Green growth path dependence momentum under the prism of COP26: the role of financial deepening, ICT development, and export diversification.

Financial deepening is important in resource allocation for more productive enterprises, leading to sustainable green growth. Moreover, rapid development in the digital economy and export diversification significantly affect green growth. From this perspective, our study explores the impact of financial deepening, ICT development, and export diversification on green growth in China's economies from 1996 to 2021. The study explores the linkage between financial deepening, ICT development, export diversification, and green growth by employing the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. The results obtained in the long run are as follows: positive shock in financial deepening brings positive change in green growth, whereas negative shock in financial deepening reduces green growth. In the long run, positive shock in ICT enhances green growth, but negative shock in ICT does not impact green growth. Moreover, positive shock in export diversification brings positive change in green growth, whereas negative shock in export diversification reports an insignificant impact on green growth. Based on findings, it is suggested that financial deepening, ICT development, and export diversification are conducive to sustainable green growth.

Postcardiac Injury Syndrome After Cardiac Surgery: An Evidence-Based Review.

Postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS) serves as a comprehensive term encompassing a spectrum of conditions, namely postpericardiotomy syndrome, postmyocardial infarction (MI) related pericarditis (Dressler syndrome), and post-traumatic pericarditis stemming from procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention or cardiac implantable electronic device placement. These conditions collectively give rise to PCIS, triggered by cardiac injury affecting pericardial or pleural mesothelial cells, leading to subsequent inflammation syndromes spanning from uncomplicated pericarditis to substantial pleural effusion. A thorough literature search conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed utilizing search terms including "postacute cardiac injury syndrome," "postcardiac injury syndrome," "postcardiotomy syndrome," "postpericardiotomy syndrome," and "post-MI pericarditis" was instrumental in collating pertinent studies. To encapsulate the amassed evidence, relevant full-text materials were meticulously selected and amalgamated narratively. The pathophysiology of PCIS is proposed to manifest through an autoimmune-mediated process, particularly in predisposed individuals. This process involves the development of anti-actin and antimyosin antibodies after a cascade of cardiac injuries in diverse forms. Treatment strategies aimed at preventing recurrent PCIS episodes have shown efficacy, with colchicine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, demonstrating positive outcomes. Conversely, corticosteroids have exhibited no discernible benefit concerning prognosis or recurrence rates for this ailment. In summary, PCIS serves as a unifying term encompassing a spectrum of cardiac injury-related syndromes. A comprehensive review of relevant literature underscores the autoimmune-mediated pathophysiology in susceptible individuals. The therapeutic landscape involves the proficient use of colchicine and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to deter recurrent PCIS episodes, while corticosteroids do not appear to contribute to improved prognosis or reduced recurrence rates. This nuanced understanding contributes to an enhanced comprehension of PCIS and its multifaceted clinical manifestations, potentially refining its diagnosis and management.

Commotio cordis in non-sports-related injury: A scoping review.

Commotio cordis is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by sudden cardiac arrest resulting from a blunt chest impact. While commotio cordis has traditionally been associated with sports-related activities, a significant proportion of cases occur in non-sport-related settings, such as assaults, motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), and daily activities. This critical review examines the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of non-sports-related commotio cordis cases, highlighting the need for increased awareness and improved management in these contexts. The review analyzes existing literature, drawing attention to the demographics of non-sports-related cases, which predominantly affect adolescents and young adults, with males being the primary demographic. In contrast to sport-related cases, non-sports-related commotio cordis cases exhibit a wider age range and a higher proportion of female subjects. Mortality rates are significantly higher in non-sports-related commotio cordis cases, largely due to lower rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), limited access to automated external defibrillators (AEDs), and delayed initiation of resuscitative efforts compared to sport-related incidents. This underscores the critical importance of increasing awareness and preparedness in non-sport-related settings. To mitigate the risks associated with non-sports-related commotio cordis, efforts should focus on early recognition of the condition, timely administration of CPR, and the widespread availability and accessibility of AEDs in various environments. Enhanced awareness and education can potentially lead to a reduction in mortality and improved outcomes for individuals affected by commotio cordis outside of sports-related activities. In conclusion, commotio cordis is not exclusive to sports and presents a significant health risk in non-sport-related scenarios. This review emphasizes the urgent need for increased awareness, preparedness, and resuscitation measures in non-sports contexts to address the higher mortality associated with these cases.

