The Relative Contribution of Cochlear Synaptopathy and Reduced Inhibition to Age-Related Hearing Impairment for People With Normal Audiograms.

Older people often show auditory temporal processing deficits and speech-in-noise intelligibility difficulties even when their audiogram is clinically normal. The causes of such problems remain unclear. Some studies have suggested that for people with normal audiograms, age-related hearing impairments may be due to a cognitive decline, while others have suggested that they may be caused by cochlear synaptopathy. Here, we explore an alternative hypothesis, namely that age-related hearing deficits are associated with decreased inhibition. For human adults (N = 30) selected to cover a reasonably wide age range (25-59 years), with normal audiograms and normal cognitive function, we measured speech reception thresholds in noise (SRTNs) for disyllabic words, gap detection thresholds (GDTs), and frequency modulation detection thresholds (FMDTs). We also measured the rate of growth (slope) of auditory brainstem response wave-I amplitude with increasing level as an indirect indicator of cochlear synaptopathy, and the interference inhibition score in the Stroop color and word test (SCWT) as a proxy for inhibition. As expected, performance in the auditory tasks worsened (SRTNs, GDTs, and FMDTs increased), and wave-I slope and SCWT inhibition scores decreased with ageing. Importantly, SRTNs, GDTs, and FMDTs were not related to wave-I slope but worsened with decreasing SCWT inhibition. Furthermore, after partialling out the effect of SCWT inhibition, age was no longer related to SRTNs or GDTs and became less strongly related to FMDTs. Altogether, results suggest that for people with normal audiograms, age-related deficits in auditory temporal processing and speech-in-noise intelligibility are mediated by decreased inhibition rather than cochlear synaptopathy.

The robot eyes don't have it. The presence of eyes on collaborative robots yields marginally higher user trust but lower performance.

Eye gaze is a prominent feature of human social lives, but little is known on whether fitting eyes on machines makes humans trust them more. In this study we compared subjective and objective markers of human trust when collaborating with eyed and non-eyed robots of the same type. We used virtual reality scenes in which we manipulated distance and the presence of eyes on a robot's display during simple collaboration scenes. We found that while collaboration with eyed cobots resulted in slightly higher subjective trust ratings, the objective markers such as pupil size and task completion time indicated it was in fact less comfortable to collaborate with eyed robots. These findings are in line with recent suggestions that anthropomorphism may be actually a detrimental feature of collaborative robots. These findings also show the complex relationship between human objective and subjective markers of trust when collaborating with artificial agents.

Optimising clinical care through CDH1-specific germline variant curation: improvement of clinical assertions and updated curation guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Germline pathogenic variants in CDH1 are associated with increased risk of diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer. Risk reduction strategies include consideration of prophylactic surgery, thereby making accurate interpretation of germline CDH1 variants critical for physicians deciding on these procedures. The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) CDH1 Variant Curation Expert Panel (VCEP) developed specifications for CDH1 variant curation with a goal to resolve variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and with ClinVar conflicting interpretations and continues to update these specifications. METHODS: CDH1 variant classification specifications were modified based on updated genetic testing clinical criteria, new recommendations from ClinGen and expert knowledge from ongoing CDH1 variant curations. The CDH1 VCEP reviewed 273 variants using updated CDH1 specifications and incorporated published and unpublished data provided by diagnostic laboratories. RESULTS: Updated CDH1-specific interpretation guidelines include 11 major modifications since the initial specifications from 2018. Using the refined guidelines, 97% (36 of 37) of variants with ClinVar conflicting interpretations were resolved to benign, likely benign, likely pathogenic or pathogenic, and 35% (15 of 43) of VUS were resolved to benign or likely benign. Overall, 88% (239 of 273) of curated variants had non-VUS classifications. To date, variants classified as pathogenic are either nonsense, frameshift, splicing, or affecting the translation initiation codon, and the only missense variants classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic have been shown to affect splicing. CONCLUSIONS: The development and evolution of CDH1-specific criteria by the expert panel resulted in decreased uncertain and conflicting interpretations of variants in this clinically actionable gene, which can ultimately lead to more effective clinical management recommendations.

