Novel glycopeptide antibiotics: N-alkylated derivatives active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

LY264826 (A82846B) is a naturally-occurring glycopeptide antibiotic, differing from vancomycin in the stereochemistry of the amino-sugar of the disaccharide function, and the presence of a third sugar attached at the benzylic position of amino acid residue 6. Despite these seemingly subtle differences, LY264826 is approximately 10 times more active than vancomycin against the enterococci. In the pursuit of new antibiotics active against multiresistant Gram-positive organisms, an extensive side chain SAR was developed focusing on the reductive alkylation of LY264826 at the amino function of the disaccharide moiety. A new series of derivatives having varying degrees of structural diversity in the side chain (e.g. varying lengths and degrees of rigidity) was found to have potent activity against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (MIC's < 1.0 microgram/ml) as well as activity against staphylococci and streptococci as good or better than vancomycin.

Enzymatic deacylation of teicoplanin followed by reductive alkylation: synthesis and antibacterial activity of new glycopeptides.

Novel glycopeptides derived from teicoplanin were prepared and evaluated for activity against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Removal of the fatty acid sidechains of teicoplanin was accomplished by enzymatic deacylation. The resulting deacylated teicoplanin was subjected to reductive alkylation resulting in mono- and di-alkylated compounds at the 2 possible primary amines. Deacylated teicoplanin was less active than teicoplanin against enterococci and staphylococci (MIC > or =32 microg/ml). All mono- and di-alkylated products regained some activity, and some had potent activity against both staphylococci and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. MICs of the most potent di-alkylated compounds ranged from 0.25 approximately 2 microg/ml against glycopeptide-resistant enterococci.

3-trifluoromethylcarbacephems: synthesis of broad spectrum antibacterial compounds.

The enhanced stability of the carbacephem nucleus over the corresponding cephalosporin nucleus has allowed the synthesis of 7-arylglycyl-3-trifluoromethyl-carbacephems. These unique carbacephems possess broad spectrum activity and high stability to both plasmid and chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases.

Structure-activity relationship of carbacephalosporins and cephalosporins: antibacterial activity and interaction with the intestinal proton-dependent dipeptide transport carrier of Caco-2 cells.

An intestinal proton-dependent peptide transporter located on the lumenal surface of the enterocyte is responsible for the uptake of many orally absorbed beta-lactam antibiotics. Both cephalexin and loracarbef are transported by this mechanism into the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Forty-seven analogs of the carbacephalosporin loracarbef and the cephalosporin cephalexin were prepared to evaluate the structural features necessary for uptake by this transport carrier. Compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities and for their ability to inhibit 1 mM cephalexin uptake and, subsequently, uptake into Caco-2 cells. Three clinically evaluated orally absorbed carbacephems were taken up by Caco-2 cells, consistent with their excellent bioavailability in humans. Although the carrier preferred the L stereoisomer, these compounds lacked antibacterial activity and were hydrolyzed intracellularly in Caco-2 cells. Compounds modified at the 3 position of cephalexin and loracarbef with a cyclopropyl or a trifluoromethyl group inhibited cephalexin uptake. Analogs with lipophilic groups on the primary amine of the side chain inhibited cephalexin uptake, retained activity against gram-positive bacteria but lost activity against gram-negative bacteria. Substitution of the phenylglycl side chain with phenylacetyl side chains gave similar results. Compounds which lacked an aromatic ring in the side chain inhibited cephalexin uptake but lost all antibacterial activity. Thus, the phenylglycl side chain is not absolutely required for uptake. Different structural features are required for antibacterial activity and for being a substrate of the transporter. Competition studies with cephalexin indicate that human intestinal Caco-2 cells may be a useful model system for initially guiding structure-activity relationships for the rational design of new oral agents.

Semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotics derived from LY264826 active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

Certain derivatives of the glycopeptide antibiotic LY264826 with N-alkyl-linked substitutions on the epivancosamine sugar are active against glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. Six compounds representing our most active series were evaluated for activity against antibiotic-resistant, gram-positive pathogens. For Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin, the MICs of the six semisynthetic compounds for 90% of the strains tested were 1 to 4 micrograms/ml, compared with 2,048 micrograms/ml for vancomycin and 256 micrograms/ml for LY264826. For E. faecium and E. faecalis resistant to vancomycin but not teicoplanin, the MICs were 0.016 to 1 micrograms/ml, compared with 64 to 1,024 micrograms/ml for vancomycin. The compounds were highly active against vancomycin-susceptible enterococci and against E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus and showed some activity against isolates of highly vancomycin-resistant leuconostocs and pediococci. The MICs for 90% of the strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus tested were typically 0.25 to 1 micrograms/ml, compared with 1 microgram/ml for vancomycin. Against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis MICs ranged from 0.25 to 2 micrograms/ml, compared with 1 to 4 micrograms/ml for vancomycin and 4 to 16 micrograms/ml for teicoplanin. The spectrum of these new compounds included activity against teicoplanin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci. The compounds exhibited exceptional potency against pathogenic streptococci, with MICs of < or = 0.008 microgram/ml against Streptococcus pneumoniae, including penicillin-resistant isolates. In in vivo studies with a mouse infection model, the median effective doses against a challenge by S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, or S. pyogenes were typically 4 to 20 times lower than those of vancomycin. Overall, these new glycopeptides, such as LY307599 and LY333328, show promise for use as agents against resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci.

Reductive alkylation of glycopeptide antibiotics: synthesis and antibacterial activity.

Reductive alkylation of the A82846 family of glycopeptide antibiotics has the potential of producing seven products. N-Alkylation of the disaccharide amino function can be accomplished selectively, and offers the greatest increase in antibacterial activity. Products resulting from N-alkylation of LY264826 (A82846B) provide the most potent derivatives as compared to other members of this class of antibiotics. Two of these derivatives, LY307599 and LY333328 are approximately 500 times more active than vancomycin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

Activities of the semisynthetic glycopeptide LY191145 against vancomycin-resistant enterococci and other gram-positive bacteria.

LY191145 is the prototype of a series of compounds with activities against vancomycin-resistant enterococci derived by modification of the glycopeptide antibiotic LY264826. LY191145 had MICs for vancomycin- and teicoplanin-resistant enterococci of < or = 4 micrograms/ml for 50% of isolates and < or = 16 micrograms/ml for 90% of isolates. Its MICs for vancomycin-resistant, teicoplanin-susceptible enterococci were 1 to 8 micrograms/ml. LY191145 retains the potent activities of its parent compound against staphylococci and streptococci. In vivo studies in a mouse infection model confirmed these activities. This compound indicates the potential of semisynthetic glycopeptides as agents against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria.

C(3)-cyclopropyl cephems and carbacephems.

A series of C(3)-cyclopropyl cephems and carbacephems has been prepared by palladium catalyzed addition of diazomethane to the corresponding C(3)-vinyl derivatives. The phenylglycyl cyclopropyl cephem derivatives exhibit better Gram-positive activity than cephalexin or cefaclor, while the aminothiazole oxime cyclopropyl cephem derivatives were not as active as the corresponding C(3)-vinyl cephems.