Ulcerative Colitis: Are We Neglecting Its Progressive Character.

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease but its progressive character, with structural damage, is insufficiently studied. OBJECTIVES: To analyze a group of patients without referral bias, regarding its clinical course, the morphological damage, and functional status. METHODS: We evaluated UC patients diagnosed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2004, living in the direct referral area of the hospital and determined the medication use, colectomy rate, structural damage ("lead pipe," stenosis, pseudopolyps, fibrous bridges), and anorectal function (prospective evaluation with the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score [CCIS] and the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale). RESULTS: We identified 104 patients, 47% female, with a mean age at diagnosis of 38 ± 17 years, 24% with proctitis, 57% with left colitis, and 19% with pancolitis. In 3 patients, it was not possible to obtain follow-up data. Of the studied patients, 56% needed corticosteroid therapy, 38% immunosuppressants, and 16% anti-tumor necrosis factors (anti-TNFs). After a mean follow-up of 13 ± 2 years, we found structural damage in 25 patients (24%): 5% with proctocolectomy, 15% with "lead pipe," 16% with pseudopolyps, and 3% with stenosis and fibrous bridges. Reference to functional anorectal disorders was identified in 49%, mostly previous and self-limited episodes of incontinence, but including persistent incontinence in 10% (CCIS 8 ± 4.8). There was an increased incidence of structural damage and anorectal dysfunction in patients who needed corticosteroid therapy (p = 0.001), immunosuppressants (p < 0.001), and anti-TNFs (p = 0.002) and an association of structural damage with anorectal dysfunction (p < 0.001). There was no association between age and anorectal dysfunction, including incontinence episodes. CONCLUSIONS: UC is a disease with structural and functional consequences in a significant subset of patients. This should be incorporated when defining the therapeutic strategy.

INTRODUÇÃO: A colite ulcerosa (CU) é uma doença crónica mas o seu carácter progressivo, com danos estruturais, encontra-se insuficientemente estudado. OBJETIVOS: Analisar um grupo de doentes, sem viés de referenciação, quanto ao percurso clínico, aos danos morfológicos e ao estado funcional. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se os doentes com diagnóstico de CU estabelecido entre 01-01-2000 e 31-12-2004, com residência na área de referenciação directa do hospital, tendo-se determinado a medicação usada, a taxa de colectomia, os danos estruturais ("cano de chumbo", estenoses, pseudopolipos, pontes fibrosas) ou funcionais ano-rectais (avaliação prospectiva com Cleaveland Clinic Incontinence Score, CCIS e Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life, FIQL). RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se 104 doentes, 47% do sexo feminino, idade média no diagnóstico de 38 ± 17 anos, proctite 24%, colite esquerda 57%, pancolite 19%. Em 3 doentes não foi possível obter dados de seguimento. Dos doentes estudados 56% tiveram necessidade de corticoterapia, 38% de imunossupressores e 16% de anti-TNFs. Após um seguimento médio de 13 ± 2 anos, encontraram-se danos estruturais em 25 doentes (24%), protocolectomia em 5%, "cano de chumbo" 15%, pseudopolipos 16% e estenoses e pontes fibrosas 3%. Verificamos referência a disfunção ano-rectal em 49% (maioritariamente episódios prévios e autolimitados de incontinência) mas incluindo incontinência persistente em 10% (CCIS 8 ± 4.8). Verificou-se uma incidência aumentada de danos estruturais e disfunção ano-rectal nos doentes com necessidade de corticoides (p = 0.001), imunossupressores (p < 0.001) e anti-TNF (p = 0.002) e uma relação entre os danos estruturais e a disfunção ano-rectal (p < 0.001). Não existiu associação entre a idade e a disfunção ano-rectal, incluindo episódios de incontinência. CONCLUSÕES: A CU é uma doença com consequências estruturais e funcionais num subgrupo significativo de doentes. Este facto deve ser integrado na definição da estratégia terapêutica.© 2017 Sociedade Portuguesa de Gastrenterologia Publicado por S. Karger AG, Basel.

