ABSTRACT
The two known propantheline bromide polymorphs (form I and form II) were studied and characterized by a multianalytical approach. In the present work, the identification of propantheline bromide polymorphic forms through vibrational IR spectroscopies are presented and for the first time Raman microscopy and hot stage Raman microscopy (HSRM) studies are reported. Finally, quantum mechanical calculations were performed. For assisting the assignment of the experimental picks, the two IR spectra of the most and least stable representatives of a set of 56 conformers are calculated and studied. DSC thermograms data, are also reported. The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum was also recorded in a silver colloid; it could be inferred that propantheline bromide is adsorbed on silver colloid through the oxygen atom with the molecular plane perpendicular to the metal surface.
Subject(s)
Anti-Ulcer Agents/chemistry , Propantheline/chemistry , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Crystallization , Models, Molecular , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methodsABSTRACT
The dopaminergic drugs, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, pergolide and ropinirole were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) at the dose of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days into male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. The drug pre-treatment reverted amnesia induced in rats by hypobaric hypopxia and tested in active and passive avoidance tasks. A restoration of memory retention, as assessed in a step-through passive avoidance task, was found in animals with a 2-month brain occlusive ischemia and exposed to dopaminergic drugs for 7 days. For behavioral effects in both active and passive avoidance tests in both experimental models, the rank of relative potency was ropirinole>bromocriptine=cabergoline>pergolide>dihydroergocryptine. Spontaneous ambulation of animals with brain occlusive ischemia was increased by the higher doses of drugs. All dopaminergic drugs reduced kainate mortality rate. The rank of relative potency for this effect was ropirinole=bromocriptine=cabergoline>pergolide=dihydroergocryptine. However, no change was found in other seizure parameters (latency to first convulsion and total number of convulsions) after drug treatment. A biochemical analysis of glutathione redox index (glutathione reduced/glutathione oxidized ratio) in discrete brain areas revealed that exposure to dopaminergic drugs increased this parameter in frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus of animals subject to hypobaric hypoxia and brain occlusive ischemia. For this effect, the relative potency rank was ropirinole>bromocriptine=cabergoline>>pergolide=dihydroergocryptine. These behavioral and biochemical findings suggest that dopaminergic drugs may counteract either behavioral or biochemical changes induced by experimental models of brain injury. This activity was found after protective activity (as found in animals pre-treated with these drugs and exposed to hypobaric hypoxia) or reversal of brain injury (as found in animals treated after 2-month occlusive brain ischemia). Their neuroprotective activity probably involves the reduction/oxidation balance of the glutathione system in the brain.
Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Brain Diseases/metabolism , Brain Diseases/psychology , Dopamine Agents/pharmacology , Hypoxia, Brain/metabolism , Hypoxia, Brain/psychology , Amnesia/metabolism , Amnesia/psychology , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Brain Diseases/chemically induced , Brain Ischemia/metabolism , Brain Ischemia/psychology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Epilepsy/chemically induced , Epilepsy/metabolism , Epilepsy/psychology , Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/toxicity , Glutathione/metabolism , Injections, Intraventricular , Injections, Subcutaneous , Kainic Acid/toxicity , Male , Motor Activity/drug effects , Oxidation-Reduction , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
This case report is about two patients with two different types of ICDs who underwent electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) therapy. In one patient with an ICD that has epicardial screw-in bipolar sensing leads, electromagnetic interference (EMI) from the EMS device caused the delivery of an inappropriate ICD discharge. In a second patient with an ICD with endocardial true bipolar sensing, there was no evidence of EMI during the EMS therapy despite all of our attempts to reproduce it. The sensing circuits in the two different ICDs are compared.