ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of dietary carbohydrate profile and soybean meal (SBM) replacement with either Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CHL) or Spirulina platensis (SPI) on in vitro fermentation. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design, with fermentation run (3 runs) considered as blocks. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial design, where the first factor was the carbohydrate profile, which was composed of diets containing 42.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 26.8% starch (HF-LS) or 26.8% NDF and 40.6% starch (LF-HS), and the second factor was the protein source, in which a control diet (100% SBM), partial replacement of SBM with CHL (1/2CHL) or SPI (1/2SPI), or total replacement of SBM with CHL or SPI were used. All experimental diets were formulated to have 17% crude protein. The ruminal fluid was collected from 2 lactating Holstein cows, buffered with Van Soest medium at a ratio of 1:2 and added to serum bottles containing 0.50 g of the experimental diets. Bottles were incubated at 39°C for 24 and 48 h in triplicate; headspace pressure was measured, along with gas collection for methane (CH4) quantification at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation. The final medium was used to measure pH, ammonia, and VFA. After incubation, feed bags were recovered and used for estimation of dry matter (DM), NDF, and organic matter (OM) degradability. Statistical analysis was carried out using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with carbohydrate profile, protein source, assay, and their interactions as fixed effects, with run and bottle as random effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare carbohydrate profile, algae species, carbohydrate profile × algae interaction, and linear and quadratic effects of SBM replacement with CHL or SPI. There was no interaction effect between carbohydrate profile and algae source. The LF-HS improved gas production, degradability of nutrients, and VFA, mainly increasing the production of butyrate and propionate. When compared with CHL, SPI had a greater degradability of nutrients and branched VFA, along with reduction in total gas production and tended to reduce total CH4 yield. The replacement of SBM with algae linearly reduced the degradability of nutrients, along with a linear reduction in gas production. When replacement of SBM with only SPI was evaluated, SPI slightly reduced the degradability of nutrients; however, it promoted a linear reduction in CH4 yield, as well as reduction in CH4 yield by unit of degraded DM, NDF, and OM. In summary, there was no interaction of carbohydrate profile and protein source, which means that SBM replacement had a similar effect, regardless of dietary carbohydrate profile. Spirulina may be a more suitable algae source than Chlorella due to the potential to reduce CH4.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Diet , Fatty Acids, Volatile , Fermentation , Glycine max , Methane , Microalgae , Microalgae/metabolism , Methane/biosynthesis , Methane/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism , Rumen/metabolism , Biomass , Female , Spirulina/metabolism , LactationABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with algal sources on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Using 6 fermenters in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square with 3 periods of 10 d each, we tested 3 treatments: a control diet (CRT) with SBM at 17.8% of the diet dry matter (DM); and 50% SBM biomass replacement with either Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CHL); or Spirulina platensis (SPI). The basal diet was formulated to meet the requirements of a 680-kg Holstein dairy cow producing 45 kg/d of milk with 3.5% fat and 3% protein. All diets had a similar nutritional composition (16.0% CP; 34.9% NDF; 31.0% starch, DM basis) and fermenters were provided with 106 g DM/d split into 2 portions. After 7 d of adaptation, samples were collected for 3 d of each period for analyses of ruminal fermentation at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after morning feeding for evaluation of the ruminal fermentation kinetics. For the evaluation of the daily production of total metabolites and for the evaluation of nutrient degradability, samples from the effluent containers were collected daily. Statistical analysis was performed with the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment, time, and their interactions considered as fixed effects; day, square, and fermenter were considered as random effects. Orthogonal contrasts (CRT vs. algae; and CHL vs. SPI) were used to depict the treatment effect, and significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. Fermenters that received algae-based diets had a greater propionate molar concentration and molar proportion when compared with the fermenters fed CRT diets. In addition, those algae-fed fermenters had lower branched short-chain fatty acids (BSCFA) and isoacids (IA), which are biomarkers of ruminal protein degradation, along with lower ammonia (NH3-N) concentration and greater nonammonia nitrogen (NAN). When contrasting with fermenters fed SPI-diets, fermenters fed based CHL-diets had a lower molar concentration of BSCFA and IA, along with lower NH3-N concentration and flow, and greater NAN, bacterial nitrogen flow, and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Those results indicate that CHL protein may be more resistant to ruminal degradation, which would increase efficiency of nitrogen utilization. In summary, partially replacing SBM with algae biomass, especially with CHL, is a promising strategy to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, due to the fact that fermenters fed CHL-based diets resulted in a reduction in BSCFA and IA, which are markers of protein degradation, and it would improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization. However, further validation using in vivo models are required.
