Hepatic endotheliitis in Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Hepatic injuries in COVID-19 are not yet fully understood and indirect pathways (without viral replication in the liver) have been associated with the activation of vascular mechanisms of liver injury in humans infected with SARS-CoV-2. Golden Syrian hamsters are an effective model for experimental reproduction of moderate and self-limiting lung disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As observed in humans, this experimental model reproduces lesions of bronchointerstitial pneumonia and pulmonary vascular lesions, including endotheliitis (attachment of lymphoid cells to the luminal surface of endothelium). Extrapulmonary vascular lesions are well documented in COVID-19, but such extrapulmonary vascular lesions have not yet been described in the Golden Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study aimed to evaluate microscopic liver lesions in Golden Syrian hamsters experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2. In total, 38 conventional Golden Syrian hamsters, divided into infected group (n=24) and mock-infected group (n=14), were euthanized at 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 14-, and 15-days post infection with SARS-CoV-2. Liver fragments were evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 antigens. The frequencies of portal vein endotheliitis, lobular activity, hepatocellular degeneration, and lobular vascular changes were higher among SARS-CoV-2-infected animals. Spike S2 antigen was not detected in liver. The main results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbated vascular and inflammatory lesions in the liver of hamsters with pre-existing hepatitis of unknown origin. A potential application of this animal model in studies of the pathogenesis and evolution of liver lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection still needs further evaluation.

Hepatic endotheliitis in Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Hepatic injuries in COVID-19 are not yet fully understood and indirect pathways (without viral replication in the liver) have been associated with the activation of vascular mechanisms of liver injury in humans infected with SARS-CoV-2. Golden Syrian hamsters are an effective model for experimental reproduction of moderate and self-limiting lung disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As observed in humans, this experimental model reproduces lesions of bronchointerstitial pneumonia and pulmonary vascular lesions, including endotheliitis (attachment of lymphoid cells to the luminal surface of endothelium). Extrapulmonary vascular lesions are well documented in COVID-19, but such extrapulmonary vascular lesions have not yet been described in the Golden Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study aimed to evaluate microscopic liver lesions in Golden Syrian hamsters experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2. In total, 38 conventional Golden Syrian hamsters, divided into infected group (n=24) and mock-infected group (n=14), were euthanized at 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 14-, and 15-days post infection with SARS-CoV-2. Liver fragments were evaluated by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 antigens. The frequencies of portal vein endotheliitis, lobular activity, hepatocellular degeneration, and lobular vascular changes were higher among SARS-CoV-2-infected animals. Spike S2 antigen was not detected in liver. The main results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbated vascular and inflammatory lesions in the liver of hamsters with pre-existing hepatitis of unknown origin. A potential application of this animal model in studies of the pathogenesis and evolution of liver lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection still needs further evaluation.

Cysticercosis in free-ranging agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon.

The study describes the occurrence of cysticercosis in liver of 22 wild agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in the Brazilian Amazon. The phylogenetic analysis and microscopic characteristics of metacestodes in liver tissue sections, associated with the geographic distribution of the intermediate hosts indicated that a possibly novel Taenia sp. metacestode caused the parasitism. Additionally, two cases of hepatic co-infection by Taenia sp., Calodium sp. and Echinococcus oligarthra were also observed among the analyzed animals. The results point to the need for a better understanding of hepatotropic parasites among wild rodents in the Brazilian Amazon.

Epidemia de Monkeypox humana 2022 em países não endêmicos: os primatas não humanos não são vilões! / Mpox epidemic in non-endemic countries, 2022: non-human primates are not villains!

A mpox (varíola dos macacos ou monkeypox) é uma zoonose causada por um orthopoxvírus, da espécie Monkeypox virus (MPXV). Historicamente, primatas não humanos (PNHs) e, principalmente, roedores selvagens participam da manutenção do ciclo de transmissão em regiões endêmicas da África. Na atual epidemia de mpox em países não endêmicos, incluindo o Brasil, o ciclo epidemiológico apresenta transmissão direta de MPXV entre seres humanos, sem a participação de PNHs. O objetivo da revisão é apresentar informações históricas e o estado-da-arte da mpox com o intuito de orientar e fornecer subsídios sobre a doença aos médicos-veterinários, outros profissionais de saúde e a população em geral, além de desmitificar a participação dos PNHs, uma vez que estes não participam do ciclo de transmissão da doença em países não endêmicos.(AU)