The clinical extremes of autoimmune cholangitis

Autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) was first described in 1987 as immunocholangitis in three women who presented with signs and symptoms of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but who were antimitochondrial (AMA) negative and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) positive, and responded to immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and prednisolone (1). AIC is a rare chronic cholestatic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of high ANA or smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) but AMA seronegativity. Histologically, AIC exhibits bile duct injury (2). In terms of therapeutics, in addition to response to ursodeoxycholic acid, a prompt response to corticosteroids has also been reported in earlier stages, distinguishing it from PBC. Herein the authors describe two cases with mixed signs of PBC and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The diagnostic differentiation between these diseases (AIC, PBC and AIH) is essential because of the different therapeutic strategies. Our cases highlight the importance of clinician awareness of the autoimmune spectrum of liver diseases (AU)

No disponible

Fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a patient with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease

The use of fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and coexistent inflammatory bowel disease remains unclear. A 61-year-old man with ulcerative pancolitis was diagnosed with a third recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection, previously treated with metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin. Fecal microbiota transplantation of an unrelated healthy donor was performed by the lower route. After a twelve month follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic without Clostridium difficile infection relapses or inflammatory bowel disease flare-ups. Fecal microbiota transplantation is relatively simple to perform, well-tolerated, safe and effective in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection with ulcerative pancolitis, as an alternative in case of antibiotic therapy failure (AU)

No disponible

Fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a patient with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease.

The use of fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and coexistent inflammatory bowel disease remains unclear. A 61-year-old man with ulcerative pancolitis was diagnosed with a third recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection, previously treated with metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin. Fecal microbiota transplantation of an unrelated healthy donor was performed by the lower route. After a twelve month follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic without Clostridium difficile infection relapses or inflammatory bowel disease flare-ups. Fecal microbiota transplantation is relatively simple to perform, well-tolerated, safe and effective in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection with ulcerative pancolitis, as an alternative in case of antibiotic therapy failure.

The clinical extremes of autoimmune cholangitis.

Autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) was first described in 1987 as immunocholangitis in three women who presented with signs and symptoms of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but who were antimitochondrial (AMA) negative and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) positive, and responded to immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and prednisolone (1). AIC is a rare chronic cholestatic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of high ANA or smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) but AMA seronegativity. Histologically, AIC exhibits bile duct injury (2). In terms of therapeutics, in addition to response to ursodeoxycholic acid, a prompt response to corticosteroids has also been reported in earlier stages, distinguishing it from PBC. Herein the authors describe two cases with mixed signs of PBC and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The diagnostic differentiation between these diseases (AIC, PBC and AIH) is essential because of the different therapeutic strategies. Our cases highlight the importance of clinician awareness of the autoimmune spectrum of liver diseases.

Association between the location of colon polyps at baseline and surveillance colonoscopy - A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Several factors are used to stratify the probability of polyp recurrence. However, there are no studies correlating the location of the initial polyps and the recurrent ones. The aim of this study was to verify whether the polyp location at the surveillance colonoscopy was correlated with the location of the previously excised polyps at the baseline colonoscopy. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients submitted to colonoscopy with presence and excision of all polyps, followed by a surveillance colonoscopy. Polyp location was divided into proximal/distal to splenic flexure and rectum. Characteristics and recurrent rates at the same colon location were also evaluated. RESULTS: Out of the 346 patients who underwent repeated colonoscopy, 268 (77.4%) had at least 1 polyp detected. For all the segments there was an increased risk of recurrent polyps in the same location and it was about four times higher in proximal (OR 3.5; CI 2.1-6.0) and distal colon segments (OR 3.8; CI 2.1-6.8), followed by three times higher in the rectum (OR 2.6; CI 1.5-4.6). No difference was found between the rates of recurrence at the same segment, taking into consideration the polyp morphology, size, polypectomy technique employed and histological classification. CONCLUSION: There seems to be a significant association between polyp location at baseline and surveillance colonoscopy.

