Neighborhood Social Vulnerability and Interstage Weight Gain: Evaluating the Role of a Home Monitoring Program.

Background Poor interstage weight gain is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. We sought to examine the association of neighborhood social vulnerability and interstage weight gain and determine if this association is modified by enrollment in our institution's Infant Single Ventricle Management and Monitoring Program (ISVMP). Methods and Results We performed a retrospective single-center study of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome before (2007-2010) and after (2011-2020) introduction of the ISVMP. The primary outcome was interstage weight gain, and the secondary outcome was interstage growth failure. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the Social Vulnerability Index and the outcomes. We introduced an interaction term into the models to test for effect modification by the ISVMP. We evaluated 217 ISVMP infants and 111 pre-ISVMP historical controls. The Social Vulnerability Index was associated with interstage growth failure (P=0.001); however, enrollment in the ISVMP strongly attenuated this association (P=0.04). Pre-ISVMP, as well as high- and middle-vulnerability infants gained 4 g/d less and were significantly more likely to experience growth failure than low-vulnerability infants (high versus low: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 12.5 [95% CI, 2.5-62.2]; middle versus low: aOR, 7.8 [95% CI, 2.0-31.2]). After the introduction of the ISVMP, outcomes did not differ by Social Vulnerability Index tertile. Infants with middle and high Social Vulnerability Index scores who were enrolled in the ISVMP gained 4 g/d and 2 g/d more, respectively, than pre-ISVMP controls. Conclusions In infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, high social vulnerability is a risk factor for poor interstage weight gain. However, enrollment in the ISVMP significantly reduces growth disparities.

Feasibility of Digital Stethoscopes in Telecardiology Visits for Interstage Monitoring in Infants with Palliated Congenital Heart Disease.

Infants with staged surgical palliation for congenital heart disease are at high-risk for interstage morbidity and mortality. Interstage telecardiology visits (TCV) have been effective in identifying clinical concerns and preventing unnecessary emergency department visits in this high-risk population. We aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing auscultation with digital stethoscopes (DSs) during TCV and the potential impact on interstage care in our Infant Single Ventricle Monitoring & Management Program. In addition to standard home-monitoring practice for TCV, caregivers received training on use of a DS (Eko CORE attachment assembled with Classic II Infant Littman stethoscope). Sound quality of the DS and comparability to in-person auscultation were evaluated based on two providers' subjective assessment. We also evaluated provider and caregiver acceptability of the DS. From 7/2021 to 6/2022, the DS was used during 52 TCVs in 16 patients (median TCVs/patient: 3; range: 1-8), including 7 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Quality of heart sounds and murmur auscultation were subjectively equivalent to in-person findings with excellent inter-rater agreement (98%). All providers and caregivers reported ease of use and confidence in evaluation with the DS. In 12% (6/52) of TCVs, the DS provided additional significant information compared to a routine TCV; this expedited life-saving care in two patients. There were no missed events or deaths. Use of a DS during TCV was feasible in this fragile cohort and effective in identifying clinical concerns with no missed events. Longer term use of this technology will further establish its role in telecardiology.

Association of Home Monitoring and Unanticipated Interstage Readmissions in Infants With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.

Background The impact of home monitoring on unanticipated interstage readmissions in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome has not been previously studied. We sought to examine the association of our institution's Infant Single Ventricle Management and Monitoring Program (ISVMP) with readmission frequency, cumulative readmission days, and readmission illness severity and to identify patient-level risk factors for readmission. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective single-center cohort study comparing infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome enrolled in ISVMP (December 2010-December 2019) to historical controls (January 2007-November 2010). The primary outcome was number of readmissions per interstage days. Secondary outcomes were cumulative interstage readmission days and occurrence of severe readmissions. Inverse probability weighted and multivariable generalized linear models were used to examine the association between ISVMP and the outcomes. We compared 198 infants in the ISVMP to 128 historical controls. Infants in the ISVMP had more than double the risk of interstage readmission compared with controls (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.50-3.78]; P=0.0003). There was no difference in cumulative interstage readmission days (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.69-1.50]; P=0.90); however, infants in the ISVMP were less likely to have severe readmissions (adjusted odds ratio, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.11-0.68]; P=0.005). Other factors independently associated with number of readmissions included residing closer to our center, younger gestational age, genetic syndrome, and discharge on exclusive enteral feeds. Conclusions Infants in the ISVMP had more frequent readmissions but comparable readmission days and fewer severe unanticipated readmissions. These findings suggest that home monitoring can reduce interstage morbidity without increasing readmission days.

Initial Experience with Telemedicine for Interstage Monitoring in Infants with Palliated Congenital Heart Disease.

Infants with staged surgical palliation for congenital heart disease are at high-risk for interstage morbidity and mortality; home monitoring programs have mitigated these risks. In 2019, we instituted telemedicine (TM) in our established Infant Single Ventricle Monitoring Program. All consecutive patients discharged following neonatal operation/intervention were monitored until subsequent stage 2 surgical palliation. We offered TM (synchronous video) visits as part of regularly scheduled follow-up, replacing at least one in-person primary care visit with a TM cardiologist visit. We tracked emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, how TM identified clinical concerns, and whether use of TM prevented unnecessary ED visits or expedited in-person assessment. We assessed caregiver and clinician satisfaction. Between 8/2019 and 5/2020, we conducted 60 TM visits for 29 patients. Of 31 eligible patients, 2 families (6.9%) declined. Median monitoring time was 199 days (range 75-264) and median number of TM visits/patient was 2 (range 1-5). In 6 visits (10%), significant clinical findings were identified which avoided an ED visit. Five TM visits led to expedited outpatient assessments, of which 1 patient required hospitalization. There were no missed events or deaths. Median ED visits/patient/month were significantly lower compared to the same calendar period of the prior year (0.0 (0-2.5) vs. 0.4 (0-3.7), p = 0.0004). Caregivers and clinicians expressed high levels of satisfaction with TM. TM for this high-risk population is feasible and effective in identifying clinical concerns and preventing unnecessary ED visits. TM was particularly effective during the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing for easy adaptation of care to ensure patient safety in this fragile cohort.

