Interplay of Cytokines and Chemokines in Aspergillosis.

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by various species of Aspergillus, most notably A. fumigatus. This fungus causes a spectrum of diseases, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive aspergillosis. The clinical manifestations and severity of aspergillosis can vary depending on individual immune status and the specific species of Aspergillus involved. The recognition of Aspergillus involves pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as glucan, galactomannan, mannose, and conidial surface proteins. These are recognized by the pathogen recognition receptors present on immune cells such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-1,2,3,4, etc.) and C-type lectins (Dectin-1 and Dectin-2). We discuss the roles of cytokines and pathogen recognition in aspergillosis from both the perspective of human and experimental infection. Several cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the immune response to Aspergillus infection, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCR4, CCR17, and other interleukins. For example, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterized by Th2 and Th9 cell-type immunity and involves interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. In contrast, it has been observed that invasive aspergillosis involves Th1 and Th17 cell-type immunity via IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17. These cytokines activate various immune cells and stimulate the production of other immune molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species, which aid in the clearance of the fungal pathogen. Moreover, they help to initiate and coordinate the immune response, recruit immune cells to the site of infection, and promote clearance of the fungus. Insight into the host response from both human and animal studies may aid in understanding the immune response in aspergillosis, possibly leading to harnessing the power of cytokines or cytokine (receptor) antagonists and transforming them into precise immunotherapeutic strategies. This could advance personalized medicine.

Effects of no mask, a surgical mask and a fabric buff on peripheral oxygenation saturation during moderate intensity exercise: a randomised cross-over study.

Background: Mask-wearing caused significant reductions in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. We aimed to determine whether face mask-wearing during exercise caused reductions in peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and whether it affected secondary physiological measures [end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), expired breath temperature (EBT)]. Subjective measurements included ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), ratings of perceived breathlessness (RPB), and symptomology. Methods: A randomised cross-over trial examined no mask (NM), surgical mask (SM) and a buff mask (BM). Thirty participants (30-45 years) cycled at 60% power output for 30 min in three exercise sessions, 24 h apart, within 6 days. Each session recorded all measures at resting baseline (T0), 9 min (T1), 18 min (T2), and 27 min (T3). Dependent statistical tests determined significant differences between masks and time-points. Results: SpO2 decreased for SM and BM between T0 compared to T1, T2 and T3 (all P<0.005). BM caused significant reductions at T1 and T2 compared to NM (P<0.001 and P=0.018). Significant changes in EtCO2 and EBT occurred throughout exercise and between exercise stages for all mask conditions (P<0.001). As expected for moderate intensity exercise, RR and HR were significantly higher during exercise compared to T0 (P<0.001). RPB significantly increased for each condition at each time point (P<0.001). RPE was not significant between mask conditions at any exercise stage. Conclusions: SM and BM caused a mild but sustained reduction in SpO2 at commencement of exercise, which did not worsen throughout short (<30 min) moderate intensity exercise. Level of perception was similar, suggesting healthy people can wear masks during moderate exercise and activities of daily living.

Hard flaccid syndrome symptoms, comorbidities, and self-reported efficacy and satisfaction of treatments: a cross-sectional survey.

