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1.
Acta Paul. Enferm. (Online) ; 36: eAPE005732, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1447024

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da Educação em Neurociência da Dor aliada ao Pilates na catastrofização da dor em idosos com lombalgia crônica inespecífica. Métodos Ensaio clínico controlado randomizado com 80 participantes divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Pilates combinado com Educação em Neurociência da Dor - GPE, e Grupo Pilates- GP. As medidas foram feitas no início, pós-intervenção e após seis meses (seguimento). O protocolo incluiu três sessões individuais de Educação em Neurociência da Dor (END) de 30 min (somente para o GPE) e, posteriormente, oito semanas de Pilates (duas vezes por semana, 50 min/sessão, para ambos os grupos). Resultados Comparações das diferenças pré-pós e de seguimento em catastrofização, cinesiofobia, incapacidade e intensidade da dor não mostraram evidências de que a END teve efeitos adicionais em comparação com os exercícios isoladamente. Uma vantagem provável do presente protocolo de END foi que as taxas de abandono para o GPE foram menores do que para o GP, mostrando que a END aumentou a adesão ao exercício. Conclusão A relevância clínica do estudo é que o Pilates é uma intervenção segura para idosos com dor lombar crônica inespecífica e a END pode aumentar a adesão ao exercício nessa população.


Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de la educación en neurociencia del dolor como aliada a la práctica de pilates en la catastrofización del dolor en personas mayores con lumbalgia crónica inespecífica. Métodos Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado con 80 participantes divididos en dos grupos: Grupo pilates combinado con educación en neurociencia del dolor (GPE) y Grupo pilates (GP). Las medidas se realizaron antes y después de la intervención y después de seis meses (seguimiento). El protocolo incluía tres sesiones individuales de educación en neurociencia del dolor (END) de 30 minutos (solo para el GPE) y, posteriormente, ocho semanas de pilates (dos veces por semana, 50 min/sesión, para ambos grupos). Resultados La comparación de las diferencias antes-después y de seguimiento en catastrofización, kinesiofobia, incapacidad e intensidad del dolor no mostró evidencias de que la END tenga efectos adicionales en comparación con los ejercicios de forma aislada. Una ventaja probable del presente protocolo de END fue que los índices de abandono del GPE fueron menores que en el GP, lo que demuestra que la END aumentó la adherencia al ejercicio. Conclusión La relevancia clínica del estudio es que pilates es una intervención segura para personas mayores con dolor lumbar crónico inespecífico y la END puede aumentar la adherencia al ejercicio en esta población. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: U1111-1190-673


Abstract Objective Verify the effect of Pain Neuroscience Education combined with Pilates on catastrophizing in older people with chronic non-specific low back pain. Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial with 80 participants divided into two groups: Pilates combined with Pain Neuroscience Education Group - PEG, and Pilates Group - PG. The measurements were taken at baseline, post-intervention, and after 6 months (follow-up). The protocol included three individual 30-min PNE sessions (only for PEG) and, after that, 8 weeks of Pilates (twice a week, 50 min/session, for both groups). Results Comparisons of pre-post and follow-up differences in catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, disability, and pain intensity showed no evidence that PNE had any additional effects when compared with exercises alone. One likely advantage of the present PNE protocol was that the dropout rates for the PEG group were lower than for the PG group, showing that PNE has increased exercise adherence. Conclusion The clinical relevance of the study is that Pilates is a safe intervention for older people with non-specific chronic low back pain, and that PNE can increase adherence to exercise for this population. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: U1111-1190-673

2.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 79(3): 201-208, 2021 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33886793

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In recent years there has been an increasing number of elderly people who care for another elderly person in the same household. These elderly people are more susceptible to overload and the presence of chronic pain, while pain can negatively influence cognitive variables. OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance and cognitive processing of elderly caregivers and non-caregivers with and without chronic pain. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 149 elderly people divided into four groups that were matched according to sex, age and schooling. The tests used were a numerical pain assessment scale, the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACER-R) and cognitive processing through event-related potentials (P300). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between participants with and without chronic pain were found with regard to attention/orientation (p=0.045) and visual-spatial skills (p=0.017), and in the total score (p=0.033). In the pain-free group, the caregivers showed better results than the non-caregivers. There were no effects between subjects or interactions (caregiving and pain factors) either on P300 amplitude or on P300 latency. CONCLUSION: In general, it was observed that pain-free individuals presented better performance. No relationship was observed between the factors care and pain regarding cognitive performance.


Subject(s)
Caregivers , Chronic Pain , Aged , Cognition , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Independent Living
3.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 79(3): 201-208, Mar. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1285342

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: In recent years there has been an increasing number of elderly people who care for another elderly person in the same household. These elderly people are more susceptible to overload and the presence of chronic pain, while pain can negatively influence cognitive variables. Objective: To compare the performance and cognitive processing of elderly caregivers and non-caregivers with and without chronic pain. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 149 elderly people divided into four groups that were matched according to sex, age and schooling. The tests used were a numerical pain assessment scale, the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACER-R) and cognitive processing through event-related potentials (P300). Results: Statistically significant differences between participants with and without chronic pain were found with regard to attention/orientation (p=0.045) and visual-spatial skills (p=0.017), and in the total score (p=0.033). In the pain-free group, the caregivers showed better results than the non-caregivers. There were no effects between subjects or interactions (caregiving and pain factors) either on P300 amplitude or on P300 latency. Conclusion: In general, it was observed that pain-free individuals presented better performance. No relationship was observed between the factors care and pain regarding cognitive performance.