Mpox (monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, species Monkeypox virus (MPXV). Historically, non-human primates (NHPs) and wild rodents participate in maintaining the transmission cycle in endemic regions of Africa. In the current epidemic of human mpox in non-endemic countries, including Brazil, the epidemiological cycle of human mpox shows direct transmission of the MPXV between humans, without the participation of NHPs. The objective of this review is to present historical information and the state-of-the-art of human mpox to guide and provide subsidies about the disease to veterinarians, other health professionals and the population in general, in addition to demystifying the participation of PNHs in the HM transmission cycle in non-endemic countries.(AU)

Cysticercosis in free-ranging agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon / Cisticercose em cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) silvestres na Amazônia Oriental brasileira

The study describes the occurrence of cysticercosis in liver of 22 wild agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in the Brazilian Amazon. The phylogenetic analysis and microscopic characteristics of metacestodes in liver tissue sections, associated with the geographic distribution of the intermediate hosts indicated that a possibly novel Taenia sp. metacestode caused the parasitism. Additionally, two cases of hepatic co-infection by Taenia sp., Calodium sp. and Echinococcus oligarthra were also observed among the analyzed animals. The results point to the need for a better understanding of hepatotropic parasites among wild rodents in the Brazilian Amazon.(AU)

O estudo descreve a ocorrência de cisticercose no fígado de 22 cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) silvestres da Amazônia brasileira. A análise filogenética e as características microscópicas dos metacestódeos em cortes histológicos de fígado, associadas à distribuição geográfica do hospedeiro intermediário, indicaram que, possivelmente, uma nova espécie de Taenia sp. Causou o parasitismo. Adicionalmente, dois casos de co-infecção por Taenia sp., Calodium sp. e Echinococcus oligarthra também foram observados entre os animais avaliados. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de um melhor entendimento dos parasitas hepatotrópicos entre roedores selvagens da Amazônia brasileira.(AU)

Survey of euthanasia methods used in neotropical chiropterans in São Paulo State, Brazil: critical analyses and proposal for standardization of bat euthanasia methods / evantamento dos métodos de eutanásia utilizados em quirópteros neotropicais no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: análise crítica e proposta de padronização de métodos de eutanásia em morcegos

Zoonotic Surveillance Divisions (ZSDs) rescue and euthanize bats in contact with humans. The euthanasia procedure should be conducted safely for the animal and caretaker and minimal stress for the animal is important. The objectives of this study were: i. evaluate the methods of euthanasia used by ZSDs in the State of São Paulo; ii. compare the methods with national and international guidelines for animal euthanasia practices; iii. assess the methodologies considering taxonomy and eating habits of the main bat species, and iv. propose standardization of euthanasia procedures. Sixty-five ZSDs locations received an online questionnaire or were contacted by telephone and 33 ZSDs (50.8%) responded and are distributed in 11 mesoregions in the state to remain anonymous. The euthanasia methods were divided into chemical (injectable or inhalation), physical, or mixed methods. Bat specimens (n = 550) were identified and classified to evaluate the main genera found in the state. The location of the ZSD, species, eating habits, and the method of euthanasia used were analyzed. The specimens by bat families were Molossidae (n = 340), Phyllostomidae (n = 171), and Vespertilionidae (n = 39). Chemical methods were used in 25 ZSDs (75.75%), physical in 5 (15.15%), and mixed in 3 (9.09%). There is no uniformity or standardization in bat euthanasia methods used by ZSDs, although most are based on acceptable chemical methods. It was proposed an algorithm to assist the veterinarian in choosing the method of euthanasia for bats that will allow standardizing euthanasia procedures for this species, considering physiological differences, and respecting technical, bioethical, and animal welfare guidelines.(AU)