Integrating current analyses of the breast cancer microbiome.

Many cancer types have significant associations with their resident microbial communities-emerging evidence suggests that breast cancers also interact with the local tissue-associated microbiota. Microbiome research advances rapidly and analysis pipelines and databases are updated frequently. This dynamic environment makes comparative evaluations challenging. Here, we have integrated all publicly available studies related to breast cancer and the mammary microbiome in light of advances in this rapidly progressing field. Based on alpha diversity, beta diversity, proportional abundance, and statistical analyses, we observed differences between our modern analytical approaches and the original findings. We were able to classify and identify additional taxa across samples through abundance analyses and identify previously unidentified statistically significant taxa. In our updated analyses there were more taxa identified as statistically significant in comparison to the original studies' results. In the re-analysis for The Microbiome of Aseptically Collected Human Breast Tissue in Benign and Malignant Disease by Hieken et al., there were twelve statistically significant differentially abundant taxa identified in breast tissue microbiota in benign and invasive cancer disease states. In the re-analysis for The Microbiota of Breast Tissue and Its Association with Breast Cancer by Urbaniak et al., there were 18 taxa identified as statistically significant. In the re-analysis for Characterization of the microbiome of nipple aspirate fluid of breast cancer survivors by Chan et al., there were three genera identified as statistically significant in the skin and fluid samples. Our work has discovered that reanalyses are necessary for microbiome studies, especially older 16S studies. Through our re-analysis, we classified and identified more phyla and genera across studies, which supports the notion that reanalyses provide new insights to the microbiome field and help to assess robusticity of previously published findings by using new and updated tools and databases.

Financial development-green growth nexus in China: the role of technological capital.

It is undeniable fact that financial development and technological capital are fundamental determinants that help in the achievement of green growth. This is important to explore the nexus between financial development, technological capital, and green growth in China. This study utilizes the quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) approach for exploring the effect of financial development and technological capital on green growth. The study measures financial development through financial market development and financial institutions development. The study concludes that technological progress and both measures of financial development produce a positive impact on green growth in China in most quantities in long run. The study provides various important policy suggestions that help in upgrading sustainable green growth in China.

Does tourism productivity respond to economic growth and CO2 emissions asymmetrically in Asian countries? The implication for sustainability.

In this study, we have analyzed the asymmetric influence of tourism activities on economic growth and CO2 emissions in selected Asian economies covering the time span from 1992 to 2020. The results are estimated using the panel NARDL approach. These results confer that a rise in tourism activities causes the CO2 emissions to decline and economic growth to rise, whereas a fall in tourism activities causes the CO2 emissions to rise and economic growth to decline in the long run. Similarly, internet use reduces CO2 emissions and enhances economic growth in the long run. On the other side, financial efficiency causes CO2 emissions to fall and economic growth to rise in the long run. The results propose essential policy implications.

Revealing the effectiveness of environmental policy stringency and environmental law on environmental performance: does asymmetry matter?

