Aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn: a comprehensive review.

This review analyzes the occurrence and co-exposure of aflatoxins and fumonisins in conventional and organic corn, and compares the vulnerability to contamination of both. The risks of fungal contamination in corn are real, mainly by the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium, producers of aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively. Aflatoxins, especially AFB1, are related to a high incidence of liver cancer, and the International Agency Research of Cancer (IARC) classified them in group 1A 'carcinogenic to humans'. The occurrence in conventional corn is reported in many countries, including at higher levels than those established by legislation. IARC classified fumonisins in group 2B 'possibly carcinogenic to humans' due to their link with incidence of esophageal cancer. However, comparing corn and organic and conventional by-products from different regions, different results are observed. The co-occurrence of both mycotoxins is a worldwide problem; nevertheless, there is little data on the comparison of the co-exposure of these mycotoxins in corn and derivatives between both systems. It was found that the agricultural system is not a decisive factor in the final contamination, indicating the necessity of effective strategies to reduce contamination and co-exposure at levels that do not pose health risks.

Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in buffalo / Identificação de espécies e perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiano de bactérias causadoras de mastite subclínica em búfalos

Microorganisms causing subclinical mastitis in water buffalo were isolated from 20 buffalo milk samples at four dairy farms located in central region of São Paulo State, Brazil, through testing of somatic cell count (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), biochemical, PCR assays and antimicrobial profile. The SCC showed average of 721,000 cells/mL in the milk, indicating the presence of subclinical mastitis. The overall average for SPC was 1.8 x 104 CFU/mL. The microorganism most frequently isolation according to biochemical tests were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (17%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%), Bacillus spp. (14%), Acinetobacter spp. (12.5%); with intermediate frequency: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.5%); Shigella flexneri (7.0%), Streptococcus spp. (5.5%), Corynebacterium spp. (5.0%), Escherichia coli (4.5%), Serratia marcescens (4.0%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (4.0%), and low incidence: Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (0.5%), Klebsiella ozaenae (0.5%), Tatumella ptyseos (0.5%), Enterobacter cloacae (0.5%). The molecular analysis indicated that samples positive by culture method of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and E. coli were positive by PCR. Para S. aureus and S. epidermidis the highest percentages of observed sensitivity were gentamicin (100%) and vancomycin (100%); for the genus Streptococcus to gentamicin and oxacillin and E. coli to Ampicilin. These findings may help in the control and treatment of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes and contribute to improving the efficiency and quality of the milk produced.(AU)

Microrganismos causadores de mastites subclínicas em búfalas foram isolados desde 20 amostras de leite de búfalos de quatro granjas leiteiras localizadas na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, através dos testes contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem padrão em placas (CPP), provas bioquímicas, reações de PCR e perfil antimicrobiano. A CCS apresentou uma mediana de 721.000 cel/mL no leite, indicando presença de mastite subclínica. A média geral de CPP foi de 1,8x104 UFC/mL. Os microrganismos com maior frequência de isolamento segundo os testes bioquímicos foram: Staphylococcus epidermidis (17%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%), Bacillus spp. (14%), Acinetobacter spp. (12,5%); frequência intermediaria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9,5%); Shigella flexneri (7,0%), Streptococcus spp. (5,5%), Corynebacterium spp. (5,0%), Escherichia coli (4,5%), Serratia marcescens (4,0%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (4,0%), e baixa incidência: Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (0,5%), Klebsiella ozaenae (0,5%), Tatumella ptyseos (0,5%), Enterobacter cloacae (0,5%). A análise molecular indicou que as amostras positivas pelo método de cultura dos gêneros Staphylococcus, Streptococcus e Escherichia coli foram positivas por PCR. Para S. aureus e S. epidermidis os maiores percentuais de sensibilidade observados foram gentamicina (100%) e vancomicina (100%); para o gênero Streptococcus à gentamicina e oxacilina e para E. coli à ampicilina. Este resultados podem ajudar no controle e tratamento da mastite subclínica em búfalos e contribuir para melhorar a eficiência e qualidade do leite produzido.(AU)