Subject(s)
Chlorella , Microalgae , Female , Cattle , Animals , Fermentation , Lactation , Proteolysis , Animal Feed/analysis , Biomass , Chlorella/metabolism , Flour/analysis , Glycine max , Nutrients/analysis , Nitrogen/metabolismABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to compare cashew nutshell extract (CNSE) to monensin and evaluate changes in in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and microbial nitrogen outflow. Treatments were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 experimental periods of 10 d (7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection). Basal diets contained 43.5:56.5 forage: concentrate ratio and each fermenter was fed 106 g of DM/d divided equally between 2 feeding times. Treatments were control (CON, basal diet without additives), 2.5 µM monensin (MON), 0.1 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE100), and 0.2 mg CNSE granule/g DM (CNSE200). On d 8 to10, samples were collected for pH, lactate, NH3-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), mixed protozoa counts, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effects of (1) ADD (CON vs. MON, CNSE100, and CNSE200); (2) MCN (MON vs. CNSE100 and CNSE200); and (3) DOSE (CNSE100 vs. CNSE200). We observed that butyrate concentration in all treatments was lower compared with CON and the concentration for MON was lower compared with CNSE treatments. Protozoal population in all treatments was lower compared with CON. No effects were observed for pH, lactate, NH3-N, total VFA, OM, or N utilization. Within the 24-h pool, protozoal generation time, tended to be lower, while NDF digestibility tended to be greater in response to all additives. Furthermore, the microbial N flow, and the efficiency of N use tended to be lower for the monensin treatment compared with CNSE treatments. Overall, our results showed that both monensin and CNSE decreased butyrate synthesis and protozoal populations, while not affecting OM digestibility and tended to increase NDF digestibility; however, such effects are greater with monensin than CNSE nutshell.
Subject(s)
Anacardium , Monensin , Animals , Monensin/pharmacology , Monensin/metabolism , Fermentation , Rumen/metabolism , Digestion , Diet , Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism , Butyrates/metabolism , Lactates/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysisABSTRACT
El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar el efecto de diferentes intervenciones con ejercicio físico sobre la respuesta de las células Natural Killer en mujeres sanas y con cáncer de mama. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, Ebsco y PubMed de las cuales veintiséis citas cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión: catorce estudios con intervenciones de ejercicio en mujeres sanas y doce en mujeres con cáncer de mama. El resultado de la revisión mostró que las células Natural Killer se incrementan inmediatamente después del esfuerzo físico en ambas poblaciones, sin embargo, aún no es clara la respuesta ante el efecto crónico del ejercicio. Por otra parte, se observó que el ejercicio de tipo aerobio pudiera ser el que más favorece este aumento
The goal of this review was to analyze the effect of different physical exercise interventions on the Natural Killer cell response in healthy women and women diagnosed with breast cancer. A systematic search was conducted on Web of Science, Scopus, Ebsco, and PubMed databases of which 26 citations met the inclusion criteria: 14 studies including physical exercise interventions in healthy women, and 12 in women diagnosed with breast cancer. The result of the review showed that Natural Killer cells are found to increase immediately after physical effort in both populations, however, their response to chronic exercise is not yet clear. On the other hand, it was observed that aerobic exercise seems to be the one that most favors this increase
O objetivo desta revisão foi analisar o efeito de diferentes intervenções no exercício físico sobre a resposta celular Natural Killer em mulheres saudáveis com cancro de mama. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, Ebsco e PubMed, das quais 26 citações atendiam aos critérios de inclusão: 14 estudos com intervenções de exercícios em mulheres saudáveis e 12 em mulheres com cancro de mama. O resultado da revisão mostrou que as células Natural Killer aumentam imediatamente após o esforço físico em ambas as populações, no entanto, a resposta ao efeito crônico do exercício ainda não é clara. Por outro lado, observouse que o exercício aeróbico parece ser o que mais favorece esse aumento
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Exercise , Receptors, Natural Killer Cell , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Killer Cells, Natural , Survivors , Sedentary Behavior , Resistance Training/methodsABSTRACT