Environmental stringency policy shocks and environmental tax have become fundamental policy tools for mitigating the degradation of the environment. The study explores the effects of environmental tax and environmental stringency policy shocks in the reduction of pollution emissions in China for the time 1993 to 2019. This study is a pioneer in assessing the simultaneous impact of these two policy instruments on pollution emissions in China. For empirical investigation, the study employed NARDL estimation techniques. The NARDL results show that positive shocks in environmental tax reduce N2O emissions by 0.03%, PM2.5 emissions by 0.13%, CO2 emissions by 0.18%, and GHGs emissions by 0.01%, however, negative shocks in environmental tax increase N2O emissions by 0.01%, PM2.5 emissions by 0.07%, CO2 emissions by 0.28%, GHGs emissions by 0.17% in the long run. The long-run results also show that positive shocks in environmental policy stringency reduced CO2 emissions by 0.94%, GHGs emissions by 0.77%, while negative shocks in environmental policy stringency increased N2O emissions by 0.17%, PM2.5 emissions by 0.50%, CO2 emissions by 0.63%. The findings suggest vigorous policy implications.

Analyzing dynamic impacts of deagriculturalization on CO2 emissions in selected Asian economies: a tale of two shocks.

The study investigates the symmetric and asymmetric impact of agriculturalization on CO2 emissions in a sample of selected Asian economies for time period 1985 to 2019. For empirical analysis, the study adopted panel linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approaches. The long-run findings of panel ARDL reveal that agriculturalization contributes to environmental quality by mitigating CO2 emissions. The panel nonlinear results clearly indicate that the effects of agriculturalization on CO2 emissions are asymmetric. The findings demonstrate that agriculturalization improves environmental quality and de-agriculturalization mitigates environmental quality. Our empirical results are also robust to alternative model specifications. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the relevant authorities should formulate reforms in the agriculture sector that controls and reduces carbon emissions in Asian economies.

Financial inclusion and its influence on renewable energy consumption-environmental performance: the role of ICTs in China.

Financial inclusion means that individuals and businesses can easily avail financial goods and services at an affordable cost. It is widely recognized that financial inclusion can help preserve the environment by increasing the consumption of renewable energy sources. Hence, our basic aim is to investigate whether financial inclusion has any effect on renewable energy consumption and environmental quality in China. To get the estimates of the variables, we have preferred the ARDL model. The estimates of the model confirm that a rise in the number of ATMs and total insurance has a positive impact on renewable energy consumption in China in the long run. Conversely, an increase in the number of ATMs and total insurance negatively affects CO2 emissions in China. In general, we can say that financial inclusion increases renewable energy consumption and reduces CO2 emissions in China. Therefore, by using financial inclusion, policymakers should try to divert the resources towards environmentally friendly consumption and production activities.

Educational attainment and environmental Kuznets curve in China: an aggregate and disaggregate analysis.

The primary focus of this study is to evaluate the impact of various levels of education on CO2 emissions in China. Moreover, the study also tested the EKC hypothesis for different levels of education and economic development. The analysis employed disaggregate and aggregate data for education that included enrollment at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels and the average year of schooling. For empirical analysis, we employed an error correction model and bounds testing approach to cointegration. The results of the study provided some useful information both in the short and long run. All the proxies of education positively impact CO2 emissions at the initial level both in the short and long run; however, when we take the square of these variables, the effects of education on CO2 emissions become negative. Similarly, the impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions is positive in the short and long run, and the square of economic growth on CO2 emissions is negative, supporting the EKC hypothesis. China should increase investment in human capital that promotes green growth and environmental quality.

Asymmetric macroeconomic determinants of energy intensity in China: does economic development matter?

Previously, several studies have tried to analyze the various determinants of energy intensity for different countries and regions. However, none of the studies have focused on the asymmetric determinants of energy intensity in the context of China. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to investigate the asymmetric determinants of energy intensity in China. We have gathered data for China over the period 1985-2019 and applied linear and non-linear ARDL models. In the linear model, only energy prices reduce the energy intensity in the long run. Moreover, the long-run effects of both energy prices and economic development are asymmetric; however, positive changes in both variables help to reduce energy intensity. Clearly, the results are asymmetric in nature; hence, the policymakers should consider both positive and negative shocks in energy prices and economic development while making any policy with regard to lowering energy intensity.

