ABSTRACT
The influents/effluents from Calgary's water resource recovery facilities and the surface water were analyzed for pharmaceuticals in the present study. The median concentrations in the effluents for the 15 targeted pharmaceuticals were within the range of 0.006 to 3.32 ppb. Although the wastewater treatment facilities were not designed to remove pharmaceuticals, this study indicates that the wastewater treatment processes are effective in removing some of the pharmaceuticals from the aqueous phase. The removal rate estimated can be 99.5% for caffeine, whereas little or no removal was observed for carbamazepine. Biodegradation, chemical degradation, and sorption could be some of the mechanisms responsible for the removal of pharmaceuticals. The drug residues in downstream surface water could be associated with incomplete removal of pharmaceuticals during the treatment process and may lead to concerns in terms of potential impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. However, this study does not indicate any immediate risks to the downstream aquatic environment.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods , Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry , Wastewater/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Water Supply/analysis , Alberta , Sewage/chemistryABSTRACT
Post Registration Education has for many years been either Professional or Academic, however with the publication of the guidelines for P2000, many registered nurses have seen the two paths as one. The new education programmes for the Diploma of Higher Education in Nursing will commence throughout Scotland in August or September of this year.
Subject(s)
Education, Nursing, Continuing/organization & administration , Professional Practice/standards , Certification , Humans , ScotlandSubject(s)
Dental Pulp Cavity/anatomy & histology , Root Canal Therapy/methods , Dental Pulp Cavity/diagnostic imaging , Electric Conductivity , Electronics, Medical/instrumentation , Humans , Odontometry/instrumentation , Radiography , Root Canal Therapy/instrumentation , Tooth Root/anatomy & histology , Tooth Root/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
A 38-year-old female became comatose and exhibited signs of cardiac toxicity 2 hours after ingestion of approximately 38 Gm chloral hydrate. Hemodialysis was initiated 21 hours after ingestion, using twin coils in series, and was continued for 4.5 hours. Trichloroethanol, the active metabolite of chloral hydrate, was measured in plasma and dialysate. Two hours after ingestion, the plasma level was 330 micrograms/ml (average therapeutic level is 12 micrograms/ml or less). The predialysis level was 216 micrograms/ml and after dialysis declined to 141 micrograms/ml. The pre- and post-plasma half-life values were 35 hours, while on dialysis the half-life was only 6 hours. The average dialysis clearance was 120 ml/minute, and the amount of chloral hydrate removed by dialysis was 5.79 Gm. By the end of dialysis, the patient could respond to verbal commands and was ambulatory 36 hours later. In conclusion, hemodialysis can be a clinically important method of treating chloral hydrate overdose.