Association between the location of colon polyps at baseline and surveillance colonoscopy - A retrospective study

Introduction: Several factors are used to stratify the probability of polyp recurrence. However, there are no studies correlating the location of the initial polyps and the recurrent ones. The aim of this study was to verify whether the polyp location at the surveillance colonoscopy was correlated with the location of the previously excised polyps at the baseline colonoscopy. Methods: A retrospective study of patients submitted to colonoscopy with presence and excision of all polyps, followed by a surveillance colonoscopy. Polyp location was divided into proximal/ distal to splenic flexure and rectum. Characteristics and recurrent rates at the same colon location were also evaluated. Results: Out of the 346 patients who underwent repeated colonoscopy, 268 (77.4%) had at least 1 polyp detected. For all the segments there was an increased risk of recurrent polyps in the same location and it was about four times higher in proximal (OR 3.5; CI 2.1-6.0) and distal colon segments (OR 3.8; CI 2.1-6.8), followed by three times higher in the rectum (OR 2.6; CI 1.5-4.6). No difference was found between the rates of recurrence at the same segment, taking into consideration the polyp morphology, size, polypectomy technique employed and histological classification. Conclusion: There seems to be a significant association between polyp location at baseline and surveillance colonoscopy (AU)

No disponible

Inflammatory bowel disease: adherence to immunomodulators in a biological therapy era.

BACKGROUND: Combination therapy, with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents and immunomodulators, is the most effective option to induce and maintain remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Infliximab, with its administration features, determines particular conditions of adherence; the same is not possible with thiopurines. Nevertheless, research on adherence to these treatments is scarce. Nonadherence worsens the prognosis of IBD. AIM: (a) Assess adherence to immunomodulators and (b) determine therapeutic nonadherence predictors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included all IBD outpatients consecutively evaluated over a 6-month period in our center. Participants completed a study-specific questionnaire on IBD, IBD therapeutic adherence (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8-item), Therapeutics Complexity questionnaire, Beliefs about Medication questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: A total of 112 patients under azathioprine were considered; 49.1% were also under anti-tumor necrosis factor-α. Self-assessed questionnaire showed that 70.5% were adherent to immunosuppression. Similar adherence was found with and without infliximab (68.4%-monotherapy vs. 72.7%-combination therapy; P=0.61). Nonintentional nonadherence was documented in 57.6%; 42.4% reported voluntary nonadherence. Nonadherence was higher in male patients [odds ratio (OR): 3.79; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-11.95; P=0.023], younger patients (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87-0.98; P=0.01), nonsmokers (OR: 4.90; 95% CI: 1.22-19.73; P=0.025), and those who had depression (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.36-3.62; P=0.001). Most of the IBD patients believed in the necessity of maintaining immunosuppression (86.7%), but 36.6% reported concerns about drugs. CONCLUSION: Nonadherence to thiopurines plays a significant role in IBD. Nonetheless, it does not increase with association with biological agents. Involuntary nonadherence is higher. Male sex, younger age, nonsmoker, and presence of depression were independent predictors of nonadherence to immunomodulators. More than one-third of IBD patients had concerns about drugs. Optimizing the discussion on patients' concerns to overcome perceptual barriers related to drugs may obviate the negative course of IBD related to nonadherence.

NOD2 mutations and colorectal cancer - Where do we stand?