Decomposing the asymmetric effects of terrorism and FDI on carbon emission: evidence from fragile economies.

Terrorism is a universal phenomenon that creates economic, political, social, and environmental problems. The literature infers that little consideration is delivered to the nexus of terrorism and pollution emissions. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is a pioneer that investigates the linear/symmetric and non-linear/asymmetric impacts of foreign direct investment and terrorism on the CO2 emissions for ten fragile economies. For the empirical task, the study collected data for time 1973 to 2019 and employed ARDL and NARDL approaches. The findings demonstrate an asymmetric association between foreign direct investment (FDI), terrorism, and CO2 emissions. The findings infer that positive changes in FDI and terrorism have a significant positive impact on CO2 emissions. However, the negative changes in FDI and terrorism significantly impact CO2 emissions in most economies. Furthermore, the NARDL approach delivers more explanatory and powerful estimates for selected countries in contrast to the ARDL approach. On the basis of these findings, the study delivers some appropriate policies to combat terrorism.

Assessment of major food crops production-based environmental efficiency in China, India, and Pakistan.

Global warming and food security have led to increasing concern about agricultural crop production efficiency, especially wheat and rice farming. The purpose of the current study is to measure wheat and rice production efficiency scores with environmental quality in China, India, and Pakistan by using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The DEA results show that China and India are more efficient in wheat and rice production but it is not efficient in the environment in the study period. The results also show that Pakistan has also relatively small wheat and rice efficiency compared with China and India and increased the efficiency with the passage of time. The practical outcomes also show that Pakistan has the most efficient and effective states from the periods 2008 to 2019 in terms of wheat and rice efficiency and also a small increase in carbon emission. Based on the findings, policymakers should pay attention to the role of green technology in reducing agricultural CO2 emissions.

Do economic policy uncertainty and financial development influence the renewable energy consumption levels in China?

Last few decades, several economic uncertainty challenges have emerged in the energy market. This study newly contributes to existing research by inspecting the asymmetric effect of economic policy uncertainty and financial development on renewable energy consumption in China. We employ a nonlinear ARDL approach by using a time-series dataset spanning from 1990 to 2019. Our symmetric model shows that economic policy uncertainty matters in the short run, as it increases renewable energy consumption while exhibiting a negative impact on renewable energy in long run in China. Our asymmetric results in the short and long run have deviated from the symmetric results. Our asymmetric results of the short and long run are similar in direction but different in magnitude. The results show that positive change in economic policy uncertainty has increased 3.216% and negative change in economic policy uncertainty has decreased 1.461% in renewable energy consumption in long run in China. Financial development does not matter in renewable energy consumption in China. Based on these outcomes, we can draw some robust economic policies in China as well as for other pollutant economies. Policymakers should be made economic policies more predictable in the modern era.

Green economy design in BRICS: dynamic relationship between financial inflow, renewable energy consumption, and environmental quality.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances are a source of financing that allows the environment to be clean by promoting green innovation. This study empirically examines the impact of financial inflow on renewable energy consumption and environmental quality in BRICS over the period of 1991-2019. The basic results emanate from the NARDL-PMG but robustness observed through FMOLS and DOLS. A positive change in FDI has a positive effect on CO2 emissions, whereas a negative change in FDI significantly reduces CO2 emissions in the long run, while positive and negative shocks to remittance increase the renewable energy consumption in the long run. A positive shock in remittance has no significant impact on CO2 emissions, while a negative shock in remittance leads to an increase in CO2 emissions in the long run. Our results are robust to different econometric methods. The findings of the study have some implications for devising renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission reduction policies in BRICS.

Asymmetric effects of premature deagriculturalization on economic growth and CO2 emissions: fresh evidence from Pakistan.

