for new sensations and to the influence of the group. The most important reasons given for not drinking were the prevention of potential health problems and family conflicts. Analysing gender differences, we find no significant differences in use motivators, with the exception of its use to forget. As for use habits, adolescents smoke more, there being no significant difference in such indicators as the number of episodes of drunkenness in the preceding month or in the use of other psychoactive substances