A key to the Russian species of the genus Coenosia Meigen (Diptera, Muscidae), with the description of one new species and new synonymies.

Identification keys to males and females are provided for the 77 species of the genus Coenosia Meigen, 1826 known from Russia, including one new species from the Magadan region (Coenosia luxia sp. nov.), and also Macrorchis meditata (Falln, 1825). Coenosia nevadensis Lyneborg, 1970 and Coenosia penicillata Hennig, 1961 are newly recorded in Russia. Coenosia paludis Tiensuu, 1939 and Coenosia ukokensis Sorokina, 2009 are newly recorded for the Far East. Two new synonymies are proposed: Hoplogaster morrisoni Malloch, 1924 syn. nov. of Anthomyza cingulipes Zetterstedt, 1849; Coenosia brevicauda Pont in Pont, Werner & Kachvoryan, 2005 syn. nov. of Coenosia nevadensis Lyneborg, 1970. Images of some species and of the male terminalia are given.

The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Fanniidae within the Muscoid Grade (Diptera: Calyptrata) Based on the Musculature of the Male Terminalia.

The abdominal and pregenital segments and the genitalia were studied in males of Fannia subpellucens (Zetterstedt, 1845), Fannia canicularis (Linnaeus, 1761) and Fannia incisurata (Zetterstedt, 1838). In comparison with the remaining members of the muscoid grade, in addition to the symmetry of the pregenital segments, significant reductions of the sclerites and musculature of the male terminalia have been observed in Fanniidae. The muscular structure of pregenital segments confirms that the fused pregenital ring is syntergosternite VI + VII + VIII. Symmetry and fusion, as well as the lower number of the sclerites and muscles of the pregenital segments and male genitalia of the Fanniidae, can be considered apomorphic character states. The presence of the lateral bacilliform sclerite, as well as the presence and position of the epandrial muscles M 26, three pairs of muscles M 19 and paired muscles M 18, can be considered as a plesiomorphic character state of the Fanniidae. The structure of the sclerites and muscles of the male abdominal segments and terminalia place the Fanniidae at the base of the muscoid grade and Oestroidea, as has been confirmed by recent molecular studies.

Review of the North American fauna of Drymeia Meigen (Diptera, Muscidae) and evaluation of DNA barcodes for species-level identification in the genus.

The North American fauna of Drymeia Meigen was studied. Four new species are described (Drymeia hucketti sp. nov., Drymeia ponti sp. nov., Drymeia vockerothi sp. nov., Drymeia woodorum sp. nov.), and three new synonymies are proposed: Drymeia amnicola (Huckett, 1966) (= Drymeia rivalis (Huckett, 1966), syn. nov.); Drymeia glacialis (Rondani, 1866) (= Drymeia alpicola (Rondani, 1871), syn. nov.); and Drymeia spinitarsis (Aldrich, 1918) (= Drymeia longiseta Sorokina & Pont, 2015, syn. nov.). An annotated checklist, DNA barcodes (when available), and keys for each sex of the 24 named species of North American Drymeia are provided. The utility of DNA barcodes for the identification of Drymeia species across a wide geographical range was explored using sequences from five countries. A match between morphology and DNA barcodes was found for 71% (22/31) of species studied (including three unnamed taxa). The remaining nine species clustered into two groups of taxa with very little interspecific variation within clusters (groups of two and seven species). Caution is advised against using DNA barcoding as the only determination tool for Drymeia material without prior knowledge of its limitations for certain species groups.

Description of local carbon flux from large scale gridded climate data by a dynamic global vegetation model at variable time steps: Example of Euroflux sites.

Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) are commonly used to describe the land biogeochemical processes and regulate carbon and water pools. However, the simulation efficiency and validation of DGVMs are limited to varying temporal and spatial resolutions. Additionally, the uncertainties caused by different interpolation methods used in DGVMs are still not clear. In this study, we employ Socio-Economic and natural Vegetation ExpeRimental (SEVER) DGVM to simulate Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) flux with large scale National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) daily climate data as inputs for the years 1997-2000 at 14 Euroflux sites. It is shown that daily local NEE flux on chosen sites can be reasonably simulated, and daily temperature and shortwave radiation are the most essential inputs for daily NEE simulation compared with precipitation and the ratio of sunshine hours. Different running means (1 to 30 days) methods are analysed for each Euroflux site, and the best results of both averaged regression coefficient and averaged slope of regression are discovered by using 5 days running mean method. SEVER DGVM, driven by linearly interpolated daily climate data is compared at the monthly time step with Lund-Potsdam-Jena (LPJ) DGVM, which combines the linear interpolation of daily temperature with stochastic generation of daily precipitation. The comparison demonstrates that the stochastic generation of daily precipitation provides an acceptable fit to local observed NEE, but with a slight decrease in accuracy. Simulation experiments with SEVER DGVM demonstrate that daily local NEE flux inside a grid cell for a region as large as Europe can be modelled by DGVMs, using only large scale climate data as inputs.

The position of the Azeliinae in the Muscidae (Diptera) based on musculature of the male terminalia.

The male genital and pregenital skeleton and musculature were studied in males of the following species of the Muscidae subfamily Azeliinae: Drymeia firthiana (Huckett, 1965), Drymeia longiseta Sorokina & Pont, 2015, Drymeia segnis (Holmgren, 1883), Thricops nigritellus (Zetterstedt, 1838), Thricops hirtulus (Zetterstedt, 1838), Hydrotaea dentipes (Fabricius, 1805), Muscina stabulans (Fallén, 1817), and Muscina levida (Harris, 1780). Descriptions and figures of the genital sclerites and muscles of D. firthiana and M. stabulans are given. A comparison was made between the genital segments and muscles of previously studied species of Mydaeinae and Muscinae and those of the Azeliinae. Based on the structure of the skeleton and muscles of syntergosternite VII + VIII and the phallapodeme muscles, significant differences were found between the subfamily Azeliinae and the subfamilies Mydaeinae and Muscinae. The basal position of the Azeliinae within the family Muscidae was confirmed. A comparison of the genital segments and muscles of the Muscidae with those of the Scathophagidae (Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Anthomyiidae (Delia platura (Meigen, 1826)) was made. Tendencies in reduction of the pregenital segments and musculature, as well as of the phallapodeme muscles in the evolution of the Muscoidea have been revealed. The complete set of phallapodeme muscles in the Scathophagidae and Anthomyiidae corresponds to the basal state, and therefore the structure of the genital sclerites and muscles in the Muscidae shows a certain degree of reduction. The progressive changes in the Muscidae from the Azeliinae through the Mydaeinae to the Muscinae were traced.

Eleven new species of Spilogona Schnabl, 1911 (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Altai Mountains of Russia, with key to species.

Eleven new Spilogona species: Spilogona altaica sp. nov., Spilogona antoninae sp. nov., Spilogona colorata sp. nov., Spilogona decolorata sp. nov., Spilogona improvisa sp. nov., Spilogona insolita sp. nov., Spilogona longissima sp. nov., Spilogona novgorodovana sp. nov., Spilogona platyfrons sp. nov., Spilogona tanushka sp. nov., Spilogona tara sp. nov. and a key is provided to the 53 species known from the Altai Mountains including 21 species are newly recorded for the Altai, and seven of them also represent new records from Russia: Spilogona meadei (Schnabl, 1915), Spilogona orthosurstyla Xue Tian, 1988, Spilogona placida (Huckett, 1932), Spilogona setigera (Stein, 1907), Spilogona sororcula (Zetterstedt, 1845), Spilogona spinicosta (Stein, 1907), Spilogona stackelbergi Hennig, 1959). And four species represent new records for the Palaearctic Region: Spilogona flavinervis Huckett, 1965, Spilogona imitatrix (Malloch, 1921), Spilogona nutaka Huckett, 1965, Spilogona incerta Huckett, 1965. Three new synonymies are proposed: Spilogona impar (Stein, 1907) = Spilogona deflorata (Holmgren, 1872), Spilogona churchillensis Huckett, 1965 = Spilogona quinquesetosa (Schnabl, 1915), and Spilogona robusta Huckett, 1965 = Spilogona sordidipennis (Holmgren, 1883). The pictures of the new species are given and the male terminalia are figured. New faunistic data are given for some previously described species of Altai Spilogona.