As Divisões de Vigilância de Zoonoses (DVZs) coletam e eutanasiam morcegos que tiveram contato com humanos. O procedimento de eutanásia precisa ocorrer de modo seguro para o animal e para o manipulador, sendo importante garantir o mínimo de estresse ao animal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: i. avaliar os métodos de eutanásia praticados nas DVZ do estado de São Paulo; ii. comparar esses métodos com os guias nacionais e internacionais de práticas de eutanásia animal; iii. avaliar as metodologias aplicadas considerando a taxonomia e os hábitos alimentares das principais espécies de ocorrência de morcegos; e iv. propor a padronização dos procedimentos de eutanásia. Sessenta e cinco DVZs receberam o questionário online ou foram contatadas por telefone, dessas, trinta e três DVZs (50,8%) que responderam ao questionário foram incluídas no estudo e distribuídas em 11 mesorregiões para garantir anonimato. Os métodos de eutanásia reportados foram divididos em métodos químicos (injetáveis; inalatórios), físicos ou mistos. Os espécimes de morcegos (n = 550) foram identificados e classificados para avaliar os principais gêneros encontrados no estado. A localização da DVZ, as espécies, os hábitos alimentares e o método de eutanásia utilizado foram analisados. Os espécimes por família de espécies de morcegos foram Molossidae (n = 340), Phyllostomidae (n = 171) e Vespertilionidae (n = 39). Métodos químicos foram utilizados em 25 DVZs (75,75%), físicos em 5 (15,15%) e mistos em 3 (9,09%). Não há uniformidade ou padronização nos métodos de eutanásia de morcegos, embora a maioria seja baseada em métodos químicos aceitáveis. É proposto um algoritmo para auxiliar o veterinário na escolha do método de eutanásia, que permite a padronização desses procedimentos para os morcegos, considerando as diferenças fisiológicas e respeitando as diretrizes técnicas, bioéticas e de bem-estar animal.(AU)

Molecular analysis of Bartonella spp. in liver tissue of bats from the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil / Análise molecular de Bartonella spp. em tecido hepático de morcegos do bioma Mata Atlântica, Brasil

The genus Bartonella comprises gram-negative bacilli that possess tropism for erythrocytes and endothelial cells in animals of the orders Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla, and Chiroptera. Bacterial infection may be associated with lymphadenitis, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis hepatis. Thirteen species of Bartonella are recognized as zoonotic and bats are considered to be their potential reservoirs. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in livers of neotropical bats belonging to the families Molossidae, Phyllostomidae, and Vespertilionidae, classified into 21 genera from the Atlantic Forest biome in São Paulo. A total of 341 (n = 341) chiropterans samples were tested for the presence of citrate synthase (gltA) gene of Bartonella by partial amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples of two bats (0.6%) of the species Glossophaga soricina from the municipality of São Roque were tested positive for gltA gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that sequences clustered in a clade that was close to the Bartonella sp. detected in G. soricina, which was collected from the Cerrado biome in Tocantins, Brazil. Despite a low prevalence of the detected infection, results indicated that neotropical bats from the Atlantic Forest were potential hosts of Bartonella spp., which might be related to the maintenance of a wild enzootic cycle of the bacterium. Additional studies, particularly on bats of genus Glossophaga, are required to elucidate the dynamics of intraspecific relationships between etiologic agent-vector-hosts.

O gênero Bartonella compreende bacilos gram-negativos que possuem tropismo por eritrócitos e células endoteliais em animais das ordens Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla e Chiroptera. A infecção bacteriana pode estar associada a linfadenite, endocardite, angiomatose bacilar e peliose hepática. Treze espécies de Bartonella são reconhecidas como zoonóticas e os morcegos são considerados seus potenciais reservatórios. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de Bartonella spp. em fígados de morcegos neotropicais pertencentes às famílias Molossidae, Phyllostomidae e Vespertilionidae, classificados em 21 gêneros do bioma Mata Atlântica em São Paulo. Um total de 341 (n = 341) amostras de quirópteros foram testados para a presença do gene da citrato sintase (gltA) de Bartonella por amplificação parcial usando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Amostras de dois morcegos (0,6%) da espécie Glossophaga soricina do município de São Roque foram testadas positivas para o gene gltA. A análise filogenética indicou que as sequências agrupadas em um clado próximo ao de Bartonella sp. detectada em G. soricina, que foi coletada no bioma Cerrado no Tocantins, Brasil. Apesar da baixa prevalência da infecção detectada, os resultados indicaram que os morcegos neotropicais da Mata Atlântica eram potenciais hospedeiros de Bartonella spp., o que pode estar relacionado à manutenção de um ciclo enzoótico selvagem da bactéria. Estudos adicionais, particularmente em morcegos do gênero Glossophaga, são necessários para elucidar a dinâmica das relações intraespecíficas entre agente etiológico-vetor-hospedeiro.

