ABSTRACT
Elephants are susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) complex (MTBC) infections. Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in elephants is difficult, and most approaches used for human TB diagnosis are not applicable. An interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) to diagnose TB in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has been previously developed. Although the assay is shown to be valid in determining MTBC infection status, the laborious PBMC isolation process makes it difficult to use. In this study, we simplified the method by using whole blood cultures (WC) as the starting material. Using PBMC cultures for IGRA, the MTBC infection status of 15 elephants was first confirmed. Among these animals, one has been previously confirmed for M. tb infection by both TB culture and PCR and the other was confirmed for MTBC infection in this study by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method. WC for IGRA consisted of an unstimulated sample, a mitogen stimulated sample, and sample stimulated with recombinant M. tb antigens, ESAT6 and CFP10. Using WC for IGRA in the 15 enrolled elephants, the results showed that 7 out of 15 samples yielded MTBC infection positive status that were completely concordant with those from the results using PBMCs. To test this method, WC for IGRA were applied in another elephant cohort of 9 elephants. The results from this cohort revealed a perfect match between the results from PBMC and WC. Responses to ESAT6 or CFP10 by PBMC and WC were not completely concordant, arguing for the use of at least two M. tb antigens for stimulation. Given the ease of sample handling, smaller blood sample volumes and equivalent efficacy relative to the PBMC approach, using WC for IGRA provides a novel, rapid, and user-friendly TB diagnostic method for determining the MTBC infection in elephants.
Subject(s)
Elephants , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Animals , Humans , Interferon-gamma Release Tests/veterinary , Interferon-gamma Release Tests/methods , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Blood Culture , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/veterinaryABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is highly contagious disease that can be transmitted between humans and animals. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity live in close contact with humans in many Asian countries. In this study, we developed an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) for elephant TB detection using antigens from the MTB complex (MTBC) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as stimulating antigens (PPD, ESAT6, CFP10) to elicit a cell-mediated immune response (CMIR). The developed assay was applied to an elephant herd of more than 60 animals in Thailand, and the results were compared with those obtained through serological detection. IGRA has sufficient sensitivity for detecting elephant interferon gamma (eIFNγ) from specific antigen-stimulated PBMCs. Among 60 animals tested, 20 samples (33.3%) showed negative results for both MTBC and NTM infection. Eighteen samples (30%) showed positive responses against PPD from M. bovis and/or ESAT6 and CFP10, indicating MTBC infection. In contrast, only 15.6% showed seropositivity in a commercial serological test kit for elephant TB. The discrepancies between serological and CMIR highlight that the two methods may detect different stages of elephant TB. Therefore, employing both tests may enable them to complement each other in correctly identifying elephants that have been exposed to MTBC.