Hard flaccid syndrome (HFS) is a poorly understood condition with no formal consensus on its definition. We aimed to advance the understanding of HFS by evaluating symptom prevalence, cause of symptom onset, comorbidities, and self-reported efficacy and satisfaction with current treatments. An online, open, 42-question survey on Qualtrics with purposive and convenience sampling methods was conducted between May 9 and June 9, 2023 on participants self-identifying as having HFS. Participants were recruited through social media platforms. Only 58.0% of participants reported their HFS symptoms began following a specific incident/injury. Changes in penis shape/size (92.3%) and rigid penis when not erect (90.9%) were the most common complaints. Activities such as laying down and stretching improved symptoms in 73.0% and 44.1% of the participants, respectively, while masturbation and standing worsened symptoms in 75.9%, and 64.5% of the participants, respectively. Pudendal neuralgia (16.9%) was the most prevalent comorbid condition. Of those who participated in therapies, phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor treatment had the highest patient global impression of change (PGIC) score (2.6 ± 1.1), indicating little to moderate improvement in symptoms. All other therapies scored between 1 and 2, indicating no change to little improvement in symptoms: pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) (1.8 ± 0.9), shockwave therapy (1.6 ± 1.1), diet/nutrition changes (1.6 ± 0.8), nerve blocks (1.6 ± 0.8), muscle relaxants (1.5 ± 0.6), anti-inflammatory medications (1.5 ± 0.7), cognitive therapy (1.4 ± 0.7), and nerve pain medications (1.4 ± 0.5). Overall, a direct injury to the penis may not necessarily be the only cause of HFS for some patients, and current therapies generally do not benefit most patients. A better understanding of the root causes of HFS and innovative treatment strategies are greatly needed for HFS patients.

Molecular Pharmacology Profiling of Phenylfentanil and Its Analogues to Understand the Putative Involvement of an Adrenergic Mechanism in Fentanyl-Induced Respiratory Depression.

While there are approved therapeutics to treat opioid overdoses, the need for treatments to reverse overdoses due to ultrapotent fentanyls remains unmet. This may be due in part to an adrenergic mechanism of fentanyls in addition to their stereotypical mu-opioid receptor (MOR) effects. Herein, we report our efforts to further understanding of the functions these distinct mechanisms impart. Employing the known MOR neutral antagonist phenylfentanil as a lead, 17 analogues were designed based on the concept of isosteric replacement. To probe mechanisms of action, these analogues were pharmacologically evaluated in vitro and in vivo, while in silico modeling studies were also conducted on phenylfentanil. While it did not indicate MOR involvement in vivo, phenylfentanil yielded respiratory minute volumes similar to those caused by fentanyl. Taken together with molecular modeling studies, these results indicated that respiratory effects of fentanyls may also correlate to inhibition of both α1A- and α1B-adrenergic receptors.

Simple method for quantification of anionic biosurfactants in aqueous solutions.

Biosurfactants are microbial products that have applications as cleaning agents, emulsifiers, and dispersants. Detection and quantification of biosurfactants can be done by various methods, including colorimetric tests, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to several types of detectors, and tests that take advantage of biosurfactants reducing surface tension of aqueous liquids, allowing for spreading and droplet formation of oils. We present a new and simple method for quantifying biosurfactants by their ability, on paper, to reduce surface tension of aqueous solutions, causing droplet dispersion on an oiled surface in correlation with biosurfactant content. We validated this method with rhamnolipids, surfactin, sophorolipids, and ananatoside B; all are anionic microbial surfactants. Linear ranges for quantification in aqueous solutions for all tested biosurfactants were between 10 and 500 µM. Our method showed time-dependent biosurfactant accumulation in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA14 and PAO1, and Burkholderia thailandensis E264. Mutants in genes responsible for surfactant production showed negligible activity on oiled paper. In summary, our simple assay provides the opportunity to quantify biosurfactant contents of aqueous solutions, for a diversity of surfactants, by means readily available in any laboratory.

Associations of baseline obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture with cognitive function after 8 years in middle-aged and older men from a community-based cohort study.

