ABSTRACT
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) harbouring mutations associated with decreased susceptibility to protease inhibitors (Boceprevir/Telaprevir) among Polish untreated patients infected with HCV genotype 1. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Population sequencing was used, sequencing data were interpreted by web based geno2pheno algorithm. A total of 91 serum samples were obtained from patients infected with HCV genotype 1, admitting Outpatient Clinics of Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw. RESULTS: Sequencing analysis of the NS3 protease catalytic domain was successful in 85 out of 91 subjects. In seventy three (85.9%) out of 85 samples wild-type HCV was detected; in 12 (14.1%) samples mutations associated with clinically observed Boceprevir/Telaprevir-decreased susceptibility were detected. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: Obtained results document the presence of HCV strains harbouring protease inhibitors (PIs) resistance-associated mutations among Polish therapy-naïve patients. The determined prevalence of drug resistant HCV variants is 14.1%. Further and continuous surveillance is necessary to estimate how preexisting and emerging drug resistance mutations influence clinical outcome in triple-therapy experienced patients.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Female , Genetics, Population , Genotype , Humans , Male , Oligopeptides/therapeutic use , Prevalence , Proline/analogs & derivatives , Proline/therapeutic use , Sequence AnalysisABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to determine the rate of transmission of drug resistant human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) variants among therapy-naïve HIV positive patients in Poland in the year 2008, to compare the data with the results from the years 2000 to 2007 and to monitor patterns of HIV-1 subtypes present in Polish population and their evolution. Complete protease and part of reverse transcriptase regions were sequenced from the sera of patients directed to the laboratory for drug resistance testing. The Stanford's HIVdb program was used for the interpretation of results and subtyping. The variants scoring at least "intermediate resistance" for at least one drug were considered as resistant. The results obtained were compared to those obtained in the years 2000-2007. A total of 95 patients were enrolled in the 2008 study. Homosexual transmission of infection was documented in more than 55% of all cases. The overall prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was 5.3% (3.9% in 2007, 5.8% in 2006, and 14.1% in the years 2002-2005). The study from the years 2000 to 2001 revealed 28.7% prevalence. Preliminary analysis of the first half of 2009 shows the ratio of 7.8%. In four (4.2%) cases drug resistance was associated with protease inhibitors class, in one case (1.1%) with resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors class. In four cases (4.2%) non-B subtype was identified (C, G, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG). An increase of percentage of drug resistant mutants-from 3.9% (2007) to 5.3% (2008)-was recognized. In this study, TDR was limited to single classes of antiretroviral drugs. HIV-1 subtype B prevails in Poland.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/drug effects , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , HIV-1/classification , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Mutation , Poland/epidemiology , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is the most common agent of sexually transmitted infections. The clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from urethritis to infertility in women and to trachoma. Intracellular localisation of the pathogen creates a challenge for routine diagnostics. In this review possible diagnostic tests have been presented, varying from classic cell culture analysis and serodiagnostics (Enzyme-linked Immunoassays, Indirect Immunofluorescence) to the most sophisticated nucleic acid analyses (hybridisation, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transcription Mediated Amplification, Ligase Chain Reaction), Advantages and disadvantages of the leading tests are discussed. Possible reasons of false positive as well as false negative results of genetic testing are presented.