Preterm infants have a higher risk of showing visuospatial memory impairment, the function that allows to encode and remember visual and spatial information. It has been studied in late childhood in preterm children. Studies on visuospatial memory throughout the first 2 years of life are still scarce. Behavior, temperament, and overall cognition could be altered in preterm children affecting memory performance. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate short-term and visuospatial working memory performance in a preterm sample followed longitudinally at 12, 15, 18, and 22 months (N = 15), and compare their performance with that of full-term children (N = 65). The secondary aim was to analyze the course of mnesic development in preterm infants and relate their memory performance to other cognitive abilities and behavioral tendencies. Assessment included previously published tasks and an experimental paradigm. Results showed that preterm children scored lower than full-term children on visuospatial short-term and working memory at 12 and 22 months of age, although these results varied depending on the memory test used. Preterm children's memory results showed that these skills improve in this population between the first and second year of life. Finally, memory performance was directly associated with the level of cognitive development and the presence of proactive behaviors, while being inversely correlated with the presence of disruptive behaviors and a difficult temperamental style. These preliminary findings suggest that it is possible to detect visuospatial memory difficulties in the preterm population before the age of two.
Subject(s)
Child Development , Infant, Premature/psychology , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Longitudinal Studies , MaleABSTRACT
In horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) (Linnaeus, 1758), target site resistance to pyrethroids can be diagnosed by an allele-specific PCR that genotypes individual flies at both the super-kdr (skdr) and the knock down resistance (kdr) associated loci. When this technique uses genomic DNA as template, modifications, such as alternative RNA splicing and RNA editing are not specifically detected. Alternative splicing at the skdr locus has been reported in Dipterans; thus, the genomic DNA-based allele-specific PCR may not accurately reflect the frequency of the skdr mutation in horn fly field populations. To investigate if alternative splicing occurs at the skdr locus of horn flies, genomic DNA and cDNA sequences isolated from two wild populations and two laboratory-reared colonies with varying degrees of pyrethroid resistance were compared. There was no indication of alternative splicing at the super-kdr locus neither in the wild populations nor in the laboratory-reared colonies.
Subject(s)
Alternative Splicing , Insect Proteins/genetics , Insecticide Resistance/genetics , Muscidae/genetics , Transcription, Genetic , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Insect Proteins/chemistry , Insect Proteins/metabolism , Muscidae/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Turf-Toe includes a wide variety of traumatic injuries of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the first toe (MTF1). It is a potentially severe injury and there is no consensus for surgical management. The objective of this case report was to describe a patient with traumatic Turf-Toe injury grade III with a sesamoid fracture treated surgically. CLINICAL CASE: 24-year-old male with motorcycle fall with hyperflexion of the MTF1 joint, presented pain, edema and functional limitation; the radiographs showed soft tissue edema, lateral displacement of lateral sesamoid with fracture. Traumatic Turf-Toe was established. The ultrasound of the MTF1 joint showed breakage of the plantar plate and collateral ligaments. Patient was surgically managed with sesamoid reduction and plantar plate repair; postoperative evolution was satisfactory. At 8 weeks the patient was assessed with the AOFAS forefoot scale, obtaining 82 points, SF-12 with 87% and VAS of two and returned to his daily activities. CONCLUSION: We describe a patient with traumatic Turf Toe grade III injury, not related to sports practice; first report in the literature of the use of ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with lesion of the metatarso-phalangic joint of the first toe.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Turf-Toe incluye una gran variedad de lesiones traumáticas de la articulación metatarsofalángica del primer dedo del pie (MTF1). Es una lesión potencialmente grave y no existe consenso para el manejo quirúrgico. El objetivo de este reporte fue describir el caso de un paciente con lesión Turf-Toe traumática grado III con fractura sesamoidea tratado quirúrgicamente. CASO CLÍNICO: Masculino de 24 años con caída de motocicleta con hiperflexión de la articulación MTF1 presentó dolor, edema y limitación funcional; las radiografías mostraron edema de tejidos blandos, desplazamiento lateral de sesamoideo lateral con fractura. Se estableció el diagnóstico de Turf-Toe traumático. En el ultrasonido de la articulación MTF1, se demostró rotura de la placa plantar y ligamentos colaterales. Se manejó quirúrgicamente con reducción del sesamoideo y reparación de la placa plantar. La evolución postoperatoria fue satisfactoria; a las ocho semanas el paciente fue valorado con escala AOFAS de antepié obteniendo 82 puntos, SF-12 con 87% y EVA de 2 y retornó a sus actividades cotidianas. CONCLUSIÓN: Describimos un paciente con lesión Turf-Toe traumática grado III, no relacionada con la práctica deportiva. Primer reporte en la literatura del uso del ultrasonido en la evaluación de pacientes con lesión de la articulación metatarso-falángica del primer dedo del pie.
Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries , Foot Injuries , Metatarsophalangeal Joint , Adult , Foot Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Foot Injuries/surgery , Humans , Male , Radiography , Toes/injuries , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The human gut microbiota is assembled during infancy with an increase in diversity and stability. The correct colonization and the establishment of this microbiome are linked to the early and future health status of the individual. It is known that caesarean delivery alters this optimal microbial foundation. C-section (CS) is a common obstetrician surgery; however, it is not without risk for the mother/infant dyad. The World Health Organization recommends not exceeding 10-15% of the total deliveries; nevertheless, this rate has been increasing rapidly worldwide in the last decades. SUMMARY: This review discloses the clinical parameters for correct CS recommendation. Moreover, the major microbial changes in the infant gut microbiome acquisition as a consequence of delivery mode and medical practices surrounding it, as well as, the early and long-lasting effects for both mother and babies are discussed. In addition, some strategies for the gut microbiota restoration are analysed. The aim of this review is to show the need for the development of strategies for minimizing or limiting the impact of caesarean on the microbiome development, favouring future health.
Subject(s)
Cesarean Section , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Delivery, Obstetric , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , PregnancyABSTRACT
Several in vitro screening tests have been used for selecting probiotic strains; however they often show low predictive value and only a limited number of strains have demonstrated functionality in vivo. The most used in vitro tests represent a very simplified version of the gut environment, especially since they do not consider the accompanying microbiota. Therefore, there is a need to develop sensitive and discriminating in vitro models including the microbiota. Here we developed an in vitro model to discriminate among microbiotas/fecal waters from different population groups. To this end samples were obtained from seven healthy adults, five IBD-patients, ten full-term and ten preterm newborns. Fecal microbiotas were purified and their impact, as well as that of the fecal waters, on HT29 cells was continuously monitored for 22â¯h using a real-time cell analyzer (RTCA). The composition of the purified microbiotas was assessed by 16S rRNA gene profiling and qPCR and the levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) determined by gas chromatography. The microbiota fractions and SCFA concentrations obtained from IBD-patients, full-term and preterm babies, showed clear differences with regard to those of the control group (healthy adults). Moreover, the purified intestinal microbiotas and fecal waters also differed from the control group in the response induced on the HT29 cells assay developed. In short, we have developed a real-time, impedance-based in vitro model for assessing the functional response induced by purified microbiotas and fecal waters upon intestinal epithelial cells. The capability of the assay for discriminating the functional responses induced, by microbiotas or fecal waters from different human groups, promises to be of help on the search for compounds/strains to restore the functionality of the microbiota-host's interaction.