Genotype-first approach to identify associations between CDH1 germline variants and cancer phenotypes: a multicentre study by the European Reference Network on Genetic Tumour Risk Syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Truncating pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of CDH1 cause hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), a tumour risk syndrome that predisposes carrier individuals to diffuse gastric and lobular breast cancer. Rare CDH1 missense variants are often classified as variants of unknown significance. We conducted a genotype-phenotype analysis in families carrying rare CDH1 variants, comparing cancer spectrum in carriers of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (PV/LPV; analysed jointly) or missense variants of unknown significance, assessing the frequency of families with lobular breast cancer among PV/LPV carrier families, and testing the performance of lobular breast cancer-expanded criteria for CDH1 testing. METHODS: This genotype-first study used retrospective diagnostic and clinical data from 854 carriers of 398 rare CDH1 variants and 1021 relatives, irrespective of HDGC clinical criteria, from 29 institutions in ten member-countries of the European Reference Network on Tumour Risk Syndromes (ERN GENTURIS). Data were collected from Oct 1, 2018, to Sept 20, 2022. Variants were classified by molecular type and clinical actionability with the American College of Medical Genetics and Association for Molecular Pathology CDH1 guidelines (version 2). Families were categorised by whether they fulfilled the 2015 and 2020 HDGC clinical criteria. Genotype-phenotype associations were analysed by Student's t test, Kruskal-Wallis, χ2, and multivariable logistic regression models. Performance of HDGC clinical criteria sets were assessed with an equivalence test and Youden index, and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were compared by Z test. FINDINGS: From 1971 phenotypes (contributed by 854 probands and 1021 relatives aged 1-93 years), 460 had gastric and breast cancer histology available. CDH1 truncating PV/LPVs occurred in 176 (21%) of 854 families and missense variants of unknown significance in 169 (20%) families. Multivariable logistic regression comparing phenotypes occurring in families carrying PV/LPVs or missense variants of unknown significance showed that lobular breast cancer had the greatest positive association with the presence of PV/LPVs (odds ratio 12·39 [95% CI 2·66-57·74], p=0·0014), followed by diffuse gastric cancer (8·00 [2·18-29·39], p=0·0017) and gastric cancer (7·81 [2·03-29·96], p=0·0027). 136 (77%) of 176 families carrying PV/LPVs fulfilled the 2015 HDGC criteria. Of the remaining 40 (23%) families, who did not fulfil the 2015 criteria, 11 fulfilled the 2020 HDGC criteria, and 18 had lobular breast cancer only or lobular breast cancer and gastric cancer, but did not meet the 2020 criteria. No specific CDH1 variant was found to predispose individuals specifically to lobular breast cancer, although 12 (7%) of 176 PV/LPV carrier families had lobular breast cancer only. Addition of three new lobular breast cancer-centred criteria improved testing sensitivity while retaining high specificity. The probability of finding CDH1 PV/LPVs in patients fulfilling the lobular breast cancer-expanded criteria, compared with the 2020 criteria, increased significantly (AUC 0·92 vs 0·88; Z score 3·54; p=0·0004). INTERPRETATION: CDH1 PV/LPVs were positively associated with HDGC-related phenotypes (lobular breast cancer, diffuse gastric cancer, and gastric cancer), and no evidence for a positive association with these phenotypes was found for CDH1 missense variants of unknown significance. CDH1 PV/LPVs occurred often in families with lobular breast cancer who did not fulfil the 2020 HDGC criteria, supporting the expansion of lobular breast cancer-centred criteria. FUNDING: European Reference Network on Genetic Tumour Risk Syndromes, European Regional Development Fund, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Cancer Research UK, and European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.

Corrigendum: Processing speed mediates the association between physical activity and executive functioning in elderly adults.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958535.].

Processing speed mediates the association between physical activity and executive functioning in elderly adults.

Advanced aging is associated with cognitive decline. To decrease the healthcare system and socio-economic burdens as well as to promote better quality of life, is important to uncover the factors that may be related to the delay of cognitive impairments in older adults. This study investigated the relationship between physical activity levels, sedentary behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. Furthermore, it examined the mediating role of processing speed on the association between physical activity and executive functions and long-term memory. Thirty-two individuals aged between 63 and 77 years (M = 68.16, SD = 3.73) underwent measurements of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak), 1-week of PA accelerometer measurement and a comprehensive cognitive assessment. Significant associations were observed between MVPA and cognitive processing speed. Equally, a significant positive indirect effect of MVPA on executive functioning and long-term memory was mediated by processing speed. Also, MVPA levels differentiated cognitive functioning in older adults - the physical active group outperformed the physical inactive group in processing speed, executive functions, and language abilities. Our results contribute to the literature on the MVPA levels as an important tool to promote healthier cognitive aging.

