ABSTRACT
Phosphorylation of the MLKL pseudokinase by the RIPK3 kinase leads to MLKL oligomerization, translocation to, and permeabilization of, the plasma membrane to induce necroptotic cell death. The precise choreography of MLKL activation remains incompletely understood. Here, we report Monobodies, synthetic binding proteins, that bind the pseudokinase domain of MLKL within human cells and their crystal structures in complex with the human MLKL pseudokinase domain. While Monobody-32 constitutively binds the MLKL hinge region, Monobody-27 binds MLKL via an epitope that overlaps the RIPK3 binding site and is only exposed after phosphorylated MLKL disengages from RIPK3 following necroptotic stimulation. The crystal structures identified two distinct conformations of the MLKL pseudokinase domain, supporting the idea that a conformational transition accompanies MLKL disengagement from RIPK3. These studies provide further evidence that MLKL undergoes a large conformational change upon activation, and identify MLKL disengagement from RIPK3 as a key regulatory step in the necroptosis pathway.
Subject(s)
Cell Death/physiology , Necroptosis/physiology , Protein Kinases/chemistry , Protein Kinases/metabolism , Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry , Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites , Cell Membrane , Crystallography, X-Ray , HT29 Cells , Humans , Mice , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Mutation , Phosphorylation , Protein Conformation , Protein Kinases/genetics , Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Recombinant Proteins , Sequence Alignment , U937 CellsABSTRACT
The necroptosis cell death pathway has been implicated in host defense and in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. While phosphorylation of the necroptotic effector pseudokinase Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like (MLKL) by the upstream protein kinase RIPK3 is a hallmark of pathway activation, the precise checkpoints in necroptosis signaling are still unclear. Here we have developed monobodies, synthetic binding proteins, that bind the N-terminal four-helix bundle (4HB) "killer" domain and neighboring first brace helix of human MLKL with nanomolar affinity. When expressed as genetically encoded reagents in cells, these monobodies potently block necroptotic cell death. However, they did not prevent MLKL recruitment to the "necrosome" and phosphorylation by RIPK3, nor the assembly of MLKL into oligomers, but did block MLKL translocation to membranes where activated MLKL normally disrupts membranes to kill cells. An X-ray crystal structure revealed a monobody-binding site centered on the α4 helix of the MLKL 4HB domain, which mutational analyses showed was crucial for reconstitution of necroptosis signaling. These data implicate the α4 helix of its 4HB domain as a crucial site for recruitment of adaptor proteins that mediate membrane translocation, distinct from known phospholipid binding sites.