Serological markers for hepatitis a among captive and free-living wild mammals in the State of Pará, Brazil / Marcadores sorológicos para hepatite A entre mamíferos silvestres cativos e de vida livre do Estado do Pará, Brasil

The hepatitis A virus (HAV, Hepatovirus A) in humans has a relevant impact on public health, especially in geographic regions with poor basic sanitation, such as the Brazilian Amazon. Isolates related to hepatoviruses have been described in non human primates, chiropterans, marsupials, rodents, marmots, shrews, and terrestrial hedgehogs. However, the circulation of these viruses in the Amazonian mammal fauna remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against this hepatovirus in captive and free-living wild mammals belonging to the orders Didelphimorphia, Primates, Carnivora, and Artiodactyla. Serum samples from 71 animals, from three municipalities in the State of Pará (Belém, Santarém, and Capitão Poço) were tested for total anti-HAV and anti-HAV IgM through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total anti-HAV antibodies were detected in 29.5% (21/71) of non-human primates, 8.4% (6/71) of carnivores, and 5.6% (4/71) of didelphos. All tayassuidos 0% (0/2) were seronegative. Anti-HAV IgM antibodies were not detected in any of the samples tested. The highest total anti-HAV seropositivity in the municipalities studied was in Santarém with 54.24% (12/22), followed by Capitão Poço with 50% (15/30), and then Belém with 21.05% (4/19). Among the seropositive animals, animals kept in exposure cages showed 43.9% (18/41), quarantined animals with 60% (9/15), and free-living animals with 26.6% (4/15). The serological results indicated a profile of previous exposure to hepatovirus among these animals. Therefore, additional studies to characterize HAV-related viruses in captive and free living wild animals need to be conducted to better understand the impact of the circulation of this virus on human and animal health.(AU)

O vírus da hepatite A (HAV, Hepatovirus A) em seres humanos apresenta relevante impacto na saúde pública, principalmente em regiões geográficas com saneamento básico deficiente, como a Amazônia brasileira. Isolados relacionados a hepatovírus foram descritos em primatas não humanos, quirópteros, marsupiais, roedores, marmotas, musaranhos e ouriços terrestres, entretanto a circulação destes vírus na mastofauna Amazônia ainda permanece desconhecida. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos contra esse hepatovírus, em mamíferos silvestres cativos e de vida livre, pertencentes às ordens Didelphimorphia, Primates, Carnivora e Artiodactyla. Amostras de soro de 71 animais, provenientes de três municípios do Estado do Pará (Belém, Santarém e Capitão-Poço) foram testadas para pesquisa de anti-HAV total e anti-HAV IgM por técnica imunoenzimática (ELISA). Anticorpos anti-HAV total foram detectados em 26,75% (19/71) dos primatas não-humanos, seguido dos felídeos com 11,26% (8/71) e didelphos com 4,24% (3/71), todos os tayassuídes (0/2) foram soronegativos. Anticorpos anti-HAV IgM não foram detectados em nenhuma das amostras testadas. A maior prevalência sorológica para o anti-HAV total ocorreu no município de Santarém (54,24%). E dentre animais soropositivos os mantidos apresentou 43,9% (18/41) dos espécimes, os de quarentena com 56,25% (9/16) e os de vida livre com 21,43% (3/14). Os resultados sorológicos indicaram perfil de exposição pregressa à hepatovírus entre os animais, portanto estudos adicionais para caracterização de vírus relacionados ao HAV em animais silvestres de cativeiro e vida livre precisam ser desenvolvidos para melhor compreensão do impacto da circulação do agente na saúde humana e animal.(AU)

Serological markers for hepatitis a among captive and free-living wild mammals in the State of Pará, Brazil / Marcadores sorológicos para hepatite A entre mamíferos silvestres cativos e de vida livre do Estado do Pará, Brasil

The hepatitis A virus (HAV, Hepatovirus A) in humans has a relevant impact on public health, especially in geographic regions with poor basic sanitation, such as the Brazilian Amazon. Isolates related to hepatoviruses have been described in non human primates, chiropterans, marsupials, rodents, marmots, shrews, and terrestrial hedgehogs. However, the circulation of these viruses in the Amazonian mammal fauna remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against this hepatovirus in captive and free-living wild mammals belonging to the orders Didelphimorphia, Primates, Carnivora, and Artiodactyla. Serum samples from 71 animals, from three municipalities in the State of Pará (Belém, Santarém, and Capitão Poço) were tested for total anti-HAV and anti-HAV IgM through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total anti-HAV antibodies were detected in 29.5% (21/71) of non-human primates, 8.4% (6/71) of carnivores, and 5.6% (4/71) of didelphos. All tayassuidos 0% (0/2) were seronegative. Anti-HAV IgM antibodies were not detected in any of the samples tested. The highest total anti-HAV seropositivity in the municipalities studied was in Santarém with 54.24% (12/22), followed by Capitão Poço with 50% (15/30), and then Belém with 21.05% (4/19). Among the seropositive animals, animals kept in exposure cages showed 43.9% (18/41), quarantined animals with 60% (9/15), and free-living animals with 26.6% (4/15). The serological results indicated a profile of previous exposure to hepatovirus among these animals. Therefore, additional studies to characterize HAV-related viruses in captive and free living wild animals need to be conducted to better understand the impact of the circulation of this virus on human and animal health.