Modeling Trust in COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Apps Using the Human-Computer Trust Scale: Online Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused changes in technology use worldwide, both socially and economically. This pandemic crisis has brought additional measures such as contact-tracing apps (CTAs) to help fight against spread of the virus. Unfortunately, the low adoption rate of these apps affected their success. There could be many reasons for the low adoption, including concerns of security and privacy, along with reported issues of trust in CTAs. Some concerns are related with how CTAs could be used as surveillance tools or their potential threats to privacy as they involve health data. For example, in Estonia, the CTA named HOIA had approximately 250,000 downloads in the middle of January 2021. However, in 2021, only 4.7% of the population used HOIA as a COVID-19 CTA. The reasons for the low adoption include lack of competency, and privacy and security concerns. This lower adoption and the lack of trustworthiness persist despite efforts of the European Union in building ethics and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI)-based apps. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand how to measure trust in health technologies. Specifically, we assessed the usefulness of the Human-Computer Trust Scale (HCTS) to measure Estonians' trust in the HOIA app and the causes for this lack of trust. METHODS: The main research question was: Can the HCTS be used to assess citizens' perception of trust in health technologies? We established four hypotheses that were tested with a survey. We used a convenience sample for data collection, including sharing the questionnaire on social network sites and using the snowball method to reach all potential HOIA users in the Estonian population. RESULTS: Among the 78 respondents, 61 had downloaded the HOIA app with data on usage patterns. However, 20 of those who downloaded the app admitted that it was never opened despite most claiming to regularly use mobile apps. The main reasons included not understanding how it works, and privacy and security concerns. Significant correlations were found between participants' trust in CTAs in general and their perceived trust in the HOIA app regarding three attributes: competency (P<.001), risk perception (P<.001), and reciprocity (P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that trust in the HOIA app among Estonian residents did affect their predisposition to use the app. Participants did not generally believe that HOIA could help to control the spread of the virus. The result of this work is limited to HOIA and health apps that use similar contact-tracing methods. However, the findings can contribute to gaining a broader understanding and awareness of the need for designing trustworthy technologies. Moreover, this work can help to provide design recommendations that ensure trustworthiness in CTAs, and the ability of AI to use highly sensitive data and serve society.

Wet Mount Microscopy of the Vaginal Milieu Does Not Predict the Outcome of Fertility Treatments: A Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether vaginal dysbiosis (bacterial vaginosis [BV] or moderate/severe aerobic vaginitis [AV]/desquamative inflammatory vaginitis) in women subjected to intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection influences the rates of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 392 women who underwent IUI or in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection at a fertility clinic. All had a slide collected for phase contrast wet mount microscopy (WMM), which was classified according to the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease recommendations. Correlation between flora patterns and the rate of pregnancy were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no differences in any of the groups in terms of pregnancy rate (biochemical, clinical, at first trimester ultrasound, or live birth) after stratifying for the presence of BV, moderate or severe (ms) AV, BV and/or moderate or severe AV, cytolysis, or abnormal vaginal flora (lactobacillary grade ≥ IIb). The presence of Candida species, cocci, or bacilli morphotypes other than lactobacilli also showed no differences. CONCLUSIONS: The vaginal flora assessment by WMM at the time of IUI or oocyte retrieval was not predictive of the success of fertility treatments.The absence of differences may be due to intrinsic limitations of WMM (i.e., identifying only bacterial morphotypes), a positive impact of the treatments in the vaginal flora or because the sperm and embryo transfer is made directly into the uterine cavity, thus overcoming any cervical or vaginal dysbiosis disadvantage. Future studies should focus on the endometrial milieu, rather than in the vaginal and/or cervical one.

Gastric cancer genetic predisposition and clinical presentations: Established heritable causes and potential candidate genes.

Tumour risk syndromes (TRS) are characterized by an increased risk of early-onset cancers in a familial context. High cancer risk is mostly driven by loss-of-function variants in a single cancer-associated gene. Presently, predisposition to diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is explained by CDH1 and CTNNA1 pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants (P/LP), causing Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC); while APC promoter 1B single nucleotide variants predispose to Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Proximal Polyposis of the Stomach (GAPPS). Familial Intestinal Gastric Cancer (FIGC), recognized as a GC-predisposing disease, remains understudied and genetically unsolved. GC can also occur in the spectrum of other TRS. Identification of heritable causes allows defining diagnostic testing criteria, helps to clinically classify GC families into the appropriate TRS, and allows performing pre-symptomatic testing identifying at-risk individuals for downstream surveillance, risk reduction and/or treatment. However, most of HDGC, some GAPPS, and most FIGC patients/families remain unsolved, expecting a heritable factor to be discovered. The missing heritability in GC-associated tumour risk syndromes (GC-TRS) is likely explained not by a single major gene, but by a diversity of genes, some, predisposing to other TRS. This would gain support if GC-enriched small families or apparently isolated early-onset GC cases were hiding a family history compatible with another TRS. Herein, we revisited current knowledge on GC-TRS, and searched in the literature for individuals/families bearing P/LP variants predisposing for other TRS, but whose probands display a clinical presentation and/or family history also fitting GC-TRS criteria. We found 27 families with family history compatible with HDGC or FIGC, harbouring 28 P/LP variants in 16 TRS-associated genes, mainly associated with DNA repair. PALB2 or BRCA2 were the most frequently mutated candidate genes in individuals with family history compatible with HDGC and FIGC, respectively. Consolidation of PALB2 and BRCA2 as HDGC- or FIGC-associated genes, respectively, holds promise and worth additional research. This analysis further highlighted the influence, that proband's choice and small or unreported family history have, for a correct TRS diagnosis, genetic screening, and disease management. In this review, we provide a rational for identification of particularly relevant candidate genes in GC-TRS.

