A renal aplasia case mimicking radiologically as unilateral renal agenesis in a child with spina bifida, atresia ani and unilateral undescended testis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: As a result of the failure of embryogenic kidney formation, a condition can occur where not a single kidney appears and this phenomenon is known as unilateral renal agenesis (URA). Both aplastic and dysplastic kidney are different from renal agenesis, atrophy and renal hypoplasia. However, from this case report it can be seen that there are similarities, both radiologically and macroscopically, between cases of unilateral renal aplasia and renal agenesis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 2 year old Javanese boy came to the health facility with complaints of recurrent fever and urinary tract symptoms such as dysuria and straining. Computerized Tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and urography showed agenesis of the left kidney and a probable spina bifida. Cystourethrography examination was done and showed grade 5 voiding, then retrograde pyelography was performed with the diagnosis of unilateral renal agenesis was made because there was no visible left side collecting system even though there was a duplication in the left ureter. The next examination was carried out by histopathology and immunohistochemistry after resection of the left side of the ureter and the diagnosis increasingly pointed towards renal aplasia after primitive renal structures were found. CONCLUSIONS: Renal agenesis and aplastic kidney are difficult to differentiate macroscopically and radiologically. Nevertheless, from this case report, we try to provide some interesting points to differentiate cases of unilateral renal agenesis from Renal Dysplasia which presents as unilateral renal aplasia.

Cellular Release of Infectious Hepatitis C Virus Particles via Endosomal Pathways.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The release of infectious HCV particles from infected hepatocytes is a crucial step in viral dissemination and disease progression. While the exact mechanisms of HCV particle release remain poorly understood, emerging evidence suggests that HCV utilizes intracellular membrane trafficking and secretory pathways. These pathways include the Golgi secretory pathway and the endosomal trafficking pathways, such as the recycling endosome pathway and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway. This review provides an overview of recent advances in understanding the release of infectious HCV particles, with a particular focus on the involvement of the host cell factors that participate in HCV particle release. By summarizing the current knowledge in this area, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of endosomal pathways involved in the extracellular release of HCV particles and the development of novel antiviral strategies.