O vírus da hepatite A (HAV, Hepatovirus A) em seres humanos apresenta relevante impacto na saúde pública, principalmente em regiões geográficas com saneamento básico deficiente, como a Amazônia brasileira. Isolados relacionados a hepatovírus foram descritos em primatas não humanos, quirópteros, marsupiais, roedores, marmotas, musaranhos e ouriços terrestres, entretanto a circulação destes vírus na mastofauna Amazônia ainda permanece desconhecida. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos contra esse hepatovírus, em mamíferos silvestres cativos e de vida livre, pertencentes às ordens Didelphimorphia, Primates, Carnivora e Artiodactyla. Amostras de soro de 71 animais, provenientes de três municípios do Estado do Pará (Belém, Santarém e Capitão-Poço) foram testadas para pesquisa de anti-HAV total e anti-HAV IgM por técnica imunoenzimática (ELISA). Anticorpos anti-HAV total foram detectados em 26,75% (19/71) dos primatas não-humanos, seguido dos felídeos com 11,26% (8/71) e didelphos com 4,24% (3/71), todos os tayassuídes (0/2) foram soronegativos. Anticorpos anti-HAV IgM não foram detectados em nenhuma das amostras testadas. A maior prevalência sorológica para o anti-HAV total ocorreu no município de Santarém (54,24%). E dentre animais soropositivos os mantidos apresentou 43,9% (18/41) dos espécimes, os de quarentena com 56,25% (9/16) e os de vida livre com 21,43% (3/14). Os resultados sorológicos indicaram perfil de exposição pregressa à hepatovírus entre os animais, portanto estudos adicionais para caracterização de vírus relacionados ao HAV em animais silvestres de cativeiro e vida livre precisam ser desenvolvidos para melhor compreensão do impacto da circulação do agente na saúde humana e animal.

Contágio intradomiciliar e status vacinal entre comunicantes de portatores do vírus da hepatite B / House hold contagion and vaccination status among communicants of hepatitis B virus carriers

Objetivo: Avaliar a cobertura da vacina contra hepatite B e a frequência da infecção em comunicantes de portadores do Vírus da Hepatite B vinte anos após a implementação da vacina na cidade de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Método: Estudo descritivo quantitativo, desenvolvido entre 2016 e 2018. Foram realizadas visitas domiciliares aos portadores do vírus, notificados por meio da busca de comunicantes, com orientações sobre a pesquisa, preenchimento e assinatura de formulários, coleta de amostras para testes sorológicos de hepatite B (HBsAg, anti-HBc total, anti-HBs) por técnica imunoenzimática. Resultados: Na população analisada 53,5% são do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 9,4 anos (entre 4 meses a 19 anos com mediana de 10 anos). Não foram detectados portadores de HBsAg reagente; anti-HBc isolado total foi detectado em 2,1%; 4,2% eram anti-HBc total / anti-HBs reagente e 42% anti-HBs isolado, atribuídos à vacinação; 41,7% receberam esquema vacinal completo e 58,3% eram suscetíveis. Conclusões: Os resultados encontrados podem ser utilizados como norteadores de ações estratégicas visando ampliar a cobertura vacinal e reduzir a prevalência de infectados na população de comunicantes intradomiciliares. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the coverage of the hepatitis B vaccine and the frequency of infection in communicants of Hepatitis B virus carriers twenty years after the vaccine was implemented in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. Method: Quantitative descriptive study developed between 2016 and 2018. Home visits were carried out to the carriers of the virus notified through the search for communicants, with guiding on research, filling and signing forms, collecting samples for serological tests for Hepatitis B (HBsAg, total anti - HBc, anti - HBs) by immunoenzymatic technique. Results: In the population analyzed 53.5% are male, with a mean age of 9.4 years (ranging from 4 months to 19 years and median of 10 years). Carriers HBsAg reagent were not detected; total anti - HBc isolated was detected in 2.1%; 4.2% were total anti - HBc / anti - HBs reagent and 42% anti - HBs alone, attributed to vaccination; 41.7% received a complete vaccination schedule and 58.3% were susceptible. Conclusions:The results found can be used as guidelines for strategic actions aimed at expanding vaccine coverage and reducing the prevalence of infected people in the population of household communicators. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluarla cobertura de la vacuna contra lahepatitis B y lafrecuencia de infecciónen portadores delVirus de laHepatitis Bveinteañosdespués de laimplementación de lavacuna enlaciudad de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Método: Estudiodescriptivocuantitativo realizado entre 2016 y 2018. Fueron realizadas visitas domiciliarias a los portadores del vírus, notificados a través de labúsqueda de domiciliares, conorientaciones sobre lainvestigación, registro y asignatura de formularios, toma de muestras de sangre para pruebas serológicas de Hepatitis B (HBsAg, anti-HBc total, anti-HBs) por la técnica inmunoenzimática. Resultados: Enlapoblaciónanalizada 53,5% del sexo masculino, conedadpromedio de 9,4 años (entre 4 meses a 19 añoscon mediana de 10 años) no fueron detectados portadores de HBsAgreactivo; el total de anti-HBcfué detectado en 2,1%; 4,2% anti-HBc total/anti-HBs reactivo, y, 42% anti-HBs aislado, atribuido a lavacunación; 41,7% recibieronel esquema completo de vacunación y 58,3% fueronsusceptibles. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados puedenusarse como pautas para acciones estratégicas dirigidas a ampliar la cobertura de vacunación y reducirlaprevalencia de personas infectadas enlapoblación de comunicadores domésticos. (AU)