Patient and Public Involvement in Youth Mental Health Research: Protocol for a Systematic Review of Practices and Impact.

Various health settings have advocated for involving patients and members of the public (PPI) in research as a means to increase quality and relevance of the produced knowledge. However, youth PPI has been an understudied area. This protocol paper describes a new project that aims to summarize what is known about PPI with young people in mental health research. In line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement guidelines we will identify and appraise suitable articles and extract and synthesize relevant information including at least two reviewers at each stage of the process. Results will be presented in two systematic reviews that will describe (a) how youth PPI has been conducted (Review1) and (b) what impact youth PPI had on the subsequent research and on stakeholders (Review2). To our knowledge, this is the first set of reviews that uses a critical appraisal tool, which is co-developed with children and young people. Findings from this project will provide valuable insights and set out the key steps to adopting adequate PPI methods when involving children and young people in mental health research.

A Structural Equation Model of Self-Regulation and Healthy Habits as an Individual Protective Tool in the Context of Epidemics-Evidence From COVID-19.

Objective: The present study aims to explore the mediation role of self-regulation on health-related behaviors adoption or maintenance, mental health, and well-being during the COVID-19 confinement in a sample of adults in Portugal. Design: One-hundred fifty individuals (118 females, 32 males; Mage = 33.57 year; SD = 12.71) filled an online survey to assess self-regulation, healthy behaviors, mental health, and well-being perception, during the early months of the pandemic (June-August, 2020). Main Outcome Measures: Self-regulation capacity, adoption or maintenance of healthy habits, mental health, including stress management, and the perception of one's well-being were evaluated using a structural equation model (SEM). Results: Self-regulation had direct effects on healthy habits and mental health and indirect effects on well-being and mental health mediated by healthy habits. In specific, a positive direct effect on healthy habits (ß = 0.497, p < 0.001) and a negative direct effect on mental health (ß = -0.428, p < 0.001); and a positive indirect effect on well-being perception, mediated by healthy behaviors and mental health (ß = 0.253, p = 0.003), and a negative indirect effect on mental health, mediated by healthy habits (ß = -0.208, p = 0.003). Additionally, healthy habits exerted direct effects on well-being perception and mental health. A positive direct effect on well-being perception (ß = 0.254, p = 0.012), and a negative direct effect on mental health (ß = -0.418, p < 0.001) were further observed. No direct effect of mental health was observed in well-being perception (ß = -0.199, p = 0.068). Finally, a negative correlation was observed between self-regulation and weeks of confinement (r = -0.208, p = 0.021). Conclusion: Self-regulation seems to be a good indicator of adopting a healthy lifestyle and better mental health and well-being in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future preventive actions and interventions to build long-term global preparedness for future health emergencies, such as COVID-19, should explore the importance of self-regulation as an important individual and collective protective factor.

The CDH1 c.1901C>T Variant: A Founder Variant in the Portuguese Population with Severe Impact in mRNA Splicing.

