Use of Janus kinase inhibitors before and after European Medicines Agency safety recommendations: a retrospective study.

Background: Safety recommendations for Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) issued by the European Medical Agency (EMA) in 2023 could potentially influence treatment patterns for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) drugs, but little is known about the impact of these recommendations in routine clinical care. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the German RHADAR rheumatology database for adult patients with RA and documentation of a new therapy with a JAKi, tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), or interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor (IL-6Ri). Data were grouped into half-yearly intervals from quarter (Q)2/2020 to Q3/2023. The period from Q4/2022 to Q1/2023 immediately followed the initial EMA endorsement of Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommendations and Q2/2023-Q3/2023 immediately followed the direct healthcare provider communication (DHPC) containing the new safety JAKi recommendations. Results: Between April 1, 2020 and September 23, 2023, 3008 newly initiated therapies for TNFi (1499 [49.8%]), JAKi (1126 [37.4%]), and IL-6Ri (383 [12.7%]) were documented by the treating physicians. JAKi were increasingly used in the first two half-year periods (from 29.7% of these therapies in Q2/2020-Q3/2020 to 46.7% in Q2/2021-Q3/2021; odds ratio [OR] 2.08; p<0.001). The proportion of initiated JAKi therapies decreased significantly after the PRAC recommendations (32.9%; OR vs peak 0.56; p=0.001) and the DHPC letter (26.1%; OR vs peak 0.40; p<0.001). JAKi were more likely to be used as >3rd-line therapy in later time periods. Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that EMA safety recommendations for JAKi influenced treatment patterns of RA patients who received JAKi in Germany. Additional studies will be needed to confirm these findings.

Vignette-based comparative analysis of ChatGPT and specialist treatment decisions for rheumatic patients: results of the Rheum2Guide study.

BACKGROUND: The complex nature of rheumatic diseases poses considerable challenges for clinicians when developing individualized treatment plans. Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT could enable treatment decision support. OBJECTIVE: To compare treatment plans generated by ChatGPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to those of a clinical rheumatology board (RB). DESIGN/METHODS: Fictional patient vignettes were created and GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and the RB were queried to provide respective first- and second-line treatment plans with underlying justifications. Four rheumatologists from different centers, blinded to the origin of treatment plans, selected the overall preferred treatment concept and assessed treatment plans' safety, EULAR guideline adherence, medical adequacy, overall quality, justification of the treatment plans and their completeness as well as patient vignette difficulty using a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: 20 fictional vignettes covering various rheumatic diseases and varying difficulty levels were assembled and a total of 160 ratings were assessed. In 68.8% (110/160) of cases, raters preferred the RB's treatment plans over those generated by GPT-4 (16.3%; 26/160) and GPT-3.5 (15.0%; 24/160). GPT-4's plans were chosen more frequently for first-line treatments compared to GPT-3.5. No significant safety differences were observed between RB and GPT-4's first-line treatment plans. Rheumatologists' plans received significantly higher ratings in guideline adherence, medical appropriateness, completeness and overall quality. Ratings did not correlate with the vignette difficulty. LLM-generated plans were notably longer and more detailed. CONCLUSION: GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 generated safe, high-quality treatment plans for rheumatic diseases, demonstrating promise in clinical decision support. Future research should investigate detailed standardized prompts and the impact of LLM usage on clinical decisions.

Analysis of the shorter drug survival times for Janus kinase inhibitors and interleukin-17 inhibitors compared with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in a real-world cohort of axial spondyloarthritis patients - a retrospective analysis from the RHADAR network.

In recent years Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) have joined tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) and interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors (IL-17i) as approved disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) for moderate to severe forms of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Drug survival in axSpA patients has not been well studied in a real-world outpatient scenario since the approval of JAKi. We aimed to analyze the three drug classes based on modes of actions (MoA) for their persistence rates among German axSpA outpatients. A retrospective analysis of the RHADAR database for axSpA patients with a new initiation of TNFi, IL-17i, or JAKi treatment between January 2015 and October 2023 was conducted. Analyses included Kaplan-Meier curves and adjusted Cox regressions for drug discontinuation. 1222 new biological DMARD (TNFi [n = 954], IL-17i [n = 190]) or JAKi (n = 78) treatments were reported. The median drug survival was 31 months for TNFi, 25 for IL-17i, and 18 for JAKi. The corresponding 2-year drug survival rate was 79.6%, 72.6%, and 62.8% for TNFi, IL-17i, and JAKi, respectively. The probability for discontinuation for JAKi was significantly higher compared with TNFi (HR 1.91 [95% CI 1.22-2.99]) as well as for IL-17i compared with TNFi (HR 1.43 [95% CI 1.02-2.01]), possibly related to more frequent use of TNFis as first-line therapy. IL-17i and JAKi discontinuation probabilities were similar. Primary non-response was the reason for drug discontinuation in most cases across all MoA. TNFi treatment might persist longer than JAKi and IL-17i in German axSpA outpatients, possibly related to more severe or refractory disease in patients with JAKi-treated or IL-17i-treated axSpA.