Previous prospective studies examining associations of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture with future cognitive function recruited older participants, many demonstrating baseline cognitive impairment. This study examined obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture predictors of visual attention, processing speed, and executive function after 8 years among younger community-dwelling men. Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study participants (n = 477) underwent home-based polysomnography, with 157 completing Trail-Making Tests A and B and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Associations of obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, and hypoxic burden index) and sleep macroarchitecture (sleep stage percentages and total sleep time) parameters with future cognitive function were examined using regression models adjusted for baseline demographic, biomedical, and behavioural factors, and cognitive task performance. The mean (standard deviation) age of the men at baseline was 58.9 (8.9) years, with severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥30 events/h) in 9.6%. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 8.3 (7.9-8.6) years. A minority of men (14.6%) were cognitively impaired at baseline (Mini-Mental State Examination score <28/30). A higher percentage of light sleep was associated with better Trail-Making Test A performance (B = -0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.06, -0.01; p = 0.003), whereas higher mean oxygen saturation was associated with worse performance (B = 0.11, 95% CI 0.02, 0.19; p = 0.012). While obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture might predict cognitive decline, future studies should consider arousal events and non-routine hypoxaemia measures, which may show associations with cognitive decline.

Sporothrix brasiliensis: Epidemiology, Therapy, and Recent Developments.

Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is an emergent mycosis that is now a worldwide concern. One important step to sporotrichosis control is its correct treatment. However, limitations abound; thus, new antifungals, mainly focused on S. brasiliensis, are urgently needed. We performed a systematic review (following the PRISMA guideline) focused on (1) the global distribution of human and animal sporotrichosis by S. brasiliensis, especially outside of Brazil; (2) appraising therapies tested against this pathogen. We identified sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis reported in five countries (Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, the United Kingdom, and the United States) in addition to Brazil, occurring on three continents, highlighting the epidemiological scenario in Argentina with an important increase in reported cases in recent years. Regarding the antifungal activity of drugs, 25 articles described the in vitro action of 20 unique chemicals and eight repurposed drugs against S. brasiliensis. Only five studies reported in vivo activity against S. brasiliensis (five drugs) using invertebrate and vertebrate models. Sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis has a global impact and it is no longer specifically a Brazilian problem. We review the need for understanding the disease epidemiology, education of clinicians and of the populace, organization of health care delivery to respond to a spreading epidemic, and research on therapy for sporotrichosis.

Prioritising cardiovascular disease risk assessment to high risk individuals based on primary care records.

OBJECTIVE: To provide quantitative evidence for systematically prioritising individuals for full formal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment using primary care records with a novel tool (eHEART) with age- and sex- specific risk thresholds. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: eHEART was derived using landmark Cox models for incident CVD with repeated measures of conventional CVD risk predictors in 1,642,498 individuals from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Using 119,137 individuals from UK Biobank, we modelled the implications of initiating guideline-recommended statin therapy using eHEART with age- and sex-specific prioritisation thresholds corresponding to 5% false negative rates to prioritise adults aged 40-69 years in a population in England for invitation to a formal CVD risk assessment. RESULTS: Formal CVD risk assessment on all adults would identify 76% and 49% of future CVD events amongst men and women respectively, and 93 (95% CI: 90, 95) men and 279 (95% CI: 259, 297) women would need to be screened (NNS) to prevent one CVD event. In contrast, if eHEART was first used to prioritise individuals for formal CVD risk assessment, we would identify 73% and 47% of future events amongst men and women respectively, and a NNS of 75 (95% CI: 72, 77) men and 162 (95% CI: 150, 172) women. Replacing the age- and sex-specific prioritisation thresholds with a 10% threshold identify around 10% less events. CONCLUSIONS: The use of prioritisation tools with age- and sex-specific thresholds could lead to more efficient CVD assessment programmes with only small reductions in effectiveness at preventing new CVD events.

Synergy In Vitro of Nikkomycin Z with Azole Against the Invasive Form of Candida albicans.