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) caused by CDH1 variants predisposes to early-onset diffuse gastric (DGC) and lobular breast cancer (LBC). In Northern Portugal, the unusually high number of HDGC cases in unrelated families carrying the c.1901C>T variant (formerly known as p.A634V) suggested this as a CDH1-founder variant. We aimed to demonstrate that c.1901C>T is a bona fide truncating variant inducing cryptic splicing, to calculate the timing of a potential founder effect, and to characterize tumour spectrum and age of onset in carrying families. The impact in splicing was proven by using carriers' RNA for PCR-cloning sequencing and allelic expression imbalance analysis with SNaPshot. Carriers and noncarriers were haplotyped for 12 polymorphic markers, and the decay of haplotype sharing (DHS) method was used to estimate the time to the most common ancestor of c.1901C>T. Clinical information from 58 carriers was collected and analysed. We validated the cryptic splice site within CDH1-exon 12, which was preferred over the canonical one in 100% of sequenced clones. Cryptic splicing induced an out-of-frame 37bp deletion in exon 12, premature truncation (p.Ala634ProfsTer7), and consequently RNA mediated decay. The haplotypes carrying the c.1901C>T variant were found to share a common ancestral estimated at 490 years (95% Confidence Interval 445-10,900). Among 58 carriers (27 males (M)-31 females (F); 13-83 years), DGC occurred in 11 (18.9%; 4M-7F; average age 33 ± 12) and LBC in 6 females (19.4%; average age 50 ± 8). Herein, we demonstrated that the c.1901C>T variant is a loss-of-function splice-site variant that underlies the first CDH1-founder effect in Portugal. Knowledge on this founder effect will drive genetic testing of this specific variant in HDGC families in this geographical region and allow intrafamilial penetrance analysis and better estimation of variant-associated tumour risks, disease age of onset, and spectrum.

Electroencephalographic signatures of the binge drinking pattern during adolescence and young adulthood: A PRISMA-driven systematic review.

Research on neurophysiological impairments associated with binge drinking (BD), an excessive but episodic alcohol use pattern, has significantly increased over the last decade. This work is the first to systematically review -following PRISMA guidelines- the empirical evidence regarding the effects of BD on neural activity -assessed by electroencephalography- of adolescents and young adults. A systematic review was conducted in 34 studies (N = 1723). Results indicated that binge drinkers (BDs) showed similar behavioral performance as non/low drinkers. The most solid electrophysiological finding was an augmented P3 amplitude during attention, working memory and inhibition tasks. This increased neural activity suggests the recruitment of additional resources to perform the task at adequate/successful levels, which supports the neurocompensation hypothesis. Similar to alcoholics, BDs also displayed increased reactivity to alcohol-related cues, augmented resting-state electrophysiological signal and reduced activity during error detection -which gives support to the continuum hypothesis. Evidence does not seem to support greater vulnerability to BD in females. Replication and longitudinal studies are required to account for mixed results and to elucidate the extent/direction of the neural impairments associated with BD.

Lei e sociedade: tensões e contradições sobre o lugar da criança / Law and society: tensions and contradictions about child's place / Ley e sociedad: tensiones y contradicciones sobre el lugar del niño / Droit et société: tensions et contradictions sur la place de l'enfant

Alçadas, no plano da lei, da condição de objeto de direito para a condição de sujeito de direitos, a criança e a infância ainda enfrentam a severa distância que as separa da elaboração e realização de efetivas políticas públicas e da garantia plena de seus direitos. Assim, este artigo parte da proposta de aprofundar a problematização e contribuir para a construção do conhecimento necessário para se apreender e compreender cientificamente o fenômeno psicossocial das relações entre a sociedade, a justiça e as crianças. Também se propõe a apresentar uma análise crítica da distância que as construções legais mantêm com a realidade fática, de efetiva proteção destas crianças, tendo como referência de análise e alicerce teórico a Psicologia Sócio Histórica de Vigotski, perspectiva crítica que supera a neutralidade, o positivismo e o idealismo das psicologias tradicionais.

In terms of the law, from the point of view of the law as a subject of rights, children still face the severe distance that separates them from the elaboration and implementation of effective public policies and the full guarantee of their rights. Thus, this article proposes to deepen the problematization and to contribute with the construction of necessary knowledge to grasp and scientifically understand the psychosocial phenomenon of relations between society, justice and children. Also proposes to present a critical analysis of the distance that legal constructions maintain with the factual reality, of effective protection of these children, having as a reference of analysis and theoretical basis Vygostky Socio-Historical Psychology, a critical perspective that surpasses the neutrality, positivism and idealism of traditional psychologies.

Alzadas, en el plano de la ley, de la condición de objeto de derecho para la condición de sujeto de derechos, el niño y la infancia todavía enfrentan la severa distancia que los separa de la elaboración y de la realización de efectivas políticas públicas y de la garantía plena de sus derechos. Así, este artículo parte de la propuesta de profundizar la problematización y contribuir a la construcción del conocimiento necesario para comprender científicamente el fenómeno psicosocial de las relaciones entre la sociedad, la justicia y los niños. También propone presentar un análisis crítico de la distancia que las construcciones legales mantienen con la realidad objetiva, de la protección efectiva de estos niños, teniendo como referencia de análisis y cimiento teórico la Psicología Socio-Histórica de Vygostky, perspectiva crítica que supera la neutralidad, el positivismo y el idealismo de las psicologías tradicionales.