Drug survival superiority of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and interleukin-17 inhibitors over Janus kinase inhibitors and interleukin-12/23 inhibitors in German psoriatic arthritis outpatients: retrospective analysis of the RHADAR database.

Objective: Treatment options with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) have evolved over recent years. In addition to Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), four classes of biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs; interleukin [IL]-23 inhibitors [IL-23i], IL-12/23 inhibitors [IL-12/23i], tumor necrosis factor inhibitors [TNFi], and IL-17 inhibitors [IL-17i]) are currently approved for moderate to severe PsA treatment. There is minimal evidence of the persistence of these drugs among PsA outpatients in a real-world scenario during the period following the approval of JAKi. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the drug survival rates of biologic and JAKi therapies among German PsA outpatients during routine clinical care. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed PsA patients with a new prescription for a biologic or JAKi in the RHADAR database between January 2015 and October 2023. Kaplan-Meier Curves and Cox regression modelling were used to compare drug survival rates. Results: 1352 new prescriptions with bDMARDs (IL-12/23i [n=50], IL-23i [n=31], TNFi [n=774], IL-17i [n=360]) or JAKi (n=137) were identified. The 5-year drug survival rate was 67.8% for IL-17i, 62.3% for TNFi, 53.3% for JAKi, and 46.0% for IL-12/23i. Discontinuation probabilities for JAKi and IL-12/23i were significantly higher compared with TNFi (JAKi hazard ratio [HR] 1.66, [95% CI 1.23-2.24], p=0.001; IL-12/23i HR 1.54, [95% CI 1.02-2.33], p=0.042) and IL-17i (JAKi HR 1.77, [95% CI 1.27-2.47], p=0.001; IL-12/23i HR 1.64, [95% CI 1.06-2.55], p=0.027). JAKi-treated patients had more severe disease and more osteoarthritis (OA) compared to TNFi and more OA compared to IL-17i. Conclusion: German PsA outpatients might persist longer with TNFi and IL-17i compared with IL-12/23i or JAKi. For TNFi, differences in subgroup characteristics and comorbidities (OA) may have affected drug survival rates. For IL-17i, the longer drug survival might not only be related to less OA compared to JAKi and, therefore, might be affected by other factors.

The exercise-app Axia for axial spondyloarthritis enhances the home-based exercise frequency in axial spondyloarthritis patients - A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) benefit from regular home-based exercise (HbE). In spite of recommendations, a relevant proportion of German axSpA patients does not adhere to recommended HbE practices. To enhance HbE care, we developed the novel digital therapeutic (DTx) "Axia" compliant with the European medical device regulation (MDR). Axia offers a modern app-based HbE solution with patient educative content and further integrated features. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess Axia's efficacy, attractiveness, and functionality through a survey among axSpA-patients involved in the first user tests. METHODS: A mixed-method online questionnaire with 38 items was administered to 37 axSpA volunteers after using Axia. Numeric rating scales (NRS) and likelihood scales were primarily used. RESULTS: HbE frequency significantly increased from a median of 1 day/week to 6 days/week (p < 0.001) by using Axia. Existing HbE practitioners also increased their frequency (median of 4 days/week before, 6 days/week with Axia, p < 0.05). Axia received a median rating of 5 out of 5 stars. On NRS scales, Axia scored a median of 9 for intuitiveness and design, and a median of 8 for entertainment. 64.9% reported improved range of motion, 43.2% reported reduced pain, and 93.6% enhanced disease-specific knowledge. All users recommended Axia to other patients. CONCLUSION: Axia increases axSpA patients HbE frequency, possibly due to its good intuitiveness and design, leading to reduction in pain and subjective improvement of range of motion. This warrants further investigation in large randomized controlled interventional trials to establish its efficacy conclusively and patients adherence to HbE.