RESUMO Introdução: Nos últimos anos, observou-se crescente número de idosos que realizam o cuidado a outro idoso no mesmo domicílio. Esses idosos estão mais susceptíveis à sobrecarga e à presença de dor crônica, sendo que a dor pode influenciar negativamente as variáveis cognitivas. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho e o processamento cognitivo de cuidadores idosos e não cuidadores com e sem dor crônica. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 149 idosos, divididos em 4 grupos, pareados por sexo, idade e escolaridade. Os testes utilizados foram: escala numérica de avaliação da dor, Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACER-R) e processamento cognitivo por meio de Potenciais Relacionados a Eventos (P300). Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os participantes com e sem dor crônica nos domínios cognitivos atenção/orientação (p=0,045) e habilidades visual-espacial (p=0,017), bem como no escore total do instrumento ACE-R (p=0,033). No grupo sem dor foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre cuidadores e não cuidadores, com melhores resultados no grupo cuidador. Não houve efeitos entre os sujeitos ou interações (fatores de Cuidado e Dor) na amplitude do P300 ou na latência do P300. Conclusão: De maneira geral, observou-se que indivíduos sem dor apresentaram melhor desempenho. Não foi observada relação entre os fatores cuidado e dor no desempenho cognitivo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Caregivers , Chronic Pain , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cognition , Independent Living
4.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 14(2): 159-164, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32595885

ABSTRACT

Cognitive health is important for the quality of life and well-being of elderly caregivers. Cognitive impairments can negatively affect the ability to care for oneself and others. OBJECTIVE: To compare cognitive performance and aspects of the care context in elderly caregivers of older adults in a three-year follow-up investigation. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted of 61 elderly caregivers treated in primary care in a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo with data collected in 2014 and 2017. Sociodemographic characteristics, the care context, cognition, performance for activities of daily living, burden and depressive symptoms were collected in individual interviews. Data analysis was performed to compare categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS: Significant increases were found between baseline and follow-up for the language domain score of the cognitive evaluation (p=0.024), receipt of material support (p=0.020), time providing care (p=0.045) and dependence of elderly care recipient for basic activities of daily living (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Elderly caregivers performed better on the domain of language, received more material/financial support, spent more time on care and reported greater dependence of the elderly care recipient.


A saúde cognitiva é importante para a qualidade de vida e bem-estar dos cuidadores idosos. O comprometimento cognitivo pode afetar negativamente a capacidade de cuidar de si e dos outros. OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho cognitivo e os aspectos do contexto do cuidado em idosos cuidadores de idosos em uma de acompanhamento de três anos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal com medidas em 2014 e 2017, realizado com 61 cuidadores idosos cadastrados na atenção primária de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Características sociodemográficas, contexto do cuidado, cognição, desempenho nas atividades da vida diária, sobrecarga e sintomas depressivos foram coletados em entrevistas individuais. A análise dos dados foi realizada para comparar variáveis categóricas e contínuas. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados aumentos significativos entre a linha de base e o acompanhamento do escore no domínio da linguagem da avaliação cognitiva (p=0,024), receber ajuda material (p=0,020), tempo de cuidado (p=0,045) e dependência do idoso em relação às atividades básicas da vida diária (p=0,042). CONCLUSÃO: Os cuidadores de idosos tiveram melhor desempenho no campo da linguagem, passaram a receber mais apoio material / financeiro, experimentaram aumentos no tempo gasto no cuidado e na dependência do idoso.

5.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 14(2): 159-164, Apr.-June 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1133632

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT. Cognitive health is important for the quality of life and well-being of elderly caregivers. Cognitive impairments can negatively affect the ability to care for oneself and others. Objective: To compare cognitive performance and aspects of the care context in elderly caregivers of older adults in a three-year follow-up investigation Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted of 61 elderly caregivers treated in primary care in a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo with data collected in 2014 and 2017. Sociodemographic characteristics, the care context, cognition, performance for activities of daily living, burden and depressive symptoms were collected in individual interviews. Data analysis was performed to compare categorical and continuous variables. Results: Significant increases were found between baseline and follow-up for the language domain score of the cognitive evaluation (p=0.024), receipt of material support (p=0.020), time providing care (p=0.045) and dependence of elderly care recipient for basic activities of daily living (p=0.042). Conclusion: Elderly caregivers performed better on the domain of language, received more material/financial support, spent more time on care and reported greater dependence of the elderly care recipient.