Serological and molecular retrospective analysis of hepatitis E suspected cases from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon 1993-2014.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody prevalence and HEV-RNA in archived serum samples of non-A-C hepatitis, or suspected cases of HEV infection from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon from 1993 to 2014. METHODS: Serum samples (n = 318) were tested using ELISA and immunoblotting, and screened for HEV-RNA by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Anti-HEV IgM and IgG were detected in 3.4% (11/318) and 5.9% (19/318) of the samples, respectively. All samples were HEV-RNA negative. CONCLUSIONS: HEV was detected at a low prevalence. Broader serological and molecular evaluation of HEV infection in the Amazon region should be carried out.

Serological and molecular retrospective analysis of hepatitis E suspected cases from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon 1993-2014

Abstract INTRODUCTION We evaluated the anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody prevalence and HEV-RNA in archived serum samples of non-A-C hepatitis, or suspected cases of HEV infection from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon from 1993 to 2014. METHODS Serum samples (n = 318) were tested using ELISA and immunoblotting, and screened for HEV-RNA by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Anti-HEV IgM and IgG were detected in 3.4% (11/318) and 5.9% (19/318) of the samples, respectively. All samples were HEV-RNA negative. CONCLUSIONS HEV was detected at a low prevalence. Broader serological and molecular evaluation of HEV infection in the Amazon region should be carried out.

Hepatitis E virus infection among rural Afro-descendant communities from the eastern Brazilian Amazon.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence, public health impact, and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) are poorly understood in Brazil. METHODS: Serum samples from 535 individuals from three rural Afro-descendant communities located in eastern Brazilian Amazon were collected in October 2015 and tested for presence of anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies. Serologically positive samples were also tested for HEV-RNA. RESULTS: Two cases were confirmed for anti-HEV IgM (0.3 %) and two cases for anti-HEV IgG (0.3 %). No sample was positive for HEV-RNA. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated low prevalence of HEV infection in Afro-descendant rural communities from the eastern Brazilian Amazon.

Hepatitis E virus infection among rural Afro-descendant communities from the eastern Brazilian Amazon

Abstract INTRODUCTION The prevalence, public health impact, and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) are poorly understood in Brazil. METHODS Serum samples from 535 individuals from three rural Afro-descendant communities located in eastern Brazilian Amazon were collected in October 2015 and tested for presence of anti-HEV IgM and IgG antibodies. Serologically positive samples were also tested for HEV-RNA. RESULTS Two cases were confirmed for anti-HEV IgM (0.3 %) and two cases for anti-HEV IgG (0.3 %). No sample was positive for HEV-RNA. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated low prevalence of HEV infection in Afro-descendant rural communities from the eastern Brazilian Amazon.