Concordance of emergency department physicians' decisions on HIV post-exposure prophylaxis with national guidelines: results from a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is an effective tool to prevent infection with HIV. Patients seeking PEP after potential HIV exposure usually present to the emergency department (ED). Our study sought to determine the concordance of ED physicians' decisions on HIV-PEP with national guidelines (primary objective) and to assess the clinical relevance of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between the HIV-PEP regimen and patients' concomitant medication (secondary objective). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at the ED of Hannover Medical School, Germany. Between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2019, 113 of 11 246 screened patients presented to the ED after potential HIV exposure and were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: The median age of the patients (82.3% male) was 30 y (IQR 25-35.5), 85.8% of potential HIV exposures were characterised as sexual and 85.0% presented within 72 h. ED physicians' decisions on HIV-PEP were concordant with national guidelines in 93.8%. No clinically relevant DDIs were detected. CONCLUSIONS: ED physicians' decisions on HIV-PEP were highly concordant with national guidelines. Approximately 1% of patient presentations to the ED were related to HIV exposure; therefore, training ED physicians on HIV transmission risk assessment and indications/contraindications for HIV-PEP is paramount.

Case Report: Effectiveness of secukinumab in systemic sclerosis with early skin progress after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and end-stage kidney disease.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) represents an effective treatment option in patients with severe forms of systemic sclerosis (SSc) by resetting the immune system. Nevertheless, secondary autoimmune disorders and progressive disease after aHSCT might necessitate renewed immunosuppressive treatments. This is particularly challenging when organ dysfunction, i.e., end-stage kidney failure, is present. In this case report, we present the unique case of a 43-year-old female patient with rapidly progressive diffuse systemic sclerosis who underwent aHSCT despite end-stage renal failure as consequence of SSc-renal crisis. Therefore, conditioning chemotherapy was performed with melphalan instead of cyclophosphamide with no occurrence of severe adverse events during the aplastic period and thereafter. After aHSCT, early disease progression of the skin occurred and was successfully treated with secukinumab. Thereby, to the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of successful aHSCT in a SSc-patient with end-stage kidney failure and also the first successful use of an IL-17 inhibitor to treat early disease progression after aHSCT.

Patient-reported outcomes provide evidence for increased depressive symptoms and increased mental impairment in giant cell arteritis.

Objectives: The spectrum of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) represents highly inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Patients mostly report severe physical impairment. Possible consequences for mental health have been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate psychological well-being in the context of GCA and PMR. Methods: Cross-sectional study with N = 100 patients with GCA and/or PMR (GCA-PMR). Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were measured using the Short Form 36 Version 2 (SF-36v2) and visual analog scale (VAS) assessment. Moreover, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was used in 35 of 100 patients to detect depression. To compare PROs with physician assessment, VAS was also rated from physician perspective. To assess a possible association with inflammation itself, serological parameters of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]) were included. Results: In all scales of the SF-36v2 except General Health (GH) and in the physical and mental sum score (PCS, MCS), a significant impairment compared to the German reference collective was evident (MCS: d = 0.533, p < 0.001). In the PHQ-9 categorization, 14 of the 35 (40%) showed evidence of major depression disorder. VAS Patient correlated significantly with PHQ-9 and SF-36 in all categories, while VAS Physician showed only correlations to physical categories and not in the mental dimensions. Regarding inflammatory parameters, linear regression showed CRP to be a complementary significant positive predictor of mental health subscale score, independent of pain. Conclusion: PRO show a relevant impairment of mental health up to symptoms of major depression disorder. The degree of depressive symptoms is also distinctly associated with the serological inflammatory marker CRP.

[Paraneoplastic syndromes in rheumatology]. / Paraneoplastische Syndrome in der Rheumatologie.