Due to the overwhelming burden of colorectal cancer (CRC), great effort has been placed on identifying genetic mutations that contribute to disease development and progression. One of the most studied polymorphisms that could potentially increase susceptibility to CRC involves the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization-domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene. There is growing evidence that the biological activity of NOD2 is far greater than previously thought and a link with intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity is increasingly sought after. In fact, microbial composition may be an important contributor not only to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) but also to CRC. Recent studies have showed that deficient NOD2 function confers a communicable risk of colitis and CRC. Despite the evidence from experimental models, population-based studies that tried to link certain NOD2 polymorphisms and an increase in CRC risk have been described as conflicting. Significant geographic discrepancies in the frequency of such polymorphisms and different interpretations of the results may have limited the conclusions of those studies. Since being first associated to IBD and CRC, our understanding of the role of this gene has come a long way, and it is tempting to postulate that it may contribute to identify individuals with susceptible genetic background that may benefit from early CRC screening programs or in predicting response to current therapeutic tools. The aim of this review is to clarify the status quo of NOD2 mutations as genetic risk factors to chronic inflammation and ultimately to CRC. The use of NOD2 as a predictor of certain phenotypic characteristics of the disease will be analyzed as well.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory hydrothorax - a contribution to an unexplored indication.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatic hydrothorax is a rare complication of portal hypertension, but may be potentially severe. Although conservative therapy may be effective, it is not without risk and refractory cases are not rare. The portal decompression achieved by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) has shown positive results in the treatment of refractory ascites, and in that sense, the analysis of their value in other complications of portal hypertension becomes relevant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TIPS in patients with refractory hydrothorax. METHODS: This was a retrospective study including patients with refractory hydrothorax undergoing TIPS in a tertiary hospital in the period between 2000 and 2014, and evaluated the following: demographic characteristics, liver disease, and outcomes (efficacy and safety, including complications after TIPS, liver transplantation, 30-day, and 1-year mortality). RESULTS: Nineteen patients with hydrothorax underwent TIPS; most had previously undergone multiple thoracocentesis and all had hypoalbuminemia. In all, 57.9% of the patients were men, with a mean age 63±9 years, and 84.2% had cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology and a mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-16, Child-Pugh B in 42.1%/Child-Pugh C in 47.4%. TIPS was effective in 73.3% of the cases. Portosystemic encephalopathy was recorded in 66.6% of the cases. Mortality was 25% at 30 days and 42.8% at 1 year with septic complications or progression of liver disease. Two patients underwent liver transplantation. The mean follow-up duration was 704 days (3-3485 days). CONCLUSION: TIPS appears to be a relatively efficient method to control hydrothorax, making it a valid option in refractory cases despite the high risk of portosystemic encephalopathy and mortality.

Refractory Celiac Disease Type II: A Case Report that Demonstrates the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

Refractory celiac disease is an uncommon but serious complication of celiac disease. We describe a case of a severe refractory celiac disease type II, complicated with ulcerative jejunoileitis, in a 68 years old female, unresponsive to consecutive treatments with budesonide, prednisolone, cladribine and autologous stem cell transplantation. The patient maintained severe malnutrition, advanced osteoporosis, anaemia, vitamin deficiencies and hydro-electrolytic imbalances, necessitating consecutive hospitalizations for total parenteral nutrition. The patient also developed life-threatening complications, namely respiratory and urinary septic shock and also episodes of haemorrhagic shock secondary to ulcerative jejunoileitis. The progression to enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma was never demonstrated, but the patient died 7 years after the diagnosis due to a septic shock secondary to a nosocomial pneumonia and osteomyelitis related to a spontaneous hip fracture. This case highlights the difficulties in the diagnostic process, therapeutic management and surveillance of this rare condition associated with very poor prognosis.

