ABSTRACT
Musculoskeletal scintigraphy has excellent sensitivity for the evaluation of benign disease in children. Using illustrative cases, a spectrum of techniques and applications of nuclear medicine studies for benign bone diseases are presented. An approach to the use and evaluation of bone density evaluation in children also is discussed.
Subject(s)
Musculoskeletal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infections/diagnostic imaging , Male , Musculoskeletal System/diagnostic imaging , Musculoskeletal System/injuries , Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Osteomyelitis/diagnostic imaging , Radionuclide Imaging , Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
The article reports a study whose purpose was to develop and test the Patient Record Pain Management Assessment Tool, an instrument to evaluate compliance with the American Pain Society's quality assurance standards on acute pain and cancer pain in chart documentation. Content validity, overall validity, and interrater reliability were all found to be acceptable. The instrument is therefore a useful tool for documenting the level of pain management practice in institutional settings.
Subject(s)
Guideline Adherence , Medical Records/standards , Pain Management , Pain Measurement/standards , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Forms and Records Control , Hospitals, Veterans , Humans , New York , Practice Guidelines as TopicABSTRACT
Patients often are disconnected temporarily from the ventilator before sternotomy to avoid entering the pleural space with the sternal saw. Although this practice is widespread, it is based on questionable physiologic principles. To evaluate the efficacy of this maneuver in reducing the incidence of pleural space violation with first-time sternotomy, 126 cardiac patients were randomized prospectively to either lungs inflated or deflated during sternotomy with the surgeon blinded to the particular assignment. The incidence of pleural space violation overall was 12%, occurring in 15% of patients with deflated lungs and in 9% of those with inflated lungs (p = 0.455 by chi 2 test). Examining the effect of the direction of sternotomy on pleural space entry revealed a 4% incidence with sternotomy starting at the xiphoid versus a 21% incidence with sternotomy starting at the sternal notch (p = 0.009 by chi 2 test). Preexisting hyperinflation of the lungs as evaluated by chest radiograms did not influence the incidence of pleural space violation. To reduce pleural space violation, sternotomy should be performed from the xiphoid to the sternal notch. More importantly, disconnecting the patient from the ventilator does not reduce pleural space violation with sternotomy and its further use is not indicated. These findings are discussed in the context of relevant heart-lung pathophysiology.