RESUMO. A saúde cognitiva é importante para a qualidade de vida e bem-estar dos cuidadores idosos. O comprometimento cognitivo pode afetar negativamente a capacidade de cuidar de si e dos outros. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho cognitivo e os aspectos do contexto do cuidado em idosos cuidadores de idosos em uma de acompanhamento de três anos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal com medidas em 2014 e 2017, realizado com 61 cuidadores idosos cadastrados na atenção primária de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Características sociodemográficas, contexto do cuidado, cognição, desempenho nas atividades da vida diária, sobrecarga e sintomas depressivos foram coletados em entrevistas individuais. A análise dos dados foi realizada para comparar variáveis categóricas e contínuas. Resultados: Foram encontrados aumentos significativos entre a linha de base e o acompanhamento do escore no domínio da linguagem da avaliação cognitiva (p=0,024), receber ajuda material (p=0,020), tempo de cuidado (p=0,045) e dependência do idoso em relação às atividades básicas da vida diária (p=0,042). Conclusão: Os cuidadores de idosos tiveram melhor desempenho no campo da linguagem, passaram a receber mais apoio material / financeiro, experimentaram aumentos no tempo gasto no cuidado e na dependência do idoso.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Primary Health Care , Mental Health , Caregivers , Cognition
6.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 78(1): 2-8, 2020 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32074186

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The association between cognitive impairment and physical frailty has been studied in older adults. The criteria degree of frailty may be keys to associated cognitive impairment. To analyze the association between cognitive impairment and the criteria for frailty. METHODS: We cross-sectionally examined data from 667 older adults (≥60 years of age) from a study entitled 'Variables associated to cognition in elderly caregivers' involving patients in an urban and rural primary healthcare center. We defined cognitive impairment based on different groups of scores on the Mini Mental State Examination, and defined frailty and prefrailty using the criteria by the Cardiovascular Health Study. We performed multinomial regression models to analyze the association between levels of frailty and cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Similar proportions of women (54.8%) and men (45.2%) participated in the study (mean age: 71 years old). We found cognitive impairment, prefrailty and frailty in 34, 54, and 24% of the participants, respectively. Concomitant cognitive impairment and frailty was found in 13% of them. The chances of cognitive impairment increased up to 330% (Odds Ratio [OR]: 4.3; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 2.4‒7.7; p<0.001) among frail individuals, and 70% (OR: 1.7; 95%CI 1.0‒2.8; p=0.033) among prefrail individuals compared to robust/non-frail individuals. After controlling for age, education, place of residence and functional dependence, slowness and fatigue criteria were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: Older adults with frailty have a greater likelihood of concomitant cognitive impairment than prefrail and robust older adults. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and frailty is consistent with data reported in literature. The present findings contribute to the investigation of cognitive frailty.


Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Frail Elderly/psychology , Frailty/complications , Frailty/psychology , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Age Distribution , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Brazil/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Frailty/epidemiology , Geriatric Assessment , Humans , Independent Living , Male , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Distribution
7.
Cien Saude Colet ; 25(2): 473-481, 2020 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32022188

ABSTRACT

This article aims to compare level of burden, optimism and coping strategies among elderly caregivers of other elderly individuals who reside with and without children. A cross-sectional study was with a sample of 301 elderly caregivers of elderly Brazilians seen in primary health care. Among the 301 caregivers interviewed, 44 resided with children and 257 did not. Evaluations involved the administration of the Zarit Burden Inventory, Spirituality Scale (optimism) and Coping Strategies Inventory. Either the Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the comparisons between the two groups. Burden level was significantly higher among elderly caregivers who resided with children (p = 0.01). No significant differences were found with regard to optimism. Elderly caregivers who did not reside with children reported significantly greater use of coping strategies focused on the expression of negative emotions (p < 0.01), religiosity (p < 0.01) and the inhibition of negative emotions (p = 0.01). The elderly caregivers of other elderly individuals who resided with children had a higher level of burden and used coping strategies less than those who did not reside with children.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Caregivers/psychology , Cost of Illness , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Optimism
8.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 25(2): 473-481, Feb. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055810

ABSTRACT

Abstract This article aims to compare level of burden, optimism and coping strategies among elderly caregivers of other elderly individuals who reside with and without children. A cross-sectional study was with a sample of 301 elderly caregivers of elderly Brazilians seen in primary health care. Among the 301 caregivers interviewed, 44 resided with children and 257 did not. Evaluations involved the administration of the Zarit Burden Inventory, Spirituality Scale (optimism) and Coping Strategies Inventory. Either the Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the comparisons between the two groups. Burden level was significantly higher among elderly caregivers who resided with children (p = 0.01). No significant differences were found with regard to optimism. Elderly caregivers who did not reside with children reported significantly greater use of coping strategies focused on the expression of negative emotions (p < 0.01), religiosity (p < 0.01) and the inhibition of negative emotions (p = 0.01). The elderly caregivers of other elderly individuals who resided with children had a higher level of burden and used coping strategies less than those who did not reside with children.


Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é comparar o nível de sobrecarga, otimismo e as estratégias de enfrentamento de idosos cuidadores de idosos que residem com e sem crianças. Estudo transversal realizado com amostra de 301 idosos cuidadores cadastrados nas Unidades de Saúde da Família. Foram entrevistados 301 idosos cuidadores, sendo que 257 não residiam com crianças e 44 residiam. Os instrumentos utilizados foram Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit, Escala de Espiritualidade de Pinto e Pais Ribeiro e Inventário para Avaliação das Estratégias de Enfrentamento. Foram usados o teste T de Student e teste U Mann-Whitney para a comparação entre os dois grupos. O nível de sobrecarga foi significativamente maior nos idosos cuidadores que residiam com crianças (p = 0,01) e não houve diferença significativa para o otimismo. Os idosos cuidadores que não residiam com crianças reportaram o uso significativamente superior de estratégias de enfrentamento focadas em emoções negativas (p < 0,01), religiosidade (p < 0,01) e inibição de emoções negativas (p = 0,01). O nível de sobrecarga foi maior entre os idosos cuidadores que residiam com crianças. Os idosos cuidadores que não tinham crianças no domicílio reportaram maior uso de estratégias focadas na emoção e na religião para enfrentar as demandas do cuidado ao idoso.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Adaptation, Psychological , Caregivers/psychology , Cost of Illness , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Optimism , Middle Aged
9.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 78(1): 2-8, Jan. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1088988