A review of the genus Drymeia Meigen, 1826 (Diptera: Muscidae) in Russia.

A key is provided to the 26 species of the genus Drymeia Meigen, 1826 known from Russia and four additional species that may be found in Russia (D. brumalis (Rondani, 1866), D. cantabrigensis (Huckett, 1965), D. gymnophthalma (Hennig, 1963), D. similis (Malloch, 1918)). The key includes the 10 new species here described from the mountains of South Siberia (D. acrostichalis sp. nov., D. aristata sp. nov., D. cilitarsis sp. nov., D. glabra sp. nov., D. grandis sp. nov., D. grisea sp. nov., D. longiseta sp. nov., D. phaonina sp. nov., D. puchokana sp. nov., D. triseta sp. nov.,) and other two new species from the Russian Arctic (D. cristata sp. nov., D. taymirensis sp. nov.). Five species (D. fasciculata (Stein, 1916), D. firthiana (Huckett, 1965), D. groenlandica (Lundbeck, 1901), D. quadrisetosa (Malloch, 1919), D. neoborealis (Snyder, 1949)) are newly recorded from Russia. Three new synonymies are proposed: D. pribilofensis (Malloch, 1921) (syn: D. inaequalis (Malloch, 1922)), D. setibasis (Huckett, 1965) (syn: D. gymnophthalma sibirica (Lavciev, 1971, unavailable junior secondary homonym) and D. quadrisetosa (Malloch, 1919) (syn: D. amurensis (Lavciev, 1971)). The male terminalia and the female ovipositors of the new species are illustrated. New faunistic data are given for some previously described species of Russian Drymeia.

New species of the genus Phaonia R.-D., 1830 (Diptera, Muscidae) from Central Asia.

A list of species of Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 of Central Asia is given, and four new species of Phaonia are described from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (P. babarabica sp. nov., P. juglans sp. nov., P. modesta sp. nov. and P. ninae sp. nov.). The male terminalia of all species and ovipositors of P. ninae sp. nov. and P. modesta sp. nov. are figured. Previous literature on the genus Phaonia in Central Asia is reviewed.

Contributions to the taxonomy and faunistics of some arctic species of Spilogona Schnabl (Diptera: Muscidae).

New synonymies in the genus Spilogona Schnabl, 1911 are proposed: S. novaesibiriae (Frey, 1915) = S. obsoleta (Malloch, 1920), syn. nov.; S. trianguligera (Zetterstedt, 1838) = S. setinervis (Huckett, 1932), syn. nov. Spilogona trianguligera and S. tendipes (Malloch, 1920) are newly recorded from Greenland, and S. trianguligera also from W Siberia. The female of S. vikhrevi Sorokina, 2010 is described and the species in newly recorded from Wrangel Island (Far East Russia).

The identity of the genus Scatocoenosia Schnabl, 1915 (Diptera: Muscidae).

A re-description is given of the problematic genus and species Scatocoenosia cordyluraeformis Schnabl, 1915. Illustrations of the male and female terminalia, and images of the female holotype and the male of this species, are given. The syno-nymy of Scatocoenosia Schnabl, 1915 with Spilogona Schnabl, 1911 is confirmed, and notes are given on the relationships of S. cordyluraeformis with other Spilogona species.