Elevés, du point de vue du droit, de la condition d'objet de droit à la condition de sujet de droits, les enfants et l'enfance font encore face à la grave distance qui les sépare de l'élaboration et de la réalisation de politiques publiques efficaces et de pleine garantie leurs droits. Ainsi, cet article part de la proposition d'approfondir la problématisation et de contribuer à la construction des connaissances nécessaires pour appréhender et comprendre scientifiquement le phénomène psychosocial des relations entre société, justice et enfants. Il propose également de présenter une analyse critique de la distance que les constructions juridiques maintiennent avec la réalité factuelle, d'une protection effective de ces enfants, ayant comme référence d'analyse et fondement théorique la psychologie socio-historique de Vigotski, une perspective critique qui dépasse la neutralité, le positivisme et l'idéalisme des psychologies traditionnelles.

Uma avaliação da criança como sujeito assujeitado no processo judicial / An assessment of the child as an objectified subject in the judicial process / Una evaluación de los niños como individuos sujetos en el proceso judicial

Mais de três décadas após a promulgação de legislações garantistas dos direitos das crianças, observa-se que a enorme distância entre o que se diz e o que se faz, no Estado Brasileiro, inviabiliza a garantia efetiva de seus direitos. Há, no texto das referidas leis, expectativa de oitiva de crianças, mas suas vozes seguem silenciadas, de forma que, em que pese a mudança de termos e nomes, seguem mantidas as velhas práticas ideológicas e distintivas de pessoas e classes, na sequência de um processo histórico e dialético de exclusão/inclusão. Neste estudo, de abordagem qualitativa e fundamentado nos pressupostos teóricos da Psicologia Sócio- Histórica de Vygotsky, foram realizadas pesquisas de cunho bibliográfico e empírico. A partir de entrevistas de roteiro não fechado com profissionais do Direito que atuam em processos judiciais que envolvem crianças, observou-se o assujeitamento das crianças e a distância que separa a positivação e o efetivo cumprimento dos direitos das crianças. AU

More than three decades after the enactment of guaranteeing children's rights, it is remarkable that the distance between what is said, especially based on the law, and what is done, by the Brazilian State, may jeopardize the effectiveness of guaranteeing their rights. Analyzing the content of these laws, there is an expectation concerning the hearing of children, however, their voices remain silent, so that despite the change of terms and names, the old ideological and distinctive practices continue, following a historical and dialectical process of inclusion-exclusion. In this qualitative study, based on the theoretical assumptions of the Socio-Historical Psychology of Vygotsky, bibliographical and empirical research was carried out. The analysis of semi-structured interviews with legal professionals who work with lawsuits involving children, showed an objectification of the children and the distance between the positivation and the effective fulfillment of the children's rights. AU

Más de tres décadas después de la promulgación de legislaciones que garantizan los derechos de los niños, se puede observar una gran distancia entre lo que se propuso y lo que se cumple en el Estado Brasileño, haciendo inviable la garantía efectiva de derechos de los menores. En el texto de las referidas leyes, hay expectativa de escucha de niños, pero sus voces siguen silenciadas, de modo que, a pesar del cambio de términos, se mantienen prácticas ideológicas arcaicas y distintivas de personas y clases, en la secuencia de un proceso histórico y dialéctico de inclusión-exclusión. En este estudio, con enfoque cualitativo y fundamentado en los presupuestos teóricos de la Psicología Socio-Histórica de Vygotsky, se realizaron investigaciones de cuño bibliográfico y empírico. A partir de entrevistas con profesionales del Derecho que actúan en procesos judiciales que involucran niños, se observó el asujeamiento de los niños y la distancia que separa el positivado y el efectivo cumplimiento de los derechos de los niños. AU

Engaging Children and Young People in Digital Mental Health Interventions: Systematic Review of Modes of Delivery, Facilitators, and Barriers.