ABSTRACT

Abstract The association between cognitive impairment and physical frailty has been studied in older adults. The criteria degree of frailty may be keys to associated cognitive impairment. Objective: To analyze the association between cognitive impairment and the criteria for frailty. Methods: We cross-sectionally examined data from 667 older adults (≥60 years of age) from a study entitled 'Variables associated to cognition in elderly caregivers' involving patients in an urban and rural primary healthcare center. We defined cognitive impairment based on different groups of scores on the Mini Mental State Examination, and defined frailty and prefrailty using the criteria by the Cardiovascular Health Study. We performed multinomial regression models to analyze the association between levels of frailty and cognitive impairment. Results: Similar proportions of women (54.8%) and men (45.2%) participated in the study (mean age: 71 years old). We found cognitive impairment, prefrailty and frailty in 34, 54, and 24% of the participants, respectively. Concomitant cognitive impairment and frailty was found in 13% of them. The chances of cognitive impairment increased up to 330% (Odds Ratio [OR]: 4.3; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 2.4‒7.7; p<0.001) among frail individuals, and 70% (OR: 1.7; 95%CI 1.0‒2.8; p=0.033) among prefrail individuals compared to robust/non-frail individuals. After controlling for age, education, place of residence and functional dependence, slowness and fatigue criteria were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Older adults with frailty have a greater likelihood of concomitant cognitive impairment than prefrail and robust older adults. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and frailty is consistent with data reported in literature. The present findings contribute to the investigation of cognitive frailty.


Resumo A associação entre comprometimento cognitivo e fragilidade tem sida estudada em idosos e os critérios de fragilidade e níveis de fragilidade podem também apresentar influência na função cognitiva. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre comprometimento cognitivo e os critérios de fragilidade em idosos. Métodos: O estudo analisou transversalmente dados de 667 idosos (≥60 anos) do estudo 'Variables associated to cognition in elderly caregivers' conduzido com usuários da atenção primária a saúde de áreas urbanas e rurais. Comprometimento cognitivo foi definido em função dos escores no Miniexame do Estado Mental baseado na escolaridade e a fragilidade e pré-fragilidade foi operacionalizada segundo os critérios do Cardiovascular Health Study. Foram realizados modelos de regressão multinominal para analisar a associação entre níveis de fragilidade e comprometimento cognitivo. Resultados: Proporções semelhantes de mulheres (54,8%) e homens (45,2%) participaram do estudo (média de idade: 71 anos). Comprometimento cognitivo, pré-fragilidade e fragilidade foram encontrados em 34, 54 e 24% dos participantes, respectivamente. Concomitante comprometimento cognitivo e fragilidade foi evidenciado em 13%. As chances de apresentar comprometimento cognitivo aumentaram em 330% (Odds Ratio [OR]: 4.3; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 2.4‒7.7; p<0.001) entre indivíduos frágeis e 70% (OR: 1.7; IC95% 1.0‒2.8; p=0.033) entre indivíduos pré-frágeis em comparação com indivíduos robustos/não-frágeis. Após controle da idade, escolaridade, local de residência e dependência funcional, os critérios de lentidão e fadiga foram significativamente associados ao comprometimento cognitivo. Conclusão: Os idosos mais frágeis têm maior probabilidade de apresentar comprometimento cognitivo comparados a adultos idosos pré-frágeis ou robustos. A prevalência de comprometimento cognitivo e fragilidade é consistente com os dados relatados na literatura e fornece suporte para futuras investigações sobre a fragilidade cognitiva.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Frail Elderly/psychology , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Frailty/complications , Frailty/psychology , Severity of Illness Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Geriatric Assessment , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Analysis of Variance , Age Factors , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Independent Living , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Frailty/epidemiology , Mental Status and Dementia Tests
10.
Rev Bras Enferm ; 72(suppl 2): 30-35, 2019 Nov.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31826188

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: evaluate the factors associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus in older caregivers. METHOD: this is a cross-sectional study conducted with 326 older caregivers enrolled in Family Health Units. Data were collected using a sociodemographic characterization questionnaire, clinical and care information, and the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to assess the risk of developing diabetes. RESULTS: 35.5% of the caregivers presented a high risk of developing diabetes. The factors associated with the risk of developing diabetes were: use of medication (OR = 3.88), satisfactory or poor health assessment (OR = 1.72), and the fact of being female (OR = 0.48). CONCLUSION: more than one third of older caregivers present high risk of developing diabetes. Therefore, being female, living with other people, using medication, and having a poor health assessment are factors associated with increased risk of developing diabetes.