This paper examines the relationship between deagriculturalization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in Pakistan from the period 1975 to 2018 by employing a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model and Granger causality approach. The asymmetric ARDL findings show that there is a significant negative relationship between agriculturalization and economic growth, while deagriculturalization does not induce economic growth in the long run in Pakistan. Moreover, agriculturalization and deagriculturalization have a negative significant effect on Pakistan's carbon emissions in the long run. This study concludes that the asymmetric results deviate from symmetric results in Pakistan. The asymmetric causality test shows unidirectional asymmetric causality running from agriculturalization, deagriculturalization, and CO2 emissions. Moreover, agriculturalization and deagriculturalization do not Granger cause economic growth in Pakistan. Based on the results, the study stressed to formulate such policies which support economic growth and lower carbon emissions through reforming agriculture sector practices. These outcomes are very useful for Pakistan to formulate relevant policies.

Management of green economy in China and India: dynamics of poverty and policy drivers.

Poverty eradication and environmental degradation are the two crucial challenges, and they are highly interlinked in the modern era. However, countries are still more emphasized in attaining poverty alleviation and alleviating environmental pollution which require enormous attention. Our study is a novel attempt to scrutinize the effect of poverty on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for India and China over the sample period 1987-2019. Findings attained from the ARDL model suggest that a rise in poverty contributes to growing CO2 emissions in India only in short run. Further, findings show that poverty is the principal source of pollution in the long term in India and China. Empirical results proposed focal policy implications in the light of sustainable development goals for India and China.

Examining the asymmetric socioeconomic determinants of CO2 emissions in China: challenges and policy implications.

A better socioeconomic development is necessary for environmental sustainability. The current study scrutinizes the asymmetric socioeconomic factors of CO2 emissions in China by using the nonlinear ARDL approach. This study is based on annual data covering the period from 1980 to 2019. Results show that positive change in economic growth is the leading driver of CO2 growth, while a negative change in economic growth is offsetting CO2 emissions in China. Concurrently, positive and negative changes in energy consumption have adverse impacts on CO2 emissions in the long term, while negative shock has a small influence on CO2 emissions compared to the positive shock of energy. Positive years of schooling, shocks are found to be beneficial for fighting against CO2 emissions in China in the long run. The CO2 emissions are asymmetrically affected by the social and economic structure of China. Based on these empirical findings, thereby China should improve its socioeconomic development and standards of CO2 emissions.

Analysis of income inequality and environmental pollution in BRICS using fresh asymmetric approach.

With rapid economic growth, BRICS is facing enormous burdens of carbon emission and severe issues of income inequality. However, behind this economic success, the BRICS economies also face few thoughtful challenges to improve environmental quality by catching up the sustainable development goals. Consequently, the existing empirical research is concerned with the dynamic links between income inequality and CO2 emissions by using the novel nonlinear ARDL approach, but small attention has been paid to the BRICS in literature. Therefore, we observed that a negative and positive change in income inequality has positive effect on CO2 emissions in Russia and South Africa in the long run, although a positive change in income inequality has positive effects on CO2 emissions in Brazil, Russia, and China, while a negative change in income inequality has negative effect on CO2 emissions in India, Brazil, and Russia in the short run. Hence, the findings value specific attention from policymakers in BRICS economies.

Geopolitical risks, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in BRICS: an asymmetric analysis.

Environmental pollution is a geopolitical problem, and researchers have not considered it seriously yet. This study examines the asymmetric influence of geopolitical risk on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in BRICS economies using the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) testing method over the period of 1985-2019. Therefore, we observed that in the long run, a positive and negative change in geopolitical risk has negative effect on energy consumption in India, Brazil, and China. The outcomes confirmed that an increase in geopolitical risk has negative effect on CO2 emissions in Russia and South Africa. Although a decrease in geopolitical risk has negative effects on CO2 emissions in India, China, South Africa, it has positive coefficient in Russia in the long run. Based on empirical findings, we also revealed that asymmetries mostly exist in terms of magnitude rather than direction. Our empirical results are country and group specific. The findings call for important changes in energy and environment policies to accommodate geopolitical risks.