A doença celíaca refratária é uma complicação rara mas muito severa da doença celíaca. Apresentamos o caso de uma doente de 68 anos, com doença celíaca refratária tipo II complicada de jejunoileíte ulcerativa, que não respondeu a tratamentos sucessivos com budesonido, prednisolona, cladribina e transplante autólogo de medula óssea. A doente manteve desnutrição e osteoporose severas, deficiências vitamínicas e desequilíbrios hidro-eletrolíticos, necessitando de múltiplas hospitalizações para receber nutrição parentérica total. Também desenvolveu diversas complicações potencialmente fatais nomeadamente sépsis com origem respiratória e urinária e choque hemorrágico secundário à jejunoileíte ulcerativa. Contudo, nunca se demonstrou a presença de um linfoma de células T. A doente faleceu 7 anos após o diagnóstico devido a choque sético secundário a pneumonia nosocomial e osteomielite relacionada com fratura espontânea da anca. Este caso ilustra as dificuldades sentidas no decurso do diagnóstico, terapêutica e vigilância desta entidade clínica rara, a qual está associada a um péssimo prognóstico.

Groove Pancreatitis with Biliary and Duodenal Stricture: An Unusual Cause of Obstructive Jaundice.

INTRODUCTION: Groove pancreatitis is an uncommon cause of chronic pancreatitis that affects the groove anatomical area between the head of the pancreas, duodenum, and common bile duct. CLINICAL CASE: A 67-year-old man with frequent biliary colic and an alcohol consumption of 30-40 g/day was admitted to the hospital complaining of jaundice and pruritus. Laboratory analysis revealed cholestasis and the ultrasound scan showed intra-hepatic biliary ducts dilatation, middle third cystic dilatation of common bile duct, enlarged Wirsung and pancreatic atrophy. The magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed imaging findings compatible with groove pancreatitis. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy later excluded duodenal neoplasia. He was submitted to a Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomy because of common bile duct stricture. Five months later a gastrojejunostomy was performed due to a duodenal stricture. The patient remains asymptomatic during follow-up. DISCUSSION: Groove pancreatitis is a benign cause of obstructive jaundice, whose main differential diagnosis is duodenal or pancreatic neoplasia. When this condition causes duodenal or biliary stricture, surgical treatment can be necessary.

INTRODUÇÃO: A pancreatite da goteira duodeno-pancreática é uma forma rara de pancreatite crónica, que afeta a área anatómica entre a cabeça do pâncreas, duodeno e ducto biliar comum. CASO CLÍNICO: Doente do sexo masculino, 67 anos, com antecedentes de cólicas biliares de repetição e consumo etílico de 30-40 g/dia, internado por icterícia e prurido. Analiticamente, apresentava colestase e, ecograficamente, dilatação moderada das vias biliares intra-hepáticas (VBIH), dilatação quística do 1/3 médio do colédoco, ectasia do Wirsung e atrofia pancreática. A colangiopancreatografia por ressonância demonstrou aspetos imagiológicos compatíveis com pancreatite paraduodenal. A endoscopia alta excluiu neoplasia duodenal. Foi submetido a colangiojejunostomia em Y Roux por estenose do colédoco e após 5 meses a gastrojejunostomia por estenose duodenal. O doente mantem seguimento, permanecendo assintomático. DISCUSSÃO: A pancreatite paraduodenal é uma forma benigna de icterícia obstrutiva, cujo principal diagnóstico diferencial é a neoplasia duodenal/pancreática. Quando esta condição causa estenose duodenal ou biliar, a terapêutica cirúrgica poderá ser necessária.

Iatrogenic Perforations During Colonoscopy In a Portuguese Population: A Study Including In and Out-Of-Hospital Procedures.