Subject(s)
Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Disease Progression , Adult , Aged , Brazil , Caregivers/classification , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
11.
Rev Bras Enferm ; 72(suppl 2): 88-96, 2019 Nov.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31826196

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the association between frailty, loneliness and depressive symptoms of elderly caregivers. METHOD: a cross - sectional study carried out with 341 elderly caregivers enrolled in Family Health Units of a city in the countryside of São Paulo State. The interviews were domiciliary and included questionnaire for characterization of the caregiver, Fried's frailty phenotype, family APGAR (family functionality), Geriatric Depression Scale (depressive symptoms) and item 3 of the Herth Hope Scale (loneliness). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between depressive symptoms and solitude (independent variables), and frailty and pre-frailty (dependent variables). RESULTS: there was an association between frailty, loneliness and depressive symptoms. Elderly caregivers had increased odds of 158% presenting pre-frailty, and 360% of frailty. Elderly caregivers with depressive symptoms had an increased chance of 242% of presenting fragility. CONCLUSION: elderly and lonely caregivers with depressive symptoms are more likely to be frail and pre-frail.


Subject(s)
Caregivers/psychology , Frailty/complications , Loneliness/psychology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/etiology , Depression/psychology , Female , Frailty/psychology , Geriatrics/methods , Humans , Interviews as Topic/methods , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires
12.
Rev Gaucha Enferm ; 40: e20180225, 2019 Jul 29.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31365735

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the physical, cognitive and psychological health profile and care context of elder caregivers of the elderly in different home arrangements. METHOD: Quantitative and transversal study with elderly caregivers. The sample consisted of 349 caregivers divided into mono-gerational, bi-gerational and multi-generational housing arrangements. Sociodemographic and care questionnaires and physical, cognitive and psychological health assessment instruments were used for evaluation. The Chi-square distribution and Mann Whitney's U were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Elderly caregivers in mono-generational homes were significantly older and independent for instrumental activities of daily living. In multigenerational households there was a significantly greater proportion of caregivers who considered family income insufficient, received emotional help, and felt overwhelmed and stressed. CONCLUSION: The differences identified between the groups can contribute to the elaboration of care policies and for the health promotion of elderly caregivers.


Subject(s)
Caregivers , Family Characteristics , Health Status , Housing , Age Factors , Aged , Caregivers/psychology , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Chi-Square Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/diagnosis , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Income , Male , Middle Aged , Personal Satisfaction , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stress, Psychological/diagnosis , Workload
13.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 13(1): 122-129, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31073389

ABSTRACT

The degree of burden related to the demands of daily care provided to a dependent older adult is important to evaluate due to the negative influence exerted on caregivers' physical and psychological health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the validity of the 12-item version of the Zarit Burden Interview administered to older caregivers of community-dwelling older dependent individuals and suggest a cut-off score based on quartiles. METHODS: Three hundred and forty-one older caregivers (mean age: 69.6±7.1 years; 76.8% women) registered with primary healthcare centers were evaluated using the ZBI-12. Additional evaluations addressed stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]) in the older caregivers and the degree of dependence of the older care recipients (Lawton and Brody [L&B]). RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha demonstrated very good internal consistency (α=0.81). Correlations were found between all ZBI-12 items and overall score on the PSS (r=0.53; p<0.01). GDS (r=0.43; p<0.01) and L&B (r= -0.23; p<0.01) scale scores. The PSS demonstrated the strongest correlation with ZBI-12 score and proved to be the standard reference. Based on caregivers with a higher degree of stress considering the PSS score quartiles, a cut-off score of 13 points on the ZBI-12 is suggested for screening burden in community-dwelling older caregivers, but should not be assumed as normative data. CONCLUSION: The ZBI-12 can be considered valid for evaluation of burden in clinical practice and research as a fast, efficient option for screening burden among older caregivers of community-dwelling older adults.


O grau de sobrecarga relacionado às demandas do cuidado diário ao idoso dependente é uma importante medida a ser avaliada por influenciar de modo negativo na saúde física e psicológica do cuidador. OBJETIVO: Analisar a validade da Zarit Burden Interview versão 12 itens (ZBI-12) em idosos cuidadores de idosos da comunidade e sugerir nota de corte de acordo com quartis. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 341 idosos cuidadores (M=69,6±7,1 anos; 76,8% feminino) cadastrados na Estratégia Saúde da Família utilizando a ZBI-12. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas avaliações de estresse (Escala de Estresse Percebido [PSS]) e de sintomas depressivos (Escala de Depressão Geriátrica [GDS]) no idoso cuidador, e avaliada a dependência dos idosos receptores de cuidado (Escala de Atividades da Vida Diária de Lawton e Brody [L&B]). RESULTADOS: As análises por alfa de Cronbach mostraram consistência interna de α=0.81. Foi encontrada correlação entre todos os itens da ZBI-12 e do escore geral com os escores de PSS (r=0,53; p<0,01), GDS (r=0,43; p<0,01) e L&B (r= -0,23; p<0,01). Especificamente, a PSS obteve associação mais estreita com o escore da ZBI-12, se mostrando o padrão-referência. Considerando a divisão por quartil da PSS, para os cuidadores mais estressados, sugere-se nota de corte de 13 pontos na ZBI-12 para rastreio da sobrecarga em idosos cuidadores da comunidade em geral. CONCLUSÃO: A ZBI-12 apresentou boa consistência interna e pode ser considerada válida nessa população. Espera-se que o instrumento auxilie na avaliação da sobrecarga na prática clínica e na pesquisa e se torne uma alternativa de aplicação rápida e eficiente no rastreio de sobrecarga entre cuidadores mais velhos na comunidade.