In a previous study, therapeutic activity of nikkomycin Z (NZ) in a model of invasive candidiasis did not appear to correlate with lesser activity in vitro (using classical MIC methods) with planktonic organisms. However, NZ potency was much greater assaying activity in vitro against germ tubes, the initiator of the invasive mycelial form of the fungus, as occurs in infected tissues. Synergy has been demonstrated for NZ and other drugs, notably fluconazole (the most commonly used drug against candidiasis), in planktonic testing, which correlated with results in vivo. This raised the question whether activity shown by NZ alone against germ tubes would be reflected in drug combinations, and even whether synergy testing against germ tubes might be a better correlate of synergy in future in vivo studies. We show in this study significant NZ synergy with fluconazole against germ tubes, for several C. albicans isolates, with testing in many drug ratios. This observation opens the way for further explorations of this method of susceptibility testing for synergy, and correlation with combination therapy against candidiasis.

Systemic aspergillosis associated with acute enterocolitis in foals.

Aspergillosis is an uncommon disease in horses, but it can be fatal. We report two cases of systemic aspergillosis in foals that occurred in a short period in the same region of southern Brazil. In addition, a literature review of similar cases was also performed. Risk factors were attributed to an immunodepression by primary enterocolitis and corticosteroid treatment, the damage in the epithelium, and multiple antibacterial treatments, which allowed local fungal proliferation, tissue invasion and spread of infection, leading to death. Since the antemortem diagnosis of aspergillosis in foals is difficult, our report alerts equine veterinarians regarding the importance of suspecting and investigating fungal co-infections in complicated cases of enterocolitis.

Protective role of CFTR during fungal infection of cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells with Aspergillus fumigatus.

Lung infection with the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) is a common complication in cystic fibrosis (CF) and is associated with loss of pulmonary function. We established a fungal epithelial co-culture model to examine the impact of Af infection on CF bronchial epithelial barrier function using Af strains 10AF and AF293-GFP, and the CFBE41o- cell line homozygous for the F508del mutation with (CF+CFTR) and without (CF) normal CFTR expression. Following exposure of the epithelial surface to Af conidia, formation of germlings (early stages of fungal growth) was detected after 9-12 hours and hyphae (mature fungal growth) after 12-24 hours. During fungal morphogenesis, bronchial epithelial cells showed signs of damage including rounding, and partial detachment after 24 hours. Fluorescently labeled conidia were internalized after 6 hours and more internalized conidia were observed in CF compared to CF+CFTR cells. Infection of the apical surface with 10AF conidia, germlings, or hyphae was performed to determine growth stage-specific effects on tight junction protein zona occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) expression and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). In response to infection with conidia or germlings, epithelial barrier function degraded time-dependently (based on ZO-1 immunofluorescence and TER) with a delayed onset in CF+CFTR cell monolayers and required viable fungi and apical application. Infection with hyphae caused an earlier onset and faster rate of decline in TER compared to conidia and germlings. Gliotoxin, a major Af virulence factor, caused a rapid decline in TER and induced a transient chloride secretory response in CF+CFTR but not CF cells. Our findings suggest growth and internalization of Af result in deleterious effects on bronchial epithelial barrier function that occurred more rapidly in the absence of CFTR. Bronchial epithelial barrier breakdown was time-dependent and morphotype-specific and mimicked by acute administration of gliotoxin. Our study also suggests a protective role for CFTR by turning on CFTR-dependent chloride transport in response to gliotoxin, a mechanism that will support mucociliary clearance, and could delay the loss of epithelial integrity during fungal development in vivo.

Chromosomal organization of biosynthetic gene clusters, including those of nine novel species, suggests plasticity of myxobacterial specialized metabolism.

Introduction: Natural products discovered from bacteria provide critically needed therapeutic leads for drug discovery, and myxobacteria are an established source for metabolites with unique chemical scaffolds and biological activities. Myxobacterial genomes accommodate an exceptional number and variety of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) which encode for features involved in specialized metabolism. Methods: In this study, we describe the collection, sequencing, and genome mining of 20 myxobacteria isolated from rhizospheric soil samples collected in North America. Results: Nine isolates were determined to be novel species of myxobacteria including representatives from the genera Archangium, Myxococcus, Nannocystis, Polyangium, Pyxidicoccus, Sorangium, and Stigmatella. Growth profiles, biochemical assays, and descriptions were provided for all proposed novel species. We assess the BGC content of all isolates and observe differences between Myxococcia and Polyangiia clusters. Discussion: Continued discovery and sequencing of novel myxobacteria from the environment provide BGCs for the genome mining pipeline. Utilizing complete or near-complete genome sequences, we compare the chromosomal organization of BGCs of related myxobacteria from various genera and suggest that the spatial proximity of hybrid, modular clusters contributes to the metabolic adaptability of myxobacteria.

