Peroneal Nerve Entrapment in Diabetes Mellitus.

This narrative mini-review discusses the association between peroneal nerve entrapment (PEN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Generally, PEN is not a common cause of peripheral neuropathy in DM. Poor glycaemic control and DM duration are powerful risk factors for PEN. Underlying mechanisms involve neurodegeneration and entrapment of the peroneal nerve. Patients tend to present with chronic leg pain, gradual foot drop, steppage gait, or weakness of ankle dorsiflexion. Electrodiagnostic and imaging studies are very useful in diagnosis to determine the level at which entrapment occurs. Treatment varies based on the aetiology and severity of symptoms. It is initially conservative. Surgical nerve decompression management is required when entrapment is refractory to non-operative options.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in heart failure patients across the range of body mass index: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve outcomes in patients with heart failure, with or without diabetes. We sought to assess whether there is an interaction of these effects with body mass index (BMI). A systematic review of the MEDLINE and Scopus databases (last search: November 15th, 2022) was performed according to the PRISMA statement. Studies eligible for this review were randomized control trials (RCTs) with patients with chronic heart failure with either preserved or reduced ejection fraction randomly assigned to SGLT2 inhibitors or placebo. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. BMI was classified according to the WHO classification into under/normal weight (BMI: < 25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25-29.9 kg/m2), obesity class I (BMI: 30-34.9 kg/m2), and obesity classes II/III (BMI: ≥ 35 kg/m2). All analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4. Among 1461 studies identified in the literature search, 3 were eligible and included in the meta-analysis. Among 14,737 patients (32.2% were women), 7,367 were randomized to an SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin or empagliflozin) and 7,370 to placebo. There were significantly fewer hospitalizations for HF (OR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.64-0.76), cardiovascular deaths (OR:0.86, 95%CI: 0.77-0.97) and all-cause deaths (OR:0.90, 95%CI: 0.82-0.98) in the SGLT2 inhibitors group compared to the placebo group, without any interaction with BMI group (test for subgroup differences: x2 = 1.79, p = 0.62; x2 = 0.27, p = 0.97; x2 = 0.39, p = 0.94, respectively). There is no interaction between the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors and BMI in patients with HF with either preserved or reduced ejection fraction. SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with improved outcomes regardless of the BMI.Trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42022383643.

Argatroban as an Add-On to rtPA in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Current treatment options for acute ischemic stroke, including intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and mechanical thrombectomy, have undoubtedly revolutionized stroke care. The need for additional treatment options has brought into the light direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) and, specifically, argatroban as a promising candidate. However, there is uncertainty regarding the safety of adding argatroban to IVT, mainly due to the increased hemorrhagic risk. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the safety and efficacy of argatroban as an add-on treatment for IVT. The following databases were searched from inception until the 14th of May 2023: Pubmed/MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, the EU Clinical Trials Register, EMBASE/Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) enrolling patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent IVT evaluating the add-on use of any DTIs were selected for the systematic review and further meta-analysis. The PRISMA guidelines were followed at all stages. Four studies with argatroban were included in the final analysis. Analysis of risk ratio and relative risk shows that the add-on therapy with argatroban seems to be effective and favors a good clinical outcome (mRS 0-2) at 90 days, similar to that of alteplase. All studies showed a low pooled incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (5%), parenchymal hematoma (3%), and other major bleeding (1%). Argatroban as an add-on treatment to IVT seems not to be associated with excessive bleeding risk; however, its efficacy remains unproven. According to this synopsis of the currently available evidence, it is premature to use argatroban as an add-on to IVT treatment outside the current clinical trial setting.

Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants vs vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation and end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on chronic hemodialysis is increasing. The optimal anticoagulant choice in this population is unclear since these patients were excluded from the pivotal randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) vs. vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in the general AF population. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of DOACs vs. VKAs in patients with AF and ESRD on chronic hemodialysis through a systematic review and meta-analysis of all available evidence. PATIENTS/METHODS: We performed a systematic search in MEDLINE and Scopus for RCTs or observational studies of patients with AF and ESRD on chronic hemodialysis who were treated with DOACs or VKAs. The outcomes of interest included ischemic stroke, the composite of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, minor bleeding events and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among 397 studies identified from the literature search, six studies (three RCTs and three observational studies) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with VKA-treated patients, those treated with DOACs had similar risk of ischemic stroke (RR:0.76, 95% CI:0.41-1.41), ischemic stroke or systemic embolism (RR:0.65, 95% CI:0.38-1.10), major bleeding (RR:0.79, 95% CI:0.49-1.28) and all-cause death (RR:0.79, 95% CI:0.56-1.12). The risk of gastrointestinal bleeding was lower in DOAC- vs VKA-treated patients in three eligible observational studies (RR:0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.99, I2 = 79%) but this was not confirmed in two eligible RCTs (RR:0.69, 95% CI: 0.33-1.43, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Among AF patients with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis, the risk of ischemic stroke, ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, minor bleeding, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality is similar in patients treated with DOACs compared to VKAs. Given that the meta-analysis of RCTs on gastrointestinal bleeding did not confirm the results of the meta-analysis of the observational studies, it cannot be concluded that gastrointestinal bleeding is lower among DOAC-treated patients. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023391966.

Diabetes Mellitus and Bell's Palsy.

The aim of the present brief review was to discuss Bell's palsy (BP) in diabetes mellitus (DM). The risk of BP is increased in DM. DM subjects with BP are more prone to severe facial nerve degeneration. Further characteristics of BP in DM include a) infrequent taste impairment; b) more frequent and more marked facial nerve subclinical electrophysiological impairment; c) more frequent Blink reflex impairment; d) potentially concurrent distal symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy; e) more frequent alternating BP with recurrent episodes affecting different sides of the face. Diagnosis of BP rests on clinical examination, along with facial nerve electromyographic and electroneurographic evaluation. Management of BP in DM includes physical therapy, corticosteroids, and antiviral agents. Finally, acupuncture, low-level laser therapy, lipoprostaglandin E1, and stellate ganglion block are new modalities with initially promising results.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Diabetes Mellitus.

The aim of the present brief review was to discuss carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in diabetes mellitus (DM). Generally, CTS is more common in DM, especially in subjects with coexisting diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and/or long DM duration. There is no agreement if it is more frequent in type 1 or type 2 DM. The precise underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear but appear to involve hyperglycaemia-induced median nerve oedema, increased sensitivity to exogenous trauma and nerve myelin ischaemia and axonal degeneration. More recently, increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) appear to also play an important role. Median nerve conduction study remains the cornerstone of CTS diagnosis in DM, being more sensitive than clinical examination. CTS can be treated medically or surgically. The latter appears now to be equally effective in subjects with vs. without DM in terms of recurrence rates and quality of life.

New-Onset Diabetes in COVID-19: Time to Frame Its Fearful Symmetry.

There is increasing evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM). This may occur even in patients without predisposing factors for impaired glucose metabolism. Both impaired pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin resistance have been implicated as underlying mechanisms. Importantly, new-onset hyperglycaemia is associated with worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Indeed, its prognosis may be even more sinister than in patients with pre-existing DM. More research data and knowledge are currently being collected to improve our insights into this constellation and to guide therapies in clinical reality.

Laparoscopic resection of large pelvic lipoma causing obstructive uropathy in a 66 year old female - A case report from Greece.

Lipomas are benign, usually asymptomatic, tumours and pelvic lipomas are extremely rare. We describe the case of a giant pelvic lipoma causing obstructive uropathy to a 66-year-old morbidly obese female treated in the 4th Surgical Department of the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in General Hospital "G. Papanikolaou" in March 2016. The patient presented with a history of nocturia and frequent daytime urination for 1 year. Her medical history included diffuse lipomatosis. Computer tomography revealed a giant pelvic mass which lead to left side hydronephrosis, hydrouterer and a pear-shaped bladder, with the differential diagnosis including pelvic lipoma or liposarcoma. An ultrasound guided biopsy excluded the diagnosis of liposarcoma. The patient was submitted to laparoscopic resection of the pelvic lipoma, with complete remission of urinary symptoms. The key-point is to consider the possibility that the pelvic mass is a well-differentiated liposarcoma and to manage it adequately and thus, we recommend intact excision of the mass through a wound protector, and extreme caution to avoid any rupture of the capsule.