Paraneoplastic syndromes in rheumatology are a group of canonical rare rheumatic diseases with musculoskeletal involvement that occur in close temporal and causal association with malignancies. Knowledge of these possibly enables a prognostically relevant early diagnosis of the underlying malignant disease. In the era of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, there are first indications of an increase in the incidence and severity of paraneoplastic syndromes, so that they are becoming of increasing importance for the practicing rheumatologist. These nine syndromes, paraneoplastic arthritis, palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis, remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema, pancreatic panniculitis with polyarthritis, paraneoplastic vasculitis, cancer-associated myositis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (Marie-Bamberger), eosinophilic fasciitis and tumor-induced osteomalacia, usually occur with characteristic courses and sometimes pathognomonic clinical manifestations, which are presented in this article accompanied by the rational use of a diagnostic algorithm for tumor detection. With frequently disappointing therapeutic response to glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants, treatment of the underlying malignant disease represents the crucial step in the treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes.

Erdheim-Chester disease with Rosai-Dorfman-like lesions: treatment with methotrexate, anakinra and upadacitinib.

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterised by clonal expansion of histiocytes in various organs. These induce an inflammatory environment, which leads to damage of the affected areas. Recently, a new disease entity was proposed encompassing key features of ECD but also of Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease, another histiocytosis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1) mutations seem to present a specific genetic lesion for this subtype.Here, we describe a case of this new disease entity with clinical, radiological and genetic findings compatible with ECD but histological findings compatible with Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease. In particular, there were intraabdominal and retroperitoneal lesions, which tested positive for a (c.167A>C; p.Q56P) mutation of the MAP2K1 gene. On histological examination, S100-positive, giant histiocytes with focal emperipolesis of haematological cells in addition to infiltration by lymphocytes and granulocytes were seen.As described for this rare variant of ECD, there was also bilateral testicular infiltration. We also describe a manifestation of oligoarthritis in this patient with ECD.The patient was treated with methotrexate and prednisolone. While radiological response to this regime was excellent, arthritis persisted. We added anakinra, which induced a response of the arthritis for more than a year. Due to treatment failure therapy was switched to upadacitinib, which induced a remission of the arthritis as well.This case adds a rare phenotype to an already rare presentation of ECD. The patient responded to immunosuppressive therapy.

[Apps in rheumatology : Is there a need for an app in therapy for axial spondyloarthritis?] / Apps in der Rheumatologie : Bedarf es einer App in der Therapie der axialen Spondyloarthritis?

BACKGROUND: Digital health applications/apps (DiGA) are entering many medical disciplines and have the potential to revolutionize patient care. In rheumatology, the use for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) would be conceivable in the form of an exercise app. Therefore, a representative survey among axSpA patients was conducted to determine the need for an axSpA exercise app. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous online survey among axSpA patients of the German Bechterew's Disease Association was conducted using a questionnaire; data were analysed using Excel, and GraphPad Prism. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-five axSpA patients participated in the survey. Eighty-four percent of the participants responded that there is a need to develop an axSpA-specific exercise app, and the same proportion want to use it. Patients under 60 years, patients under 60 years on biologics or Janus kinase inhibitor therapy, and patients with frequent back pain reported a greater need than their respective control subgroups (p < 0.001 in each case). CONCLUSION: The development of an exercise app for axSpA is considered necessary by a large proportion of the patients; younger and more intensively treated patients appear to have a greater need.

Duplicate prescriptions in the emergency department: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: To determine the nature and frequency of duplicate prescriptions (DPs) in the emergency department (ED) by utilization of a novel categorization of DPs which differentiates between appropriate DPs (ADPs) and potentially inappropriate DPs (PIDPs). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients who presented to the ED for internal medicine of a large university hospital in northern Germany in 2018 and 2019 were screened for the presence of DPs. Descriptive statistical methods were used to characterize the nature and frequency of PIDPs compared to the frequency of ADPs. RESULTS: A total of 4208 patients were enrolled into the study. The median age of the study population was 63 years (interquartile range (IQR) 48-77), 53.9% were female. The patients took a median of 5 drugs (IQR 3-9). 10.9% of the study population were affected by at least one PIDP (at least one grade-1 PIDP: 6.1%; at least one grade-2 PIDP: 4.5%; at least one grade-3 PIDP: 1.1%). Non-opioid analgesics accounted for the majority of grade-1 PIDPs, while inhalatives were most frequently responsible for grade-2 and grade-3 PIDPs. Nearly half of the study population (48.6%) displayed at least one ADP. CONCLUSION: PIDPs pose a frequent pharmacological challenge in the ED. The medication review should comprise a systematic screening for PIDPs with a particular focus on non-opioid analgesics and inhalatives. ADPs were detected more frequently than PIDPs, questioning the predominant notion in the medical literature that DPs are exclusively deleterious.

Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) detects inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tocilizumab therapy.

BACKGROUND: Assessing serological inflammation is difficult in tocilizumab (TCZ)-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, as standard inflammation parameters, like erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are influenced by interleukin-6-receptor inhibition. Calprotectin in the serum, also named S100A8/S100A9, might be a more useful inflammation parameter in TCZ-treated patients. METHODS: Sixty-nine RA patients taking TCZ were included. Serum-calprotectin levels were assessed, as well as ESR, CRP, need for a change in disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs due to RA activity (= active RA), and the RA clinical disease activity score (CDAI). Forty-five RA patients taking tumor-necrosis factor-inhibitors (TNFi) were investigated for the same parameters. RESULTS: TCZ-treated patients with active RA had higher calprotectin values than not active RA patients (4155.5 [inter quartile range 1865.3-6068.3] vs 1040.0 [676.0-1638.0] ng/ml, P < 0.001). A calprotectin cut-off value of 1916.5 ng/ml resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 80.0 %, respectively, for the detection of RA disease activity. Calprotectin values correlated with CDAI-scores (r = 0.228; P = 0.011). ESR and CRP were less suitable to detect RA activity in TCZ-treated patients. Also TNFi-treated patients with active RA had higher calprotectin values compared to not active RA (5422.0 [3749.0-8150.8] vs 1845.0 [832.0-2569.0] ng/ml, P < 0.001). The calprotectin value with the best sensitivity and specificity for detecting RA activity was 3690.5 ng/ml among TNFi-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Calprotectin in the serum can be a useful inflammation parameter despite TCZ-treatment.

Effect of high altitude on human postprandial 13 C-octanoate metabolism, intermediary metabolites, gastrointestinal peptides, and visceral perception.

OBJECTIVE: At high altitude (HA), acute mountain sickness (AMS) is accompanied by neurologic and upper gastrointestinal symptoms (UGS). The primary aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that delayed gastric emptying (GE), assessed by 13 C-octanoate breath testing (OBT), causes UGS in AMS. The secondary aim was to assess post-gastric mechanisms of OBT, which could confound results under these conditions, by determination of intermediary metabolites, gastrointestinal peptides, and basal metabolic rate. METHODS: A prospective trial was performed in 25 healthy participants (15 male) at 4559 m (HA) and at 490 m (Zurich). GE was assessed by OBT (428 kcal solid meal) and UGS by visual analogue scales (VAS). Blood sampling of metabolites (glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), beta-hydroxyl butyrate (BHB), L-lactate) and gastrointestinal peptides (insulin, amylin, PYY, etc.) was performed as well as blood gas analysis and spirometry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: variance analyses, bivariate correlation, and multilinear regression analysis. RESULTS: After 24 h under hypoxic conditions at HA, participants developed AMS (p < 0.001). 13 CO2 exhalation kinetics increased (p < 0.05) resulting in reduced estimates of gastric half-emptying times (p < 0.01). However, median resting respiratory quotients and plasma profiles of TG indicated that augmented beta-oxidation was the main predictor of accelerated 13 CO2 -generation under these conditions. CONCLUSION: Quantification of 13 C-octanoate oxidation by a breath test is sensitive to variation in metabolic (liver) function under hypoxic conditions. 13 C-breath testing using short-chain fatty acids is not reliable for measurement of gastric function at HA and should be considered critically in other severe hypoxic conditions, like sepsis or chronic lung disease.

Lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood are disturbed in systemic sclerosis patients and can be changed by immunosuppressive medication.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe chronic disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. SSc displays disturbed lymphocyte homeostasis. Immunosuppressive medications targeting T or B cells can improve disease manifestations. SSc clinical manifestations and immunosuppressive medication in itself can cause changes in lymphocyte subsets. The aim of this study was to investigate peripheral lymphocyte homeostasis in SSc with regards to the immunosuppression and to major organ involvement. 44 SSc patients and 19 healthy donors (HD) were included. Immunophenotyping of peripheral whole blood by fluorescence-activated cell sorting was performed. Cytokine secretions of stimulated B cell cultures were measured. SSc patients without immunosuppression compared to HD displayed lower γδ T cells, lower T helper cells (CD3+/CD4+), lower transitional B cells (CD19+/CD38++/CD10+/IgD+), lower pre-switched memory B cells (CD19+/CD27+/IgD+), and lower post-switched memory B cells (CD19+/CD27+/IgD-). There was no difference in the cytokine production of whole B cell cultures between SSc and HD. Within the SSc cohort, mycophenolate intake was associated with lower T helper cells and lower NK cells (CD56+/CD3-). The described differences in peripheral lymphocyte subsets between SSc and HD generate further insight in SSc pathogenesis. Lymphocyte changes under effective immunosuppression indicate how lymphocyte homeostasis in SSc might be restored.

High Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Patients With Primary Immunodeficiencies.

Background: Genital human papillomavirus (HPV)-infections are common in the general population and are responsible for relevant numbers of epithelial malignancies. Much data on the HPV-prevalence is available for secondary immunodeficiencies, especially for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection. Little is known about the genital HPV-prevalence in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of patients with PIDs and took genital swabs from male and female patients, which were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction for the presence of HPV-DNA. Clinical and laboratory data was collected to identify risk factors. Results: 28 PID patients were included in this study. 10 of 28 (35.7%) had HPV-DNA in their genital swabs. 6 patients had high-risk HPV-types (21.4%). Most patients had asymptomatic HPV-infections, as genital warts were rare (2 of 28 patients) and HPV-associated malignancy was absent. Differences in the HPV-positivity regarding clinical PID-diagnosis, duration of PID, age, sex, immunosuppression, immunoglobulin replacement, or circumcision in males were not present. HPV-positive PID patients had higher numbers of T cells (CD3+), of cytotoxic T cells (CD3+/CD8+), of transitional B cells (CD19+/CD38++/CD10+/IgD+), and of plasmablasts (CD19+/CD38+/CD27++/IgD-) compared to HPV-negative. Conclusion: PID patients exhibit a high rate of genital HPV-infections with a high rate of high-risk HPV-types. Regular screening for symptomatic genital HPV-infection and HPV-associated malignancy in PID patients seems recommendable.

Whole-Body [18F]FDG PET/CT Can Alter Diagnosis in Patients with Suspected Rheumatic Disease.

The 2-deoxy-d-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is widely utilized to assess the vascular and articular inflammatory burden of patients with a suspected diagnosis of rheumatic disease. We aimed to elucidate the impact of [18F]FDG PET/CT on change in initially suspected diagnosis in patients at the time of the scan. Thirty-four patients, who had undergone [18F]FDG PET/CT, were enrolled and the initially suspected diagnosis prior to [18F]FDG PET/CT was compared to the final diagnosis. In addition, a semi-quantitative analysis including vessel wall-to-liver (VLR) and joint-to-liver (JLR) ratios was also conducted. Prior to [18F]FDG PET/CT, 22/34 (64.7%) of patients did not have an established diagnosis, whereas in 7/34 (20.6%), polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) was suspected, and in 5/34 (14.7%), giant cell arteritis (GCA) was suspected by the referring rheumatologists. After [18F]FDG PET/CT, the diagnosis was GCA in 19/34 (55.9%), combined GCA and PMR (GCA + PMR) in 9/34 (26.5%) and PMR in the remaining 6/34 (17.6%). As such, [18F]FDG PET/CT altered suspected diagnosis in 28/34 (82.4%), including in all unclear cases. VLR of patients whose final diagnosis was GCA tended to be significantly higher when compared to VLR in PMR (GCA, 1.01 ± 0.08 (95%CI, 0.95-1.1) vs. PMR, 0.92 ± 0.1 (95%CI, 0.85-0.99), p = 0.07), but not when compared to PMR + GCA (1.04 ± 0.14 (95%CI, 0.95-1.13), p = 1). JLR of individuals finally diagnosed with PMR (0.94 ± 0.16, (95%CI, 0.83-1.06)), however, was significantly increased relative to JLR in GCA (0.58 ± 0.04 (95%CI, 0.55-0.61)) and GCA + PMR (0.64 ± 0.09 (95%CI, 0.57-0.71); p < 0.0001, respectively). In individuals with a suspected diagnosis of rheumatic disease, an inflammatory-directed [18F]FDG PET/CT can alter diagnosis in the majority of the cases, particularly in subjects who were referred because of diagnostic uncertainty. Semi-quantitative assessment may be helpful in establishing a final diagnosis of PMR, supporting the notion that a quantitative whole-body read-out may be useful in unclear cases.