INTRODUCTION: The risk of iatrogenic perforations in colonoscopy is not negligible. Experience with endoscopic closure of perforations is increasing and new devices for this purpose are being released, making endoscopy a therapeutic option. National data regarding iatrogenic perforations is scarce and the burden of iatrogenic perforations in out-hospital procedures is poorly characterized in the literature. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of iatrogenic perforations rate during colonoscopy, their characteristics, management and prognosis. METHODS: Retrospective study of all patients with perforations secondary to in-hospital and non-hospital colonoscopies treated in a tertiary hospital between 01-01-2006 and 01-10-2014. Demographic, endoscopic, radiological and therapeutic data were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-three perforations were identified, 20 occurring in colonoscopies performed in non-hospital environment (45% with therapeutic procedures) and 33 occurring in-hospital procedures (73% in therapeutic colonoscopies; representing 0.12% of all colonoscopies carried out in-hospital). Patients: male in 56%, average age of 71 years, history of previous abdominopelvic surgery in 31% and diverticulosis in 10%. Colonoscopy: elective in 93%, under deep sedation in 21%, with less than excellent/good bowel preparation in 56%. A resident was the first performer in 10 cases. Perforations: average size of 21 mm (4-130 mm), diagnosed during the procedure in 51% of cases and occurred in rectum-sigmoid transition in 58.5%. Regarding therapeutics, all patients with perforation occurring in non-hospital colonoscopies were managed by surgery. Concerning treatment of those in our unit: 2-conservative, 12-endoscopic (10 successfully), 21-surgical (including the 2 cases with failure of the endoscopic approach). Comparing endoscopic treatment (n = 10, G1) versus surgery (n = 21; G2): perforation size - 9 mm (G1) versus 28 mm (G2); perforation location - 7/10 in rectum-sigmoid (G1) versus 8/21 in rectum-sigmoid and 10/21 transverse/ascending colon/hepatic angle (G2). Morbidity: 1 infection in G1 and 13 complications in G2 (infection, hemorrhage, fistula). Mortality: no deaths in G1 and 2 deaths at 30 days due to septic shock in G2. CONCLUSION: Perforations in colonoscopy are rare in our clinical practice. Endoscopic closure was effective, though limited to perforations found during the procedure. The mortality was relatively low and endoscopic management did not seem to worsen it. An additional effort is necessary in order to detect perforations during colonoscopy.

INTRODUÇÃO: O risco de perfuração iatrogénica na colonoscopia não é negligenciável. A comercialização de dispositivos para o encerramento endoscópico de perfurações e a experiência para esse efeito têm aumentado, tornando a endoscopia uma opção terapêutica. Dados nacionais referentes a perfurações iatrogénicas escasseiam e o impacto das perfurações em colonoscopias realizadas em ambiente extra-hospital encontra-se mal caracterizado. OBJETIVO: Avaliação da taxa de perfurações ocorridas durante colonoscopia, características tratamento e prognóstico. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospetivo com todos os doentes com perfuração secundária a colonoscopia realizada intra/extra-hospital tratados num hospital terciário entre 01-janeiro-2006 e 01-outubro-2014. Análise dos dados demográficos, endoscópicos, radiológicos, terapêuticos. RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se 53 perfurações, 20 em colonoscopias realizadas em ambiente extra-hospitalar (procedimentos terapêuticos associados em 45%) e 33 em exames intra-hospitalares (73% em colonoscopias terapêuticas; representando 0,12% de todas as colonoscopias realizadas em regime hospitalar). Doentes: sexo masculino em 56%, idade média 71 anos, cirurgia abdomino-pélvica prévia em 31% e diverticulose cólica em 10%. Colonoscopia: eletiva em 93%, sob sedação em 21%, com preparação intestinal inferior a excelente/boa em 56%. Um interno participou como executante em 10 casos. Perfurações: tamanho médio 21 mm (4­130 mm), detetadas durante o procedimento em 51%, localizadas na transição recto-sigmoide em 58,5%. Os doentes com perfurações ocorrendo em regime extra-hospitalar foram tratados cirurgicamente. Relativamente às opções terapêuticas dos doentes com perfurações ocorridas na nossa unidade: 2-conservadora, 12-endoscópica (10 com sucesso), 21-cirúrgica (incluindo os 2 casos com falência da abordagem endoscópica). Comparando a abordagem endoscópica (n = 10, G1) versus cirúrgica (n = 21, G2): tamanho da perfuração 9 mm (G1) versus 28 mm (G2); localização da perfuração­7/10 no recto-sigmóide (G1) versus 8/21 no recto-sigmóide e 10/21 no transverso/ângulo hepático/ascendente (G2). Morbilidade: 1 infeção (G1) e 13 complicações (G2) (infeção, hemorragia, fístula). Mortalidade: 0 mortes aos 30 dias em G1 e 2 em G2. CONCLUSÃO: As perfurações na colonoscopia são comprovadamente raras na nossa prática clínica. O encerramento endoscópico foi eficaz, embora limitado às perfurações detectadas durante o exame. A morbimortalidade foi relativamente baixa, não agravando com a abordagem endoscópica. Um esforço adicional é necessário para detetar perfurações durante a colonoscopia.