Subject(s)
Feces/microbiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology , HT29 Cells/microbiology , Host Microbial Interactions/physiology , Population Groups , Adult , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Chromatography, Gas , Epithelial Cells , Fatty Acids, Volatile/analysis , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Infant, Newborn , Intestines , Middle Aged , Probiotics , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionSubject(s)
Collagen Type VII/genetics , Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica/genetics , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/genetics , Adult , Blister/pathology , Child , DNA Mutational Analysis , Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica/blood , Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica/pathology , Female , Genes, Recessive , Humans , Male , Mutation , Peru/epidemiology , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To determine an exploratory estimation of the strength of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension diagnoses as risk indicators for missing teeth in a sample of Mexican adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study of sixty adult patients in a health center in Mexico included as dependent variable, the number of missing teeth (and having a functional dentition) and as independent variables, diagnoses for diabetes or hypertension, age, sex, maximum level of schooling, and tobacco use. Of the 60 participants, 20 were diagnosed with T2DM, 13 with hypertension, and 27 were otherwise diagnosed as healthy in their most recent medical checkup. A negative binomial regression (NBR) model was generated. RESULTS: Mean age was 50.7 ± 16.2 and 50.0% were women. Mean number of missing teeth was 4.98 ± 4.17. In the multivariate NBR model, we observed that individuals with T2DM had higher risk of more missing teeth (incidence rate ratios [IRRs] = 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.09-4.69), followed by those with hypertension (IRRs = 2.63; 95% CI = 1.77-3.90). In addition, participants with current tobacco use were significantly more likely to have suffered tooth loss (P < 0.05) than those who were never smokers or former smokers, just like older participants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM and hypertension are independently associated with higher experience of missing teeth in an open adult population in Mexico. Future studies with a more sophisticated epidemiological design and encompassing a more detailed landscape of chronic diseases, type and length of use of long-term medications, and patterns of dental care use are needed to better delineate these associations.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology , Hypertension/ethnology , Tooth Loss/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Care , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Smoking/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Resumen ANTECEDENTES: la hipercloremia es la causa más frecuente de acidosis metabólica en pacientes en estado crítico. La diferencia sodio-cloro (Na+-Cl-) y el índice cloro/sodio (Cl-/Na+) pueden valorar de manera simple el papel de la hipercloremia en las alteraciones ácido-base. OBJETIVO: determinar si la diferencia sodio-cloro y el índice cloro/ sodio medidos a las 24 horas de ingreso son predictores de mortalidad a 30 días en pacientes con choque séptico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio de cohorte prospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo y analítico. Se incluyeron los pacientes con diagnóstico de choque séptico según las Guías de la Campaña Sobreviviendo a la Sepsis del año 2012, ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en el periodo comprendido de junio del 2015 a junio de 2016. RESULTADOS: el análisis multivariado mostró que la diferencia Na+-Cl- menor de 31 mEq/L incrementa el riesgo de muerte en los pacientes con choque séptico a 30 días, OR 15.26 (IC95% 1.56-148.49) p=0.019. CONCLUSION: la disminución de la diferencia Na+-Cl- por debajo de 31 mEq/L condicionada por hipercloremia incrementa el riesgo de muerte a 30 días en el paciente con choque séptico.
Abstract BACKGROUND: Hyperchloremia is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients. The sodium-chloride difference (Na+-Cl-) and chloride/sodium ratio (Cl-/Na+) may simply evaluate the role of hyperchloremia in acid-base disturbances. OBJECTIVE: To determine if sodium-chloride difference and chloride/ sodium ratio measured at 24 h of admission are mortality predictors at 30 days in patients with septic shock. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective cohort, longitudinal, descriptive and analytic study was done including patients diagnosed with septic shock according to the guidelines of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in 2012, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit in the period comprising from June 2015 to June 2016. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis showed that the Na+-Cl- difference less than 31 mEq/L increases the risk of death in patients with septic shock at 30 days, OR 15.26 (95% CI 1.56-148.49) p=0.019. CONCLUSION: The decrease in the Na+-Cl- difference below 31 mEq/L conditioned by hyperchloremia increases the risk of death at 30 days in the patient with septic shock.
ABSTRACT
Abstract: The information system on chronic diseases is an electronic system that was recently established in Mexico to monitor new cases and cumulative chronic diseases that are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative consistency of the electronic record of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, in contrast to what was found in the medical records through a validation system exprofeso data. It followed up on 3,293 diseases recorded and compared with the pathologies registered in the files, these were higher than the records (n = 4,188). It was found that there is an electronic sub-register of diseases recorded in medical units with a differential in the quality standards of care. Our results reveal that to increase the effectiveness of electronic health information it is required a mechanism of annual or biennial review by a systematic validation and based on clinical records. This system also enables validation mechanisms and promotes greater adherence to treatment in the management of chronic diseases, contributing to quality improvement and cost containment in health.