BACKGROUND: There is a high prevalence of children and young people (CYP) experiencing mental health (MH) problems. Owing to accessibility, affordability, and scalability, an increasing number of digital health interventions (DHIs) have been developed and incorporated into MH treatment. Studies have shown the potential of DHIs to improve MH outcomes. However, the modes of delivery used to engage CYP in digital MH interventions may differ, with implications for the extent to which findings pertain to the level of engagement with the DHI. Knowledge of the various modalities could aid in the development of interventions that are acceptable and feasible. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to (1) identify modes of delivery used in CYP digital MH interventions, (2) explore influencing factors to usage and implementation, and (3) investigate ways in which the interventions have been evaluated and whether CYP engage in DHIs. METHODS: A literature search was performed in the Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), and PsycINFO databases using 3 key concepts "child and adolescent mental health," "digital intervention," and "engagement." Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed using rigorous inclusion criteria and screening by at least two reviewers. The selected articles were assessed for quality using the mixed methods appraisal tool, and data were extracted to address the review aims. Data aggregation and synthesis were conducted and presented as descriptive numerical summaries and a narrative synthesis, respectively. RESULTS: This study identified 6 modes of delivery from 83 articles and 71 interventions for engaging CYP: (1) websites, (2) games and computer-assisted programs, (3) apps, (4) robots and digital devices, (5) virtual reality, and (6) mobile text messaging. Overall, 2 themes emerged highlighting intervention-specific and person-specific barriers and facilitators to CYP's engagement. These themes encompassed factors such as suitability, usability, and acceptability of the DHIs and motivation, capability, and opportunity for the CYP using DHIs. The literature highlighted that CYP prefer DHIs with features such as videos, limited text, ability to personalize, ability to connect with others, and options to receive text message reminders. The findings of this review suggest a high average retention rate of 79% in studies involving various DHIs. CONCLUSIONS: The development of DHIs is increasing and may be of interest to CYP, particularly in the area of MH treatment. With continuous technological advancements, it is important to know which modalities may increase engagement and help CYP who are facing MH problems. This review identified the existing modalities and highlighted the influencing factors from the perspective of CYP. This knowledge provides information that can be used to design and evaluate new interventions and offers important theoretical insights into how and why CYP engage in DHIs.

Functional and structural connectivity of the executive control network in college binge drinkers.

Binge Drinking (BD) is a pattern of excessive alcohol consumption highly prevalent among college students, and has been associated with structural and functional alterations of brain networks. Recent advances in the resting-state connectivity analysis have boosted the research of the network-level connectivity disturbances associated with many psychiatric and neurological disorders, including addiction. Accordingly, atypical functional connectivity patterns in resting-state networks such as the Executive Control Network (ECN) have been found in substance users and alcohol-dependent individuals. In this study, we assessed for the first time the ECN functional and structural connectivity in a group of 34 college students, 20 (10 women) binge drinkers (BDs) in comparison with a group of 14 (8 women) alcohol abstinent controls (AACs). Overall, our findings documented increased resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in the BDs left middle frontal cortex of the left ECN in comparison to the AACs, while no structural connectivity differences were observed between groups. Pearson correlations revealed a positive association between the left middle frontal gyrus rsFC and the frequency of BD episodes per month, in the BD group. These findings suggest that maintaining a pattern of acute and intermittent alcohol consumption during important stages of brain development, as the transition from adolescence to adulthood, is associated with impaired ECN rsFC despite no group differences being yet noticed in the ECN structural connectivity.

Norovirus in São Paulo city, Brazil, 2010-2016: a cross-sectional study of the leading cause of gastroenteritis in children. / Norovírus no município de São Paulo, 2010-2016: estudo transversal sobre a principal causa de gastroenterite infantil.

OBJECTIVE: to describe cases of acute diarrheal disease caused by norovirus in children under 5 years old in São Paulo city, Brazil. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study using data from Epidemiological Surveillance of Gastroenteritis due to Rotavirus; cases were defined as patients hospitalized in a sentinel unit because of acute diarrheal disease and laboratory identification of norovirus as the etiological agent between 2010 and 2016. RESULTS: during the study period, the proportion of norovirus cases in children under 5 years old exceeded the proportion of Rotavirus, an agent considered predominant in childhood; norovirus was associated with 28.4% of total reported cases, occurring all year round, especially in warmer months. CONCLUSION: norovirus was the leading etiological agent identified in children under 5 years old with acute diarrheal disease in São Paulo city.

Famílias de classes populares, desigualdade social e litígios que envolvem crianças: garantia ou violação de direitos? / Low income families, social inequality and disputes involving children: guarantee or violation of rights? / Familias de clases populares, desigualdad social y disputas sobre niños: ¿ garantía o violación de los derechos?

Este artigo se propõe a apresentar os significados atribuídos pelos entrevistados, profissionais do Direito atuantes no Direito das Famílias e da Criança, acerca do papel desempenhado pela família nos litígios que envolvem crianças. Os profissionais entrevistados frequentemente apontaram o "fracasso" da família como motivador da intervenção judicial na vida das crianças, do excesso de exposição, da tensão provocada e da potencial formação de trauma nas crianças atendidas pelo Judiciário. Nessas entrevistas, busca-se identificar as contradições que cercam esse papel, que ora se mostra como garantia de direitos e ora como violador. Tais contradições expressam a severa distância que ainda separa a criança da concretização efetiva de políticas públicas que garantam plenamente seus direitos, sobretudo no que tange às crianças oriundas das classes populares atingidas pela desigualdade social. A análise e o alicerce teórico deste texto se norteiam pela Psicologia sócio-histórica de Vigotski, uma perspectiva crítica que admite a contradição e aspira a uma transformação das relações sociais.