Ampullary Metastasis From Breast Cancer: A Rare Cause of Obstructive Jaundice.

Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women and the first cause of death for malignancy in the female. Bile ducts are not among the common sites of metastasis from breast cancer. Few cases of obstructive jaundice due to metastatic breast cancer have been described in the literature and they mostly resulted from widespread liver metastases that eventually involved the bile ducts. We report an exceptional case of ampullary metastasis in the absence of liver metastases. Sporadic reports have been published about the involvement of the ampulla by breast cancer metastasis. This case emphasizes the need to consider this diagnosis in women presenting with obstructive jaundice, especially when there is a clinical possibility of breast cancer.

O cancro da mama é o tumor mais comum em mulheres e a principal causa de morte por neoplasia nesta população. A via biliar não é um local comum de metastização desta neoplasia. Poucos casos de icterícia obstrutiva devido a metástases mamárias têm sido descritos na literatura e ocorrem principalmente devido a metástases hepáticas que comprimem a via biliar. Relatamos um caso excepcional de metástase ampular na ausência de metástases hepáticas.Existem apenas relatos esporádicos do envolvimento da ampola por metástase mamárias. Este caso enfatiza a necessidade de considerar este diagnóstico perante um quadro de icterícia obstrutiva, especialmente em doentes com possível neoplasia mamária.

Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis and Pseudoaneurysms: An Ominous Combination.

Rupture of pseudoaneurysms is rare but can be life-threatening complications of acute or chronic pancreatitis, usually due to enzymatic digestion of vessel walls crossing peripancreatic fluid collections. We report the case of a 40 year-old female, with multisystemic lupus and anticoagulated for prior thrombotic events, admitted for probable cyclosporine-induced acute pancreatitis. Hemodynamic instability occurred due to abdominal hemorrhage from two pseudoaneurysms inside an acute peri-pancreatic collection. Selective angiography successfully embolized the gastroduodenal and pancreatoduodenal arteries. The hemorrhage recurred two weeks later and another successful embolization was performed and the patient remains well to date. The decision to restart anticoagulants and to suspend cyclosporine was challenging and required a multidisciplinary approach. Despite rare, bleeding from a pseudoaneurysm should be considered when facing a patient with pancreatitis and sudden signs of hemodynamic instability.

Os pseudoaneurismas são complicações raras mas graves da pancreatite aguda ou crónica. São causados pela digestão enzimática de artérias que atravessam colecções inflamatórias. Descreve-se o caso de uma doente do sexo feminino, de 40 anos, com lúpus sistémico e anticoagulada por trombose venosa profunda, admitida por pancreatite aguda associada à ciclosporina. Apresentou sinais de hemorragia abdominal causada por dois pseudoaneurismas dentro de uma colecção peri-pancreática. Foi então realizada angiografia com embolização da artéria gastroduodenal e pancreatoduodenal. Houve recidiva duas semanas depois, com necessidade de nova embolização bem-sucedida. A decisão de suspender a ciclosporina e reintroduzir anticoagulantes nesta doente de alto-risco é controversa. Apesar de raros, os pseudoaneurismas devem ser considerados perante um doente com pancreatite e sinais de hemorragia.