14.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 13(1): 122-129, Jan.-Mar. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-989669

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: The degree of burden related to the demands of daily care provided to a dependent older adult is important to evaluate due to the negative influence exerted on caregivers' physical and psychological health. Objective: To analyze the validity of the 12-item version of the Zarit Burden Interview administered to older caregivers of community-dwelling older dependent individuals and suggest a cut-off score based on quartiles. Methods: Three hundred and forty-one older caregivers (mean age: 69.6±7.1 years; 76.8% women) registered with primary healthcare centers were evaluated using the ZBI-12. Additional evaluations addressed stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]) in the older caregivers and the degree of dependence of the older care recipients (Lawton and Brody [L&B]). Results: Cronbach's alpha demonstrated very good internal consistency (α=0.81). Correlations were found between all ZBI-12 items and overall score on the PSS (r=0.53; p<0.01). GDS (r=0.43; p<0.01) and L&B (r= -0.23; p<0.01) scale scores. The PSS demonstrated the strongest correlation with ZBI-12 score and proved to be the standard reference. Based on caregivers with a higher degree of stress considering the PSS score quartiles, a cut-off score of 13 points on the ZBI-12 is suggested for screening burden in community-dwelling older caregivers, but should not be assumed as normative data. Conclusion: The ZBI-12 can be considered valid for evaluation of burden in clinical practice and research as a fast, efficient option for screening burden among older caregivers of community-dwelling older adults.


RESUMO: O grau de sobrecarga relacionado às demandas do cuidado diário ao idoso dependente é uma importante medida a ser avaliada por influenciar de modo negativo na saúde física e psicológica do cuidador. Objetivo: Analisar a validade da Zarit Burden Interview versão 12 itens (ZBI-12) em idosos cuidadores de idosos da comunidade e sugerir nota de corte de acordo com quartis. Métodos: Foram avaliados 341 idosos cuidadores (M=69,6±7,1 anos; 76,8% feminino) cadastrados na Estratégia Saúde da Família utilizando a ZBI-12. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas avaliações de estresse (Escala de Estresse Percebido [PSS]) e de sintomas depressivos (Escala de Depressão Geriátrica [GDS]) no idoso cuidador, e avaliada a dependência dos idosos receptores de cuidado (Escala de Atividades da Vida Diária de Lawton e Brody [L&B]). Resultados: As análises por alfa de Cronbach mostraram consistência interna de α=0.81. Foi encontrada correlação entre todos os itens da ZBI-12 e do escore geral com os escores de PSS (r=0,53; p<0,01), GDS (r=0,43; p<0,01) e L&B (r= -0,23; p<0,01). Especificamente, a PSS obteve associação mais estreita com o escore da ZBI-12, se mostrando o padrão-referência. Considerando a divisão por quartil da PSS, para os cuidadores mais estressados, sugere-se nota de corte de 13 pontos na ZBI-12 para rastreio da sobrecarga em idosos cuidadores da comunidade em geral. Conclusão: A ZBI-12 apresentou boa consistência interna e pode ser considerada válida nessa população. Espera-se que o instrumento auxilie na avaliação da sobrecarga na prática clínica e na pesquisa e se torne uma alternativa de aplicação rápida e eficiente no rastreio de sobrecarga entre cuidadores mais velhos na comunidade.


Subject(s)
Humans , Caregivers/psychology , Aged , Geriatric Nursing
15.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 72(supl.2): 30-35, 2019. tab
Article in English | BDENF - Nursing, LILACS | ID: biblio-1057636

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: evaluate the factors associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus in older caregivers. Method: this is a cross-sectional study conducted with 326 older caregivers enrolled in Family Health Units. Data were collected using a sociodemographic characterization questionnaire, clinical and care information, and the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to assess the risk of developing diabetes. Results: 35.5% of the caregivers presented a high risk of developing diabetes. The factors associated with the risk of developing diabetes were: use of medication (OR = 3.88), satisfactory or poor health assessment (OR = 1.72), and the fact of being female (OR = 0.48). Conclusion: more than one third of older caregivers present high risk of developing diabetes. Therefore, being female, living with other people, using medication, and having a poor health assessment are factors associated with increased risk of developing diabetes.


RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los factores asociados al riesgo de diabetes mellitus en ancianos cuidadores. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal, en el cual participaron 326 ancianos cuidadores registrados en Unidades de Salud de la Familia. Se utilizó en la recolección de datos un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica, de informaciones clínicas y del cuidado, y en la evaluación del riesgo de desarrollo de la diabetes el Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Resultados: el 35,5% de los cuidadores presentaron un alto riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes. Los factores asociados al riesgo de desarrollo fueron: el uso de medicamentos (OR = 3,88), la evaluación de la salud como regular o negativa (OR = 1,72) y ser del sexo femenino (OR = 0,48). Conclusión: más de un tercio de los los ancianos cuidadores presentaron un alto riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes. Por lo tanto, el hecho de ser del sexo femenino, residir con más personas, hacer uso de medicamentos y tener una evaluación negativa de la salud son los factores asociados al aumento de ese riesgo.


RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os fatores associados ao risco de diabetes mellitus em idosos cuidadores. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 326 idosos cuidadores cadastrados em Unidades de Saúde da Família. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica, informações clínicas e do cuidado, e o Finnish Diabetes Risk Score para a avaliação do risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes. Resultados: dos cuidadores, 35,5% apresentaram alto risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes. Os fatores associados ao risco de desenvolvimento foram o uso de medicamentos (OR = 3,88), a avaliação da saúde regular ou negativa (OR = 1,72) e ser do sexo feminino (OR = 0,48). Conclusão: mais de um terço dos idosos cuidadores apresentam alto risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes. Portanto, ser do sexo feminino, residir com mais pessoas, fazer uso de medicamentos e ter uma avaliação negativa da saúde são fatores associados ao aumento desse risco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Environmental Impact Report , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Caregivers/classification , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Middle Aged
16.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 72(supl.2): 88-96, 2019. tab
Article in English | BDENF - Nursing, LILACS | ID: biblio-1057644

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the association between frailty, loneliness and depressive symptoms of elderly caregivers. Method: a cross - sectional study carried out with 341 elderly caregivers enrolled in Family Health Units of a city in the countryside of São Paulo State. The interviews were domiciliary and included questionnaire for characterization of the caregiver, Fried's frailty phenotype, family APGAR (family functionality), Geriatric Depression Scale (depressive symptoms) and item 3 of the Herth Hope Scale (loneliness). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between depressive symptoms and solitude (independent variables), and frailty and pre-frailty (dependent variables). Results: there was an association between frailty, loneliness and depressive symptoms. Elderly caregivers had increased odds of 158% presenting pre-frailty, and 360% of frailty. Elderly caregivers with depressive symptoms had an increased chance of 242% of presenting fragility. Conclusion: elderly and lonely caregivers with depressive symptoms are more likely to be frail and pre-frail.


RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre fragilidad, soledad y síntomas depresivos de ancianos que cuidan de ancianos. Método: estudio transversal, realizado con 341 ancianos cuidadores catastrados en Unidades de Salud de la Familia de un municipio del interior paulista. Las entrevistas fueron domiciliarias e incluyeron cuestionario para caracterización del cuidador, fenotipo de fragilidad de Fried, APGAR de familia (funcionalidad familiar), Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (síntomas depresivos) y ítem 3 de la Escala de Esperanza de Herth (soledad). La regresión logística fue utilizada para analizar la asociación entre síntomas depresivos y soledad (variables independientes), y fragilidad y pre-fragilidad (variables dependientes). Resultados: hubo asociación entre fragilidad, soledad y síntomas depresivos. Los ancianos cuidadores solitarios tuvieron posibilidades aumentadas en el 158% de tener pre-fragilidad, y el 360% de fragilidad. Los ancianos cuidadores con síntomas depresivos tuvieron posibilidades aumentadas en un 242% de tener fragilidad. Conclusión: los ancianos cuidadores solitarios y que presentan síntomas depresivos tienen más probabilidades de ser frágiles y pre-frágiles.


RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a associação entre fragilidade, solidão e sintomas depressivos de idosos que cuidam de idosos. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 341 idosos cuidadores cadastrados em Unidades de Saúde da Família de um município do interior paulista. As entrevistas foram domiciliares e incluíram questionário para caracterização do cuidador, fenótipo de fragilidade de Fried, APGAR de família (funcionalidade familiar), Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (sintomas depressivos) e item 3 da Escala de Esperança de Herth (solidão). A regressão logística foi utilizada para analisar a associação entre sintomas depressivos e solidão (variáveis independentes), e fragilidade e pré-fragilidade (variáveis dependentes). Resultados: houve associação entre fragilidade, solidão e sintomas depressivos. Idosos cuidadores solitários tiveram chances aumentadas em 158% de apresentar pré-fragilidade, e 360% de fragilidade. Idosos cuidadores com sintomas depressivos tiveram chances aumentadas em 242% de apresentar fragilidade. Conclusão: idosos cuidadores solitários e que apresentam sintomas depressivos têm mais chances de serem frágeis e pré-frágeis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Caregivers/psychology , Frailty/complications , Loneliness/psychology , Brazil , Logistic Models , Cross-Sectional Studies , Interviews as Topic/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Depression/etiology , Depression/psychology , Frailty/psychology , Geriatrics/methods , Middle Aged
17.
Rev. gaúch. enferm ; 40: e20180225, 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1014141

ABSTRACT

Resumo OBJETIVO Comparar o perfil de saúde física, cognitiva e psicológica e o contexto de cuidado de idosos cuidadores de idosos em diferentes arranjos de moradia. MÉTODO Estudo quantitativo e transversal realizado com 349 cuidadores divididos em arranjos de moradia unigeracional, bigeracional e multigeracional. Para avaliação foram utilizados questionários sociodemográfico e de cuidado, e instrumentos de avaliações da saúde física, cognitiva e psicológica. Para análises dos dados foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado e U Mann Whitney. RESULTADOS Os idosos cuidadores de lares unigeracionais eram mais velhos e independentes para as atividades instrumentais de vida diária. Nos arranjos de moradia multigeracionais houve proporção significativamente maior de cuidadores que consideravam a renda familiar insuficiente, recebiam ajuda emocional e sentiam-se mais sobrecarregados e estressados. CONCLUSÃO As diferenças identificadas entre os grupos podem contribuir para elaboração de políticas de cuidado e promoção da saúde de idosos cuidadores.