A scoping review: sexual activity and functioning before and after surgery for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), labral tears, and hip dysplasia.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited information on sexual activity and functioning for patients with hip abnormalities, specifically femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), labral tears, and hip dysplasia, before and after surgical interventions. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to synthesize the existing literature on sexual activity and functioning for patients with FAI, labral tears, and/or hip dysplasia before and after their respective surgeries. METHODS: We performed a rigorous, comprehensive search on multiple databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Subject headings and a search string of key terms including Medical Subject Headings were used systematically to search these databases. The reference list was reviewed with an additional reviewer to reduce bias. RESULTS: A total of 726 articles were found during the search, which were narrowed down to 22 articles that included at least 1 hip abnormality in relation to sexual functioning, sexual pain, or sexual activity. FAI, labral tears, and hip dysplasia can affect sexual activity, functioning, and positioning, and corrective surgery generally improves these metrics. Surgery improved vulvodynia, clitorodynia, and scrotal pain symptoms for some patients, though arthroscopy resulted in some instances of temporary pudendal nerve dysfunction. CONCLUSION: This review may serve as an important resource for surgeons, healthcare providers, researchers, physical therapists, and patients to understand the relationship between the hips and sexual functioning, and to bridge the gaps among the disciplines of orthopedics, pelvic floor physiology, and sexual health. Hip anatomy impacts sexual activity, functioning, and positioning as well as vulvodynia and scrotal pain symptoms for some patients, and a comprehensive hip evaluation by a qualified hip specialist should be considered for patients with such complaints.

AfuPmV-1-Infected Aspergillus fumigatus Is More Susceptible to Stress Than Virus-Free Fungus.

Infection with Aspergillus fumigatus polymycovirus 1 (AfuPmV-1) affects Aspergillus fumigatus Af293's growth in vitro, iron metabolism, resistance in intermicrobial competition with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistance to osmotic stress, and resistance to the chitin synthase inhibitor nikkomycin Z. Here, we show that response to high temperature, Congo Red-induced stress, and hydrogen peroxide are also dependent on the viral infection status of A. fumigatus. AfuPmV-1- infected Af293 was more susceptible than virus-free Af293 to growth inhibition by high temperature, hydrogen peroxide, Congo Red exposure, and nutrient restriction. Increased resistance of virus-free fungus was observed when cultures were started from conidia but, in the case of high temperature and hydrogen peroxide, not when cultures were started from hyphae. This indicates that the virus impairs the stress response during the growth phase of germination of conidia and development into hyphae. In conclusion, our work indicates that AfuPmV-1 infection in A. fumigatus impairs host responses to stress, as shown by exposure to high temperature, oxidative stress such as hydrogen peroxide, and some cell wall stresses, as shown by exposure to Congo Red (in agreement with our previous observations using nikkomycin Z) and nutrient restriction.

Certolizumab pegol, abatacept, tocilizumab or active conventional treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis: 48-week clinical and radiographic results of the investigator-initiated randomised controlled NORD-STAR trial.