Standardization of the Perioperative Management for Neonates Undergoing the Norwood Operation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Related Heart Defects.

OBJECTIVES: In-hospital complications after the Norwood operation for single ventricle heart defects account for the majority of morbidity and mortality. Inpatient care variation occurs within and across centers. This multidisciplinary quality improvement project standardized perioperative management in a large referral center. DESIGN: Quality improvement project. SETTING: High volume cardiac center, tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: Neonates undergoing Norwood operation. INTERVENTIONS: The quality improvement team developed and implemented a clinical guideline (preoperative admission to 48 hr after surgery). The composite process metric, Guideline Adherence Score, contained 13 recommendations in the guideline that reflected consistent care for all patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One-hundred two consecutive neonates who underwent Norwood operation (January 1, 2013, to July 12, 2016) before guideline implementation were compared with 50 consecutive neonates after guideline implementation (July 13, 2016, to May 4, 2018). No preguideline operations met the goal Guideline Adherence Score. In the first 6 months after guideline implementation, 10 of 12 operations achieved goal Guideline Adherence Score and continued through implementation, reaching 100% for the last 10 operations. Statistical process control analysis demonstrated less variability and decreased hours of postoperative mechanical ventilation and cardiac ICU length of stay during implementation. There were no statistically significant differences in major hospital complications or in 30-day mortality. A higher percentage of patients were extubated by postoperative day 2 after guideline implementation (67% [30/47] vs 41% [41/99], respectively; p = 0.01). Of these patients, reintubation within 72 hours of extubation significantly decreased after guideline implementation (0% [0/30] vs 17% [7/41] patients, respectively; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This initiative successfully implemented a standardized perioperative care guideline for neonates undergoing the Norwood operation at a large center. Positive statistical process control centerline shifts in Guideline Adherence Score, length of postoperative mechanical ventilation, and cardiac ICU length of stay were demonstrated. A higher percentage were successfully extubated by postoperative day 2. Establishment of standard processes can lead to best practices to decrease major adverse events.

Evaluating the utility of routine screening catheterisation before interstage discharge of infants with single-ventricle physiology.

INTRODUCTION: Interstage mortality causes are often unknown in infants with shunt-dependent univentricular defects. For 2 years, screening catheterisation was encouraged before neonatal discharge to determine if routine evaluation improved interstage outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective single-centre review of home monitoring programme from December, 2010 to June, 2012. Composite scores were created for physical examination/echocardiography risk factors; catheterisation risk factors; and interstage adverse events. Composite scores were compared between usual care and screening catheterisation groups. The ability of each risk factor composite to predict interstage adverse events, individually and in combination, was assessed with sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: There were 27 usual care and 32 screening catheterisation patients. There were no significant differences between groups except rates of catheterisation before discharge (29.6 versus 100%, p < 0.001). Usual care patients who underwent catheterisation for clinical indications had higher intervention rates (37.5 versus 3.1%, p = 0.004). Physical examination/echocardiography risk factor frequency was similar, but usual care patients with catheterisation had a higher catheterisation risk factor frequency. Interstage adverse event frequency was similar (48.2 versus 53.1%, p = 0.7). For interstage adverse event prediction, sensitivity for the physical examination/echocardiography, catheterisation, and either risk factor composites was 53.3, 72, and 80%, respectively; specificity was 59, 60, and 48%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.56, 0.66, and 0.64. CONCLUSION: Screening catheterisation evaluation offered slightly increased sensitivity and specificity, but no difference in interstage adverse event frequency. Given this small advantage versus known risks, screening catheterisations are no longer encouraged.

Association of a Home Monitoring Program With Interstage and Stage 2 Outcomes.

Background In shunt-dependent, single-ventricle patients, mortality remains high in the interstage period between discharge after neonatal surgery and stage 2 operation. We sought to evaluate the impact of our infant single-ventricle management and monitoring program ( ISVMP ) on interstage mortality and stage 2 outcomes. Methods and Results This retrospective single-center cohort study compared patients enrolled in ISVMP at hospital discharge with historical controls. The relationship of ISVMP to interstage mortality was determined with a bivariate probit model for the joint modeling of both groups, using an instrumental variables approach. We included 166 ISVMP participants (December 1, 2010, to June 30, 2015) and 168 controls (January 1, 2007, to November 30, 2010). The groups did not differ by anatomy, gender, race, or genetic syndrome. Mortality was lower in the ISVMP group (5.4%) versus controls (13%). An ISVMP infant compared with a historical control had an average 29% lower predicted probability of interstage death (adjusted probability: -0.29; 95% CI , -0.52 to -0.057; P=0.015). On stratified analysis, mortality was lower in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome subgroup undergoing Norwood operation (4/84 [4.8%] versus 12/90 [14%], P=0.03) but not in those with initial palliation of shunt only ( P=0.90). ISVMP participants were younger at the time of the stage 2 operation (138 versus 160 days, P<0.001), with no difference in postoperative mortality or length of stay. Conclusions In this single-center study, we report significantly lower interstage mortality for participants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome enrolled in ISVMP . Younger age at stage 2 operation was not associated with postoperative mortality or longer length of stay.