Hepatic and renal lesions in free ranging black caimans (Melanosuchus niger) in the Brazilian Amazon for human consumption / Lesões hepáticas e renais em jacarés-açu (Melanosuchus niger) de vida livre na Amazônia brasileira destinados ao consumo humano

Background: The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), belongs to the order Crocodylia, family Alligatoridae. More than a hundred species of helminths, mainly trematodes and nematodes, parasitize crocodilians around the world and a considerable number of species of ascaris have been described in crocodilians. There are few descriptions of hepatic and renal diseases affecting M. niger, and no articles related to the histopathological aspects of this species were found. The aim of this study was to evaluate gross and microscopically the liver and kidneys of 100 specimens of Melanosuchus niger slaughtered in Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, from natural populations.Materials, Methods & Results: The capture of the alligators was performed during the night, by members of the community itself in the channels and lagoons of the Reserve’s lowland ecosystem. For the capture procedures, ties and harpoons were used and the animals were identified through the red glow of the eyes using the spot light lanterns. After being conducted to the slaughter area, the animals were submitted to the previous biometry to select which animals were appropriated for slaughter, they should measure between 2.10 m and 2.80 m. A total of 88 livers and 95 kidneys of M. niger of natural populations were analysed gross and microscopically, independently of gross lesions. The fragments collected for histopathological examination were approximately 0.5 cm thick and they were packed in appropriated identified containers with formalin 10% solution. The collection procedures were accompanied by field records for data recording. After fixation of the collected material, it were processes by habitual techniques for paraffin inclusion and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Grossly, none of the livers examined presented alterations and two kidneys presented parasitism.[...]

Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in a free-ranging opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)

Background: Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) in the liver is a solid lesion characterized by spontaneous benign nonneoplastic hepatocellular proliferation that occurs in animals and humans. The clinical course of FNH is usually asymptomatic in animals and humans; and its diagnosis is often an incidental finding during surgery, necropsy/autopsy, or imaging procedures for unrelated symptoms. Despite the lack of clinical significance or malignant transformation potential, FNH is an important differential diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, nodular regenerative hyperplasia and metastatic disease. FNH is particularly uncommon in wild marsupials and other wild animals and this study aimed to describe for the first time the occurrence of hepatic FNH in a free-ranging marsupial.Case: During the fieldwork activities for investigation of liver diseases in wild animals, a well-demarcated, non-encapsulated focal nodule measuring 2.0 x 1.5 x 2.0 cm was observed on the parietal surface of right liver lobe of a wildlife adult female opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) from Anajás City, Marajó Island, Brazil. The nodule had a smooth, tan-to-yellow cut surface with small reddish areas devoid of visible fibrous bands and/or scars. The opossum was in good body condition and no other gross lesions were observed. Liver samples were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed for histopathological analysis. Tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, cut in 5 µm sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson’s trichrome (MT), reticulin and Perls stains and the slides were evaluated under light microscope. Liver tissue samples were also snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and submitted to DNA and RNA extraction for molecular screening for Orthohepadnavirus and Hepacivirus (homologous to hepatitis B and C viruses respectively) by previously described nested PCR and RT-PCR techniques.[...]

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in a captive tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has already been identified in a great number of wild species. Captive animals may have a potential source for zoonoses, because is related to factors such as cohabitation, direct contact with the public, presence of biological vectors, nutritional deficiencies, absence of sanitary barriers, precautionary hygienic measures and sanitary vigilance. In Brazil, there is little information on tuberculosis in captivity animals, and little attention is given to the risks of disease transmission from humans. The aim of this study was to report the first diagnosed case of tuberculosis Tapirus terrestris in Brazilian Amazon region.Case: One Tapirus terrestris was kept by local zoobotanic foundation in city of Marabá, Southeast of Pará state, Brazilian Amazon, and became ill. Physical examination revealed cough, sneezing, nasal outflow, dyspnea, hyperthermia and lethargy, leading to death. Necropsy demonstrated severe pulmonary alterations: thickening of the inter-alveolar septa, alveolar emphysema, and miliary nodules with dimensions up to 5 mm, which were yellowish-white, caseous, and sometimes calcified. Additionally, large areas of caseous compaction of the parenchyma, characteristic of caseous tuberculosis. Histopathological analysis revealed a process characteristic of mycobacterial infection, with alveoli filled with caseous exudate and thickened septa and fibrocytes, in addition to recently formed tubercles, some with caseous necrosis, calcifications and Langhans cells. In the Ziehl-Neelsen staining, alcohol-acid resistant bacilli were observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes. No mycobacterial growth was observed in Lowenstein-Jensen culture medium. A nested PCR followed by a sequencing assay targeting the hsp65 gene and M. tuberculosis complex member was detected. Water and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were used as negative and positive controls, respectively.[...]

