ABSTRACT
Milk fat globule membrane is a protein-lipid complex that may strengthen the gut barrier. The main objective of this study was to assess the ability of a membrane-rich milk fat diet to promote the integrity of the gut barrier and to decrease systemic inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice. Animals were randomly assigned to one of 2 American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-76A formulations differing only in fat source: control diet (corn oil) and milk fat diet (anhydrous milk fat with 10% milk fat globule membrane). Each diet contained 12% calories from fat. Mice were fed diets for 5 wk, then injected with vehicle or LPS (10mg/kg of BW) and gavaged with dextran-fluorescein to assess gut barrier integrity. Serum was assayed for fluorescence 24h after gavage, and 16 serum cytokines were measured to assess the inflammatory response. Gut permeability was 1.8-fold higher in LPS-challenged mice fed the control diet compared with the milk fat diet. Furthermore, mice fed the milk fat diet and injected with LPS had lower serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-3 compared with LPS-injected mice fed the control diet. The results indicate that the membrane-rich milk fat diet decreases the inflammatory response to a systemic LPS challenge compared with corn oil, and the effect coincides with decreased gut permeability.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control , Glycolipids/pharmacology , Glycoproteins/pharmacology , Inflammation/prevention & control , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Corn Oil/pharmacology , Cytokines/blood , Diet , Glycolipids/therapeutic use , Glycoproteins/therapeutic use , Inflammation/chemically induced , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Lipid Droplets , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Permeability/drug effects , Random AllocationSubject(s)
Anthropology , Archaeology , Ethics , Indians, North American , Race Relations , Anthropology/ethics , Anthropology/history , Anthropology/methods , Archaeology/ethics , Archaeology/history , Archaeology/methods , Archaeology/trends , Ethics/history , History of Medicine , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Indians, North American/ethnology , Indians, North American/history , Race Relations/history , Skull , United States/ethnologyABSTRACT
Recent estimates for the size of the aggregate North American Indian population in A.D. 1492 vary from about 18 million to less than 2 million. The unusually favorable archaeological characteristics of Mohawk Iroquois sites in eastern New York have allowed a detailed demographic reconstruction of one case for the period A.D. 1400 to 1776. The case indicates that exogenous epidemics did not reach the region until the 17th century and supports arguments favoring the lower populations estimates for North America as a whole.