BACKGROUND: The optimal first-line treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is debated. We compared clinical and radiographic outcomes of active conventional therapy with each of three biological treatments with different modes of action. METHODS: Investigator-initiated, randomised, blinded-assessor study. Patients with treatment-naïve early RA with moderate-severe disease activity were randomised 1:1:1:1 to methotrexate combined with (1) active conventional therapy: oral prednisolone (tapered quickly, discontinued at week 36) or sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine and intra-articular glucocorticoid injections in swollen joints; (2) certolizumab pegol; (3) abatacept or (4) tocilizumab. Coprimary endpoints were week 48 Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) remission (CDAI ≤2.8) and change in radiographic van der Heijde-modified Sharp Score, estimated using logistic regression and analysis of covariance, adjusted for sex, anticitrullinated protein antibody status and country. Bonferroni's and Dunnet's procedures adjusted for multiple testing (significance level: 0.025). RESULTS: Eight hundred and twelve patients were randomised. Adjusted CDAI remission rates at week 48 were: 59.3% (abatacept), 52.3% (certolizumab), 51.9% (tocilizumab) and 39.2% (active conventional therapy). Compared with active conventional therapy, CDAI remission rates were significantly higher for abatacept (adjusted difference +20.1%, p<0.001) and certolizumab (+13.1%, p=0.021), but not for tocilizumab (+12.7%, p=0.030). Key secondary clinical outcomes were consistently better in biological groups. Radiographic progression was low, without group differences.The proportions of patients with serious adverse events were abatacept, 8.3%; certolizumab, 12.4%; tocilizumab, 9.2%; and active conventional therapy, 10.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with active conventional therapy, clinical remission rates were superior for abatacept and certolizumab pegol, but not for tocilizumab. Radiographic progression was low and similar between treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01491815.

Nikkomycin Z for the treatment of experimental sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis.

Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is a global emergent infectious disease. Due to the scarcity of therapeutic options for fungal diseases, new antifungals are urgently needed. Nikkomycin Z (NikZ) is a future option as an agent against dimorphic fungi. We evaluated NikZ monotherapy and in combination with itraconazole (ITZ; the conventional therapy) in the treatment of experimental sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis in a murine model. Animals were subcutaneously infected, and treated orally for 30 days. The study groups were as follows control (untreated), ITZ group (50 mg/kg/day), and three groups treated with NikZ, two by monotherapy (200 or 400 mg/kg/day), and one combining NikZ (400 mg/kg/day) and ITZ. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated via body weight gain, mortality and fungal burden in tissues. Efficacy was noted in all treatment groups, and the group receiving the drug combination showed even better results than those with monotherapy. Our study shows for the first time the high potential of NikZ to be used in the treatment of sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis.

Mortality in ICU Patients with COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis.

A review of 38 studies involving 1437 COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was conducted to investigate whether mortality has improved since the pandemic's onset. The study found that the median ICU mortality was 56.8%, ranging from 30% to 91.8%. These rates were higher for patients admitted during 2020-2021 (61.4%) compared to 2020 (52.3%), and prospective studies found higher ICU mortality (64.7%) than retrospective ones (56.4%). The studies were conducted in various countries and used different criteria to define CAPA. The percentage of patients who received antifungal therapy varied across studies. These results indicate that the mortality rate among CAPA patients is a growing concern, mainly since there has been an overall reduction in mortality among COVID-19 patients. Urgent action is needed to improve prevention and management strategies for CAPA, and additional research is needed to identify optimal treatment strategies to reduce mortality rates among these patients. This study serves as a call to action for healthcare professionals and policymakers to prioritize CAPA, a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of COVID-19.

Electroencephalographic Changes in Sleep During Acute and Subacute Phases After Sports-Related Concussion.