Resumen OBJETIVO Comparar el perfil de salud física, cognitiva y psicológica y el contexto de cuidado de cuidadores ancianos en diferentes arreglos habitacionales. MÉTODO Estudio cuantitativo y transversal con cuidadores de ancianos. La muestra fue formada por 349 cuidadores divididos en arreglos de vivienda unigeracionales, bigeracionales y multigeracionales. Para la evaluación, se utilizaron cuestionarios sociodemográficos, asistenciales y de estudio de salud física, cognitiva y psicológica. Las pruebas de Chi cuadrado y U Mann Whitney se utilizaron para el análisis de datos. RESULTADOS Los cuidadores unigeracionales ancianos fueron significativamente más viejos e independientes para las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria. En los arreglos de alojamiento multigeracional, una proporción significativamente mayor de cuidadores que consideraban la renta familiar insuficiente recibía ayuda emocional y se sentía más sobrecargada y estresada. CONCLUSIÓN Las diferencias identificadas entre los grupos pueden contribuir al desarrollo de políticas de cuidado y promoción de la salud del anciano cuidador.


Abstract OBJECTIVE To compare the physical, cognitive and psychological health profile and care context of elder caregivers of the elderly in different home arrangements. METHOD Quantitative and transversal study with elderly caregivers. The sample consisted of 349 caregivers divided into mono-gerational, bi-gerational and multi-generational housing arrangements. Sociodemographic and care questionnaires and physical, cognitive and psychological health assessment instruments were used for evaluation. The Chi-square distribution and Mann Whitney's U were used for data analysis. RESULTS Elderly caregivers in mono-generational homes were significantly older and independent for instrumental activities of daily living. In multigenerational households there was a significantly greater proportion of caregivers who considered family income insufficient, received emotional help, and felt overwhelmed and stressed. CONCLUSION The differences identified between the groups can contribute to the elaboration of care policies and for the health promotion of elderly caregivers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Family Characteristics , Health Status , Housing , Personal Satisfaction , Stress, Psychological/diagnosis , Chi-Square Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Workload , Caregivers/psychology , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Statistics, Nonparametric , Depression/diagnosis , Educational Status , Income , Middle Aged
18.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 76(10): 685-691, 2018 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30427508

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To explore the socioeconomic, demographic and psychosocial factors associated with cognitive performance in elderly caregivers from Brazil. METHODS: We evaluated 351 Brazilian elderly caregivers attending primary healthcare services regarding sociodemographic and care variables. Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) domains of orientation/attention, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuospatial were used as dependent variables in the Tobit model. RESULTS: Literacy and family income were positively associated with all ACE-R domains. Age, gender, time of care (days/week) were negatively associated with some cognitive domains. Moreover, receiving emotional help and the level of hope were positively associated with specific domains. DISCUSSION: The results may be useful for planning interventions aimed at elderly caregivers in order to prevent deficits in the different cognitive domains.


Subject(s)
Caregivers/psychology , Cognition , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil , Cognition/classification , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hope , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time Factors
19.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 76(10): 685-691, Oct. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-973918

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objectives: To explore the socioeconomic, demographic and psychosocial factors associated with cognitive performance in elderly caregivers from Brazil. Methods: We evaluated 351 Brazilian elderly caregivers attending primary healthcare services regarding sociodemographic and care variables. Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) domains of orientation/attention, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuospatial were used as dependent variables in the Tobit model. Results: Literacy and family income were positively associated with all ACE-R domains. Age, gender, time of care (days/week) were negatively associated with some cognitive domains. Moreover, receiving emotional help and the level of hope were positively associated with specific domains. Discussion: The results may be useful for planning interventions aimed at elderly caregivers in order to prevent deficits in the different cognitive domains.


RESUMO Objetivos: explorar os fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e psicossociais associados ao desempenho cognitivo em idosos cuidadores do Brasil. Métodos: Avaliamos 351 idosos cuidadores da atenção primária à saúde em relação a variáveis sociodemográficas e de contexto do cuidado. Os domínios da Escala Cognitiva de Addenbrooke Revisada (ACE-R) - orientação/atenção, memória, fluência verbal, linguagem e visuo-espacial - foram utilizados como variáveis dependentes no modelo de Tobit. Resultados: Alfabetização e renda familiar foram positivamente associados a todos os domínios ACE-R. A idade, o sexo, o tempo de atendimento (dias/semana) foram associados negativamente com alguns domínios cognitivos. Além disso, receber ajuda emocional e nível de esperança foram positivamente associados a domínios específicos. Discussão: os resultados podem ser úteis para o planejamento de intervenções voltadas para cuidadores idosos, a fim de prevenir déficits nos diferentes domínios cognitivos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Caregivers/psychology , Cognition/classification , Socioeconomic Factors , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Time Factors , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Sex Distribution , Hope , Neuropsychological Tests
20.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 45(4): 82-87, July-Aug. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-961987

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Cohabitation with the elderly may bring benefits to social relationships and exert an influence on the recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Objective: Compare emotion recognition skills between a cohabitation group (CHG) of older adults who live with a dependent elderly individual and a non-cohabitation group (NCHG) of older adults who do not live with an elderly individual. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 62 older adults in the CHG and 56 in the NCHG. The two groups were similar with regard to gender, age, schooling, degree of dependence, cognitive performance, and depressive symptoms. A dynamic task with six emotions (anger, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, and fear) and four levels of intensity was administered to evaluate the recognition of facial emotions. Results: The CHG performed better than the NCHG regarding the correct identification of emotions, specifically surprise (60%), disgust (60%, 80%, and 100%), fear (80%), and sadness (80% and 100%). Discussion: Cohabitation with an elderly individual seems to offer benefits to older adults in terms of recognizing facial expressions of emotion.

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