This article aims to present the meanings attributed by the interviewees, law professionals working in Family and Children’s Law, about the role played by the family in litigations involving children. The interviewed professionals frequently pointed the family "failures" as motivators of judicial intervention in children’s lives, the excess of exposure, the resulting tension and the potential development of trauma in the children assisted by the Judiciary. The interviews aim at identifying the contradictions surrounding this role, which sometimes turns out to be either a guarantee or a violator of the rights. Such contradictions express the severe distance that still separates the child from the effective implementation of public policies that fully reassure their rights, especially with regard to children from low income classes affected by social inequality. The Sociohistorical Psychology of Vygotsky, a critical perspective that admits contradiction and aspires the transformation of social relations is the guideline to carry out the analysis as well as the theoretical base of this study.

Este artículo pretende presentar los significados atribuidos por los entrevistados, profesionales del derecho que trabajan en los derechos de la familia y de los niños, sobre el papel que desempeña la familia en los litigios que involucran a los niños. Los profesionales entrevistados señalaron frecuentemente los "fracasos" familiares como motivadores de la intervención judicial en la vida de los niños, del exceso de exposición, de la tensión causada y de la posible formación de trauma en los niños cuyas vidas se discuten en el poder judicial. El artículo busca identificar las contradicciones que expresan la distancia que aún separa el niño de la implementación efectiva de políticas públicas que garantizan plenamente sus derechos, especialmente con respecto a los niños de las clases populares afectadas por la desigualdad social. Tiene como referencia de análisis y fundamento teórico la Psicología sociohistórica de Vygotsky, perspectiva crítica que admite la contradicción y aspira a la transformación de las relaciones sociales.

Psicologia e políticas sociais: as contribuições de um programa de pós-graduação em Psicologia / Psychology and social policies: contributions from a postgraduate program in Psychology / Psicología y políticas sociales: las contribuciones de um programa de postgrado en Psicologia

Este artigo analisa a produção acadêmica sobre políticas sociais do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás), no período de 2001 a 2018. O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado por meio da Plataforma Sucupira, em que foram catalogadas 421 dissertações e 63 teses. Após o processo de seleção foram analisados 39 resumos, por meio do referencial teórico da Psicologia Crítica. Embora em número reduzido, essas dissertações e teses que dialogam com as políticas sociais refletem a expansão da pesquisa em Psicologia, como campo científico que se compromete com a transformação da realidade social. Foram eleitas duas categorias de análise desses resumos: programas, serviços, unidades e instituições públicos, e vulnerabilidades e risco social. Essas pesquisas, em sua grande maioria, oferecem subsídios para a criação e/ou aperfeiçoamento das políticas sociais no Brasil e, concomitantemente, evidenciam desafios a serem enfrentados.

This paper looks at social policies in the Postgraduate Program in Psychology, held by Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás) from 2001 to 2018. The bibliographic survey was performed using the Sucupira Database Platform, in which 421 dissertations and 63 theses were catalogued. After the selection, 39 abstracts were analyzed according to the theoretical references in Critical Psychology. Although in a reduced number, these dissertations and theses, with focus on social policies, showed the expansion of scientific production in Psychology, in order to change the social reality. In the purpose of analyzing the abstracts, two categories were chosen. The first one was related to programs, services, units and public institutions; the second category is associated to vulnerability and social risk. Most of scientific productions offered an important aid when implementing or improving social policies in Brazil, and, thus, showed the challenges to be faced.

Este artículo analiza la producción académica sobre políticas sociales del Programa de Postgrado en Psicología de la Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás), en el período del 2001 al 2018. El levantamiento bibliográfico se realizó por medio de la Plataforma Sucupira, en que fueron catalogadas 421 disertaciones y 63 tesis. Después del proceso de selección se analizaron 39 resúmenes, por medio del referencial teórico de la Psicología Crítica. Pese el pequeño número, esas disertaciones y tesis que dialogan con las políticas sociales reflejan la expansión de la pesquisa en Psicología, como campo científico que se compromete con la transformación de la realidad social. Así, se eligieron dos categorías de análisis de esos resúmenes: programas, servicios, unidades y instituciones públicas, así como vulnerabilidades y riesgo social. Esas pesquisas ofrecen, en buena parte, subsidios para la creación y/o el perfeccionamiento de las políticas sociales en Brasil y, concomitantemente, evidencian los desafíos que deben enfrentarse.