River Winds and Transport of Forest Volatiles in the Amazonian Riparian Ecoregion.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from forests are important chemical components that affect ecosystem functioning, atmospheric chemistry, and regional climate. Temperature differences between a forest and an adjacent river can induce winds that influence VOC fate and transport. Quantitative observations and scientific understanding, however, remain lacking. Herein, daytime VOC datasets were collected from the surface up to 500 m over the "Rio Negro" river in Amazonia. During time periods of river winds, isoprene, α-pinene, and ß-pinene concentrations increased by 50, 60, and 80% over the river, respectively. The concentrations at 500 m were up to 80% greater compared to those at 100 m because of the transport path of river winds. By comparison, the concentration of methacrolein, a VOC oxidation product, did not depend on river winds or height. The differing observations for primary emissions and oxidation products can be explained by the coupling of timescales among emission, reaction, and transport. This behavior was captured in large-eddy simulations with a coupled chemistry model. The observed and simulated roles of river winds in VOC fate and transport highlight the need for improved representation of these processes in regional models of air quality and chemistry-climate coupling.

Composition of sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and detection of Leishmania DNA (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in different ecotopes from a rural settlement in the central Amazon, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are vectors of Leishmania species, the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, which is one of the most important emerging infectious diseases in the Americas. In the state of Amazonas in Brazil, anthropogenic activities encourage the presence of these insects around rural homes. The present study aimed to describe the composition and distribution of sand fly species diversity among the ecotopes (intradomicile, peridomicile and forest) in an area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission and detect natural infection with Leishmania DNA to evaluate which vectors are inside houses and whether the presence of possible vectors represents a hazard of transmission. RESULTS: Phlebotomine sand flies were collected using light traps. A total of 2469 specimens representing 54 species, predominantly females (71.2%), were collected from four sites. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed on 670 samples to detect Leishmania DNA. Most of the samples (79.5%) were collected in the forest, with areas closer to rural dwellings yielding a greater abundance of suspected or proven vectors and a larger number of species containing Leishmania DNA. Nyssomyia umbratilis and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata were found near rural homes, and Ny. umbratilis was also found inside homes. Leishmania DNA was detected in different species of sand flies in all ecotopes, including species with no previous record of natural infection. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis are becoming established inside homes, but there are sand flies, including Ny. umbratilis and other possible vectors, in environments characterized by a human presence. These species continue to be predominant in the forest but are prevalent in areas closer to ecotopes with a greater human presence. The existence of proven or suspected vectors in this ecotope is due to the structural organization of rural settlements and may represent a hazard of transmission. Although the detection of Leishmania DNA in species that were not previously considered vectors does not mean that they are transmitting the parasite, it does show that the parasite is circulating in ecotopes where these species are found.

A influência do evento El Niño - Oscilação Sul e Atlântico Equatorial na precipitação sobre as regiões norte e nordeste da América do Sul / Influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Equatorial Atlantic on rainfall over northern and northeastern regions of South America

The impacts of anomalous events in the Pacific Ocean associated with the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on rainfall over northern and northeastern regions of South America were evaluated for the period from 1900 to 2007 using composite analyses. The El Niño (La Niña) events in the Pacific, that together with a cold (warm) Atlantic Equatorial Mode (AEM) form an interbasin gradient between the Pacific and Atlantic were analyzed considering separately those for which the gradient forms during the ENSO onset phase from those for which the gradient forms during the ENSO demise phase. The results show that the rainfall pattern over the northern and northeastern region of South America is reinforced under an interbasin gradient during the initial phase of the ENSO event. In this case, a possible explanation is that the AEM with opposite sign of the ENSO event in its onset stage creates favorable conditions for the development of an interhemispheric gradient in the Tropical Atlantic acting in the same direction of the interbasin gradient, and collaborating to reinforce the El Niño (La Niña) effect on the precipitation. On the other hand, for ENSO events for which the interbasin gradient forms in the demise stage, the impact on the precipitation is more significative in the northern and central-western regions of the basin. A possible explanation for these differences is linked to the alterations in the east-west atmospheric circulation associated with the east-west gradient of the SST anomalies. The result of this study might be useful mainly for climate monitoring purposes.

Os impactos de eventos anômalos no oceano Pacífico associados ao El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) na precipitação da região norte e nordeste da América do Sul foram avaliados para o período de 1900 a 2007, fazendo-se uso de análise de composições. Os eventos El Niño (La Niña) no Pacífico que juntamente com um Modo Equatorial no Atlântico (MEA) frio (quente) formam um gradiente interbacias entre o Pacífico e Atlântico foram analisados considerando, separadamente, aqueles para os quais o gradiente se forma na fase inicial do ENOS daqueles em que o gradiente se forma na fase de decaimento do ENOS. Os resultados mostram que o padrão de precipitação na região norte e nordeste da América do Sul é reforçado mediante a configuração do gradiente interbacias durante a fase inicial do ENOS. Nesse caso, uma possível explicação é que o MEA de sinal contrário ao ENOS durante sua fase inicial cria condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento de um gradiente inter-hemisférico no Atlântico Tropical atuando no mesmo sentido do gradiente interbacias, e colaborando para fortalecer o efeito do El Niño (La Niña) na precipitação. Por outro lado, para os eventos ENOS em que o gradiente se forma em sua fase de decaimento, o impacto na precipitação é mais significativo na região norte e centro-oeste da bacia. Uma possível explicação para essas diferenças está associada às mudanças que ocorrem na circulação atmosférica leste-oeste associada ao gradiente leste-oeste de anomalias da TSM. Os resultados deste estudo podem ser úteis, principalmente, para fins de monitoramento climático.