Resumen: El sistema de información en enfermedades crónicas, es un sistema electrónico que se estableció en México recientemente para el monitoreo de los casos nuevos y acumulados de enfermedades crónicas que van en aumento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la consistencia cualitativa y cuantitativa del registro electrónico de enfermedades como la diabetes, obesidad, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemias, en contraste con lo encontrado en el expediente clínico a través de un sistema de validación de datos exprofeso. Se dio seguimiento a 3,293 patologías registradas y se compararon con las patologías registradas en los expedientes las cuales fueron mayores a los registros en los expedientes (n = 4,188). Se encontró que existe un sub-registro electrónico de las enfermedades registradas en las unidades médicas con un diferencial en los estándares de calidad de la atención. Nuestros resultados dejan ver que para incrementar la efectividad de un sistema de información electrónica en salud se requiere de un mecanismo de revisión anual o bianual a través de una validación sistematizada y basada en los expedientes clínicos. Este sistema de validación también permite y promueve mecanismos de mayor adherencia al tratamiento en el manejo de las enfermedades crónicas contribuyendo a mejoras en la calidad y en la contención de costos en salud.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus acute bronchiolitis (RSV-AB) is a major cause of hospital admission among our infants. The immune and inflammatory mechanisms involved in the RSV-AB and factors influencing severity have not been clearly established, although an imbalanced Th1 and Th2 response seems to be crucial. OBJECTIVES: To assess the local and systemic inflammatory response in RSV-AB. To find a possible marker of clinical severity and/or oxygen requirements. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Levels of nine cytokines were measured in nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and peripheral blood (PB) of 45 infants with RSV-AB and 27 peer controls, including IFNγ, TNFα, VEGF, interleukins 4, 6 and 10, and chemokines (IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1-α and 1-β). RESULTS: The levels of the analyzed cytokines and chemokines were significantly higher in the NPA of RSV-AB group, with a decrease in IL-4/IFNγ ratio. IL-6 and MIP-1β levels in NPA were directly correlated to oxygen therapy. PB showed an increase in IL-8 and a decrease in MIP-1α and MIP-1β in the RSV-AB group (only MIP-1β associated to the need for oxygen therapy). No correlation was found between cytokines and chemokines levels in NPA and PB. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that RSV triggers an inflammatory response fundamentally at the respiratory level, with scant systemic repercussion. This local response is characterized by an increase in Th1 and Th2 cytokines, although with a relative predominance of Th1. The determination upon patient admission of IL-6 and MIP-1β levels in NPA, and of MIP-1β in PB could help predict severe forms and the need for oxygenotherapy
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/pathogenicity , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology , Bronchiolitis/immunology , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th1-Th2 Balance , Th2 Cells/immunology , Cytokines/immunology , Hospitalization/trendsABSTRACT
Rotavirus (RV) is the primary etiologic agent of severe gastroenteritis in human infants. Although two attenuated RV-based vaccines have been licensed to be applied worldwide, they are not so effective in low-income countries, and the induced protection mechanisms have not been clearly established. Thus, it is important to develop new generation vaccines that induce long lasting heterotypic immunity. VP6 constitutes the middle layer protein of the RV virion. It is the most conserved protein and it is the target of protective T-cells; therefore, it is a potential candidate antigen for a new generation vaccine against the RV infection. We determined whether targeting the DEC-205 present in dendritic cells (DCs) with RV VP6 could induce protection at the intestinal level. VP6 was cross-linked to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against murine DEC-205 (αDEC-205:VP6), and BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) twice with the conjugated containing 1.5 µg of VP6 in the presence of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) as adjuvant. As controls and following the same protocol, mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) cross-linked to the mAb anti-DEC-205 (αDEC-205:OVA), VP6 cross-linked to a control isotype mAb (Isotype:VP6), 3 µg of VP6 alone, Poly I:C or PBS. Two weeks after the last inoculation, mice were orally challenged with a murine RV. Mice immunized with α-DEC-205:VP6 and VP6 alone presented similar levels of serum Abs to VP6 previous to the virus challenge. However, after the virus challenge, only α-DEC-205:VP6 induced up to a 45% IgA-independent protection. Memory T-helper (Th) cells from the spleen and the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) showed a Th1-type response upon antigen stimulation in vitro. These results show that when VP6 is administered parenterally targeting DEC-205, it can induce protection at the intestinal level at a very low dose, and this protection may be Th1-type cell dependent.
