Longitudinal changes in LIC and other parameters in patients receiving different chelation regimens: Data from LICNET.

OBJECTIVES: The liver remains the primary site of iron storage, with liver iron concentration (LIC) being a strong surrogate of total body iron. MRI-R2 can accurately measure LIC. The LICNET (Liver Iron Cutino Network) was established to diagnostics of liver iron overload by MRI-R2 subjects with hemochromatosis in hematological disorders. The aims of the study were to look at variation in LIC measurements during time across different chelation regimens. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 130 patients attending 9 Italian centers participating in the LICNET. LIC comparisons over time (T0 and T1 ) were made using t test and/or Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: LIC significantly decreased from MRI1 to MRI2 although at high variance (median change -0.8 mg Fe/g dw, range: -29.0 to 33.0; P = .011) and 7.7% of patients shifted from LIC values of high risk (>15 mg Fe/g dw) to an intermediate-risk category (7-15 mg Fe/g dw). Median change in LIC and correlation with serum ferritin levels (SF), during different chelation regimens, is reported. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest as longitudinal variation in the LIC is possible, across all chelation regimens. It confirms as SF levels not always can be used for estimating changes in LIC.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in thalassaemia: an update of the Italian Registry.

The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with thalassaemia is increased by transfusion-transmitted infections and haemosiderosis. All Italian Thalassaemia Centres use an ad hoc form to report all diagnoses of HCC to the Italian Registry. Since our last report, in 2002, up to December 2012, 62 new cases were identified, 52% of whom were affected by thalassaemia major (TM) and 45% by thalassaemia intermedia (TI). Two had sickle-thalassaemia (ST). The incidence of the tumour is increasing, possibly because of the longer survival of patients and consequent longer exposure to the noxious effects of the hepatotropic viruses and iron. Three patients were hepatitis B surface antigen-positive, 36 patients showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Fifty-four patients had antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV), 43 of whom were HCV RNA positive. Only 4 had no evidence of exposure either to HCV or HBV. The mean liver iron concentration was 8 mg/g dry weight. Therapy included chemoembolization, thermoablation with radiofrequency and surgical excision. Three patients underwent liver transplant, 21 received palliative therapy. As of December 2012, 41 patients had died. The average survival time from HCC detection to death was 11·5 months (1·4-107·2 months). Ultrasonography is recommended every 6 months to enable early diagnosis of HCC, which is crucial to decrease mortality.

The prevention of adverse reactions to transfusions in patients with haemoglobinopathies: a proposed algorithm.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion therapy remains the main treatment for patients with severe haemoglobinopathies, but can cause adverse reactions which may be classified as immediate or delayed. The use of targeted prevention with drugs and treatments of blood components in selected patients can contribute to reducing the development of some reactions.The aim of our study was to develop an algorithm capable of guiding behaviours to adopt in order to reduce the incidence of immediate transfusion reactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immediate transfusion reactions occurring over a 7-year period in 81 patients with transfusion-dependent haemoglobinopathies were recorded. The patients received transfusions with red cell concentrates that had been filtered prestorage. Various measures were undertaken to prevent transfusion reactions: leucoreduction, washing the red blood cells, prophylactic administration of an antihistamine (loratidine 10 mg tablet) or an antipyretic (paracetamol 500 mg tablet). RESULTS: Over the study period 20,668 red cell concentrates were transfused and 64 adverse transfusion reactions were recorded in 36 patients. The mean incidence of reactions in the 7 years of observation was 3.1‰. Over the years the incidence gradually decreased from 6.8‰ in 2004 to 0.9‰ in 2010. DISCUSSION: Preventive measures are not required for patients who have an occasional reaction, because the probability that such a type of reaction recurs is very low. In contrast, the targeted use of drugs such as loratidine or paracetamol, sometimes combined with washing and/or double filtration of red blood cells, can reduce the rate of recurrent (allergic) reactions to about 0.9‰. The system for detecting adverse reactions and training staff involved in transfusion therapy are critical points for reliable collection of data and standardisation of the detection system is recommended for those wanting to monitor the incidence of all adverse reactions, including minor ones.

Design and rationale of a randomized study to compare amiodarone and Class IC anti-arrhythmic drugs in terms of atrial fibrillation treatment efficacy in patients paced for sinus node disease: the PITAGORA trial.

AIMS: Many sinus node disease (SND) patients suffer from atrial fibrillation (AF). Anti-arrhythmic drugs (AADs) are the therapeutic mainstay for AF prophylaxis. The PITAGORA trial has a multicentre, prospective, randomized, single blind design to compare amiodarone with Class IC AADs in patients who have an AF history and are paced for SND. METHODS AND RESULTS: Starting from January 2001, 176 patients received a Medtronic AT500 pacemaker. AADs were randomly assigned with a 3 : 2 ratio between Class III and Class IC. Randomization was stratified in order to assign two patients to amiodarone and one patient to sotalol every three Class III AAD patients. After a 5-month observational period, Ramp or Burst+ ATP therapies were enabled in a randomized way, maintained for 4 months, and then crossed over. Total follow-up period is 21 months. The primary long-term objective is to show the non-inferiority of IC AADs compared with amiodarone in terms of time to first occurrence of a composite endpoint (death, atrial cardioversion, hospitalizations due to AF or heart failure, or change of AADs). Data will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The primary short-term objective is to compare Ramp vs. Burst+ efficacy in terminating atrial tachyarrhythmias treated by the device. Secondary endpoints are major clinical events, medication toxicity, symptoms, AF burden, and quality-of-life. CONCLUSION: Given the high morbidity and healthcare costs associated with AF, new therapeutic strategies are needed. The results of the PITAGORA trial may help in guiding AADs therapy and ATP programming in SND patients suffering from AF.

Continuous intravenous infusion of dipyridamole as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an uncommon hematologic thrombotic disorder characterized by fever, hemorrhagic and neurologic signs. The advent of plasma exchange has dramatically improved the prognosis of this disease, which was once inevitably fatal. However, mortality rates remain significant. Antiplatelet drugs have been widely used in combination with plasma exchange. In this pilot study we investigated the effects of an adjunctive therapy consisting of the continuous, intravenous infusion of dipyridamole, a modality of administration that has not been previously tested in this setting. Sixteen untreated TTP patients, diagnosed consecutively at our clinic, received daily plasma exchange together with intravenous methylprednisolone (1-2 mg/kg/twice daily) and a continuous i.v. infusion of dipyridamole (100 mg/day). A complete response was defined as an improvement in the platelet count to more than 150 x 10(9)/l for two consecutive days and no neurologic deterioration. The overall response rate was 87.5%. One patient failed to respond to the combination therapy but attained a consistent remission after autologous stem cells transplant. One patient was refractory to the combination therapy and died, after an initial but unsustained response. The results of this pilot study suggest that the continuous infusion of dipyridamole is safe and might provide additional benefit in the treatment of TTP when combined with plasma exchange and steroids. However, a randomized study will be necessary to properly test whether the addition of dipyridamole improves the efficacy of plasma exchange in patient with TTP.