Hepatic and renal lesions in free ranging black caimans (Melanosuchus niger) in the Brazilian Amazon for human consumption / Lesões hepáticas e renais em jacarés-açu (Melanosuchus niger) de vida livre na Amazônia brasileira destinados ao consumo humano

Background: The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), belongs to the order Crocodylia, family Alligatoridae. More than a hundred species of helminths, mainly trematodes and nematodes, parasitize crocodilians around the world and a considerable number of species of ascaris have been described in crocodilians. There are few descriptions of hepatic and renal diseases affecting M. niger, and no articles related to the histopathological aspects of this species were found. The aim of this study was to evaluate gross and microscopically the liver and kidneys of 100 specimens of Melanosuchus niger slaughtered in Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, from natural populations.Materials, Methods & Results: The capture of the alligators was performed during the night, by members of the community itself in the channels and lagoons of the Reserves lowland ecosystem. For the capture procedures, ties and harpoons were used and the animals were identified through the red glow of the eyes using the spot light lanterns. After being conducted to the slaughter area, the animals were submitted to the previous biometry to select which animals were appropriated for slaughter, they should measure between 2.10 m and 2.80 m. A total of 88 livers and 95 kidneys of M. niger of natural populations were analysed gross and microscopically, independently of gross lesions. The fragments collected for histopathological examination were approximately 0.5 cm thick and they were packed in appropriated identified containers with formalin 10% solution. The collection procedures were accompanied by field records for data recording. After fixation of the collected material, it were processes by habitual techniques for paraffin inclusion and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Grossly, none of the livers examined presented alterations and two kidneys presented parasitism.[...](AU)

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in a captive tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has already been identified in a great number of wild species. Captive animals may have a potential source for zoonoses, because is related to factors such as cohabitation, direct contact with the public, presence of biological vectors, nutritional deficiencies, absence of sanitary barriers, precautionary hygienic measures and sanitary vigilance. In Brazil, there is little information on tuberculosis in captivity animals, and little attention is given to the risks of disease transmission from humans. The aim of this study was to report the first diagnosed case of tuberculosis Tapirus terrestris in Brazilian Amazon region.Case: One Tapirus terrestris was kept by local zoobotanic foundation in city of Marabá, Southeast of Pará state, Brazilian Amazon, and became ill. Physical examination revealed cough, sneezing, nasal outflow, dyspnea, hyperthermia and lethargy, leading to death. Necropsy demonstrated severe pulmonary alterations: thickening of the inter-alveolar septa, alveolar emphysema, and miliary nodules with dimensions up to 5 mm, which were yellowish-white, caseous, and sometimes calcified. Additionally, large areas of caseous compaction of the parenchyma, characteristic of caseous tuberculosis. Histopathological analysis revealed a process characteristic of mycobacterial infection, with alveoli filled with caseous exudate and thickened septa and fibrocytes, in addition to recently formed tubercles, some with caseous necrosis, calcifications and Langhans cells. In the Ziehl-Neelsen staining, alcohol-acid resistant bacilli were observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes. No mycobacterial growth was observed in Lowenstein-Jensen culture medium. A nested PCR followed by a sequencing assay targeting the hsp65 gene and M. tuberculosis complex member was detected. Water and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were used as negative and positive controls, respectively.[...](AU)

Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in a free-ranging opossum (Didelphis marsupialis)

Background: Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) in the liver is a solid lesion characterized by spontaneous benign nonneoplastic hepatocellular proliferation that occurs in animals and humans. The clinical course of FNH is usually asymptomatic in animals and humans; and its diagnosis is often an incidental finding during surgery, necropsy/autopsy, or imaging procedures for unrelated symptoms. Despite the lack of clinical significance or malignant transformation potential, FNH is an important differential diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, nodular regenerative hyperplasia and metastatic disease. FNH is particularly uncommon in wild marsupials and other wild animals and this study aimed to describe for the first time the occurrence of hepatic FNH in a free-ranging marsupial.Case: During the fieldwork activities for investigation of liver diseases in wild animals, a well-demarcated, non-encapsulated focal nodule measuring 2.0 x 1.5 x 2.0 cm was observed on the parietal surface of right liver lobe of a wildlife adult female opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) from Anajás City, Marajó Island, Brazil. The nodule had a smooth, tan-to-yellow cut surface with small reddish areas devoid of visible fibrous bands and/or scars. The opossum was in good body condition and no other gross lesions were observed. Liver samples were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed for histopathological analysis. Tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, cut in 5 µm sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Massons trichrome (MT), reticulin and Perls stains and the slides were evaluated under light microscope. Liver tissue samples were also snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and submitted to DNA and RNA extraction for molecular screening for Orthohepadnavirus and Hepacivirus (homologous to hepatitis B and C viruses respectively) by previously described nested PCR and RT-PCR techniques.[...](AU)