Subject(s)
Antigens, CD/genetics , Antigens, CD/immunology , Antigens, Viral/genetics , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Capsid Proteins/immunology , Lectins, C-Type/genetics , Lectins, C-Type/immunology , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology , Rotavirus/immunology , Adjuvants, Immunologic , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Cytokines/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Escherichia coli Proteins/immunology , Female , Humans , Immunologic Memory , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Minor Histocompatibility Antigens , Poly I-C/administration & dosage , Poly I-C/immunology , Rotavirus/pathogenicity , Rotavirus Infections/immunology , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Virus SheddingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus acute bronchiolitis (RSV-AB) is a major cause of hospital admission among our infants. The immune and inflammatory mechanisms involved in the RSV-AB and factors influencing severity have not been clearly established, although an imbalanced Th1 and Th2 response seems to be crucial. OBJECTIVES: To assess the local and systemic inflammatory response in RSV-AB. To find a possible marker of clinical severity and/or oxygen requirements. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Levels of nine cytokines were measured in nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and peripheral blood (PB) of 45 infants with RSV-AB and 27 peer controls, including IFNγ, TNFα, VEGF, interleukins 4, 6 and 10, and chemokines (IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1-α and 1-ß). RESULTS: The levels of the analyzed cytokines and chemokines were significantly higher in the NPA of RSV-AB group, with a decrease in IL-4/IFNγ ratio. IL-6 and MIP-1ß levels in NPA were directly correlated to oxygen therapy. PB showed an increase in IL-8 and a decrease in MIP-1α and MIP-1ß in the RSV-AB group (only MIP-1ß associated to the need for oxygen therapy). No correlation was found between cytokines and chemokines levels in NPA and PB. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that RSV triggers an inflammatory response fundamentally at the respiratory level, with scant systemic repercussion. This local response is characterized by an increase in Th1 and Th2 cytokines, although with a relative predominance of Th1. The determination upon patient admission of IL-6 and MIP-1ß levels in NPA, and of MIP-1ß in PB could help predict severe forms and the need for oxygenotherapy.
Subject(s)
Bronchiolitis/diagnosis , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Bronchiolitis/immunology , Bronchiolitis/therapy , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Progression , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Infant , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Male , Prognosis , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/therapy , Th1-Th2 BalanceABSTRACT
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main vector of Dengue and Yellow Fever flaviviruses. The organophosphate insecticide temephos is a larvicide that is used globally to control Ae. aegypti populations; many of which have in turn evolved resistance. Target site alteration in the acetylcholine esterase of this species has not being identified. Instead, we tracked changes in transcription of metabolic detoxification genes using the Ae. aegypti 'Detox Chip' microarray during five generations of temephos selection. We selected for temephos resistance in three replicates in each of six collections, five from Mexico, and one from Peru. The response to selection was tracked in terms of lethal concentrations. Uniform upregulation was seen in the epsilon class glutathione-S-transferase (eGST) genes in strains from Mexico prior to laboratory selection, while eGSTs in the Iquitos Peru strain became upregulated after five generations of temephos selection. While expression of many carboxyl/cholinesterase esterase (CCE) genes increased with selection, no single esterase was consistently upregulated and this same pattern was noted in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) genes and in other genes involved in reduction or oxidation of xenobiotics. Bioassays using glutathione-S-transferase (GST), CCE and CYP inhibitors suggest that various CCEs instead of GSTs are the main metabolic mechanism conferring resistance to temephos. We show that temephos-selected strains show no cross resistance to permethrin and that genes associated with temephos selection are largely independent of those selected with permethrin in a previous study.