Purpose: Little is known about sleep after a concussion, a form of mild traumatic brain injury. Given the importance of sleep for both maintaining brain health and recovery from injury, we sought to examine sleep acutely and subacutely after concussion. Methods: Athletes who experienced a sports-related concussion were invited to participate. Participants underwent overnight sleep studies within 7 days of the concussion (acute phase), and again eight-weeks after the concussion (subacute phase). Changes in sleep from both the acute and subacute phases were compared to population normative values. Additionally, changes in sleep from acute to subacute phase were analysed. Results: When compared to normative data, the acute and subacute phases of concussion showed longer total sleep time (p < 0.005) and fewer arousals (p < 0.005). The acute phase showed longer rapid eye movement sleep latency (p = 0.014). The subacute phase showed greater total sleep spent in Stage N3% (p = 0.046), increased sleep efficiency (p < 0.001), shorter sleep onset latency (p = 0.013), and reduced wake after sleep onset (p = 0.013). Compared to the acute phase, the subacute phase experienced improved sleep efficiency (p = 0.003), reduced wake after sleep onset (p = 0.02), and reduced latencies for both stage N3 sleep (p = 0.014) and rapid eye movement sleep (p = 0.006). Conclusion: This study indicated sleep during both the acute and subacute phases of SRC was characterised by longer and less disrupted sleep, along with improvements in sleep from the acute to subacute phases of SRC.

Fentanyl analog structure-activity relationships demonstrate determinants of diverging potencies for antinociception and respiratory depression.

Opioid overdoses, particularly those involving fentanyl-related substances (FRS), present a significant public health challenge in the United States. This structure-activity relationship (SAR) study evaluated the relationship between the chemical structure of seventeen FRS and their in vivo mu-opioid-receptor (MOR) mediated effects. SAR evaluations included fluorine substitutions on the aniline or phenethyl ring and variations in N-acyl chain length. Adult male Swiss Webster mice were administered fluorinated regioisomers of fentanyl, butyrylfentantyl and valerylfentanyl, and compared to MOR standards including morphine, buprenorphine, and fentanyl to determine if they would elicit prototypical opioid-like effects including hyperlocomotion (open-field test), antinociception (warm-water tail-withdrawal test), and hypoventilation (whole-body plethysmography test). To determine if the MOR was the pharmacological mechanism responsible for these effects, naltrexone or naloxone pretreatments were administered to evaluate their actions on FRS-induced antinociception and hypoventilation. There were three main findings. First, FRS elicited hyperlocomotion, antinociception, and hypoventilation in mice to varying degrees, similar to prototypical MOR standards. Second, the rank order of potencies for hypoventilatory effects of FRS were different for each series including FRS with increasing N-acyl chain length (i.e., acetylfentanyl, fentanyl, butyrylfentanyl, valerylfentanyl, hexanoylfentanyl), phenethyl-fluorinated regioisomers (e.g., 2'-fluorofentanyl, 3'-fluorofentanyl, 4'-fluorofentanyl), and aniline-fluorinated regioisomers (e.g., ortho-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluorofentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl). Third, the degree of separation in potencies observed for the antinociceptive and hypoventilatory effects of these drugs did not always follow that which was observed for their antinociceptive and hyperlocomotor effects. This study clarifies the in vivo activities for these FRS and elucidates a SAR for MOR-mediated effects among structural isomers.

Virus Infection Impairs Fungal Response to Stress: Effect of Salt.

Infection with Aspergillus fumigatus polymycovirus 1 (AfuPmV-1) weakens the resistance of biofilms of common A. fumigatus reference strain Af293 in intermicrobial competition with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and sensitizes A. fumigatus for antifungal effects of nikkomycin Z. We compared the sensitivity of two virus-infected (VI) and one virus-free (VF) Af293 strains to hypertonic salt. Salt stress impairs the growth of VI and VF at all times; VF control growth always exceeds VI, and VF growth in salt always exceeds VI. Since VF growth exceeds VI in the presence and absence of salt, we also examined growth in salt as a percentage of control growth. Initially, as a percentage of control, VI exceeded VF, but at 120 h VF began to exceed VI consistently even by this measure; thus, at that time the growth of VF in salt surges in relation to control growth, or, alternatively, its growth in salt persists compared to the relative inhibition of VI. In summary, virus infection impairs the response of A. fumigatus to several different stresses, including hypertonic salt.