Subject(s)
Aedes/genetics , Insecticide Resistance , Insecticides/pharmacology , Selection, Genetic , Temefos/pharmacology , Aedes/drug effects , Aedes/growth & development , Aedes/metabolism , Animals , Gene Expression Profiling , Larva/drug effects , Larva/genetics , Larva/metabolism , Mexico , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Peru , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
La necrosis grasa subcutánea (NGS) es una paniculitis autolimitada, que aparece generalmente en las primeras 4 semanas de vida, en recién nacidos a término con antecedentes de asfixia perinatal. Su evolución es favorable. El pronóstico es generalmente bueno, con regresión completa. Sin embargo, pueden surgir complicaciones, como la hipercalcemia, que incluso puede aparecer hasta 6 meses después del cuadro cutáneo, y es potencialmente mortal. Presentamos el caso de un neonato con antecedente de asfixia perinatal, lesiones compatibles con NGS e hipercalcemia clínica tardía (AU)
The subcutaneous fat necrosis in the newborn baby is a self limitingpanniculitis that usually occurs in full-term infants as a consequence of perinatal asphyxia. This type of panniculitis appears in the first 4 weeks of life. The prognosis is usually good with complete regression. Despite of that, potentially life-threatening complications as hypercalcemia can arise even 6 months after the skin lesions appear. We present a newborn baby with a history of perinatal asphyxia, typical skin lesions and late clinical hypercalcemia (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Fat Necrosis/complications , Hypercalcemia/etiology , Panniculitis/etiology , Dehydration/etiology , Furosemide/therapeutic use , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
The initial establishment of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria in the newborn and the role of breast-milk as a source of these microorganisms are not yet well understood. The establishment of these microorganisms during the first 3 months of life in 20 vaginally delivered breast-fed full-term infants, and the presence of viable Bifidobacterium in the corresponding breast-milk samples was evaluated. In 1 day-old newborns Enterococcus and Streptococcus were the microorganisms most frequently isolated, from 10 days of age until 3 months bifidobacteria become the predominant group. In breast-milk, Streptococcus was the genus most frequently isolated and Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were also obtained. Breast-milk contains viable lactobacilli and bifidobacteria that might contribute to the initial establishment of the microbiota in the newborn.
Subject(s)
Bifidobacterium/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Milk, Human/microbiology , Breast Feeding , Colony Count, Microbial , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lactobacillus/isolation & purification , Streptococcus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Introducción: La necrosis grasa subcutánea del recién nacido es una paniculitis transitoria aguda de presentación infrecuente en la infancia, con lesiones cutáneas características y de evolución generalmente benigna. De las diversas complicaciones asociadas, la hipercalcemia es la más frecuente y la más severa. Caso clínico: Neonato de sexo femenino nacida de gestación a término, que ingresa en una Unidad de Neonatología por síndrome de aspiración meconial. En las primeras horas de vida presenta acidosis mixta severa, hipoglucemia, trombopenia y recibe tratamiento con ventilación mecánica y antibioterapia. Presenta nódulos violáceos en la región glutea y la espalda a los 4 días de vida, con diagnóstico final de necrosis grasa subcutánea tras estudio histopatológico. Las lesiones cutáneas han evolucionado favorablemente. Durante los primeros meses de vida presentó hipercalcemia moderada que cursó clínicamente con episodios de irritabilidad, rechazo de tomas y estancamiento ponderal. Recibió tratamiento con hidratación intravenosa, exclusión de vitamina D y corticoides, con normalización de los niveles de calcio sérico a los12 meses de edad sin evidencia de calcificaciones tisulares. Conclusiones: Es imprescindible un seguimiento precoz y prolongado de los pacientes con necrosis grasa subcutánea, sobre todo para la detección temprana de alteraciones metabólicas potencialmente graves como la hipercalcemia (AU)
Introduction: Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is an uncommon panniculitis, with carachteristical skinlesions; prognosis is considered good. Several complications have been reported, being hypercalcaemia the most frequent and severe. Case: Female newborn had a history of meconium aspiration syndrome, acidosis, hypoglicemia and thrombocytopenia,thus she was treated with mechanical ventilation and antibiotics in a Neonatal Unit. Violaceus subcutaneous nodules in back and buttocks appeared at day 4. Diagnosis of subcutaneous fat necrosis was made by dermatologists based on clinical and histological findings obtained by skinbiopsy; cutaneous lesions disappeared after several months. The patient had moderate symptomatic hypercalcaemia, presenting irritability, feeding problems and failure to thrive, and she received treatment with intravenous fluids and short-term oral steroids therapy. Serum calcium was normal by 12 months-old with